Environmental Health Quiz Questions

chlordane

chlorinated hydrocarbon

lindane, mired, and DDT all belong to a group of pesticides called

chlorinated hydrocarbons/organochlorines

which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing

cohort

agent organic is an example of

herbicide

who is properly referred to as "the father of medicine"

hippocrates

the EPA has stated that the only health problem known to be related to the use of cell phones is

in increase in traffic accidents

which of the following is not a method to test environmental toxicity

in situ study

policy establishment stage

inability to coordinate and assess research information

assessment/evaluation stage

lack of sound scientific data

the most effective protection of the population against the risks of man-made radiation exposure is to

limit exposure to cases where the benefits outweigh the risks

which of the following is not an emission source for UV radiation

microwave ovens

larger populations usually lead to

more poverty and more pollution

which of the following describes stage 2 of "demographics transition," as discussed in the lecture

mortality rates drop but fertility remains high

pyrethrin

naturally occurring substance

pesticides are

none of the above

risk management refers to the question of

none of the above

two measures that are typically approximately equal for case-control and cohort type environmental epidemiology studies are the

odds ratio and risk ratio

subacute exposures are those that last for

one month or less

which of the following chemical groups is not a major class of pesticide

organonitrates

which of the following is true regarding radioactive materials

radioactivity materials emit energy as a way to achieve a more stable state

which of the following is not a measure of an epidemiology to describe disease frequency

ratio

the term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of the occurrence of an adverse health event is

stochastic effect

which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology

studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:

the population at risk

what is carrying capacity

the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration

a measure of the absorbed radiation dose, not adjusted for the relative tissue sensitivity, is

the rad or gray

a measure of radiation dose that accounts for the relative sensitivity of the receiving tissue is

the rem or sievert

Used in cohort studies, the relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease.

true

a relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no positive association between exposure and outcome

true

an ecologic study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis

true

cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies

true

the agency responsible for environmental regulation at the international level is

WHO

who discovered X-rays and received the first Nobel Prize for physics

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

what is a megacity

a city denotes as urbanized area that has 10 million or more inhabitants

The principle of environmental sustainability states that:

a strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

which of the following is not a chronic health effect of ionizing radiation

acute radiation sickness

which of the following groups are usually at a greatest risk of pesticide exposure

agriculture workers

problem definition stage

Poorly defined problems

which of the following is an example of environmental epidemiology study

compare lung cancer mortality in different populations

policy implementation stage

lack of government support

which of the following is not an example of ionizing radiation

radar microwaves

A measure used to describe the amount of radioactivity in a sample of material is:

the curie or becquerel

the rad is a measure of

the dose of ionizing radiation absorbed by a tissue

the risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by

the incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

which of the following is not true about urbanization

there is no ecological benefits resulting from urbanization process

which of the following is not true regarding a nuclear explosion

there will be no residual radioactivity at the blast site

in a case control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not

true

exposure assessment refers to the question of

what exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions

which of the following is not a non-ionizing radiation

x-rays

which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies

it is a type of prospective study, in contrast to cohort study which is a retrospective study

which of the following pesticides is (are) associated with the "golden age of discovery"

organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons

one of the founders of toxicology was

paracelsus

DDT has been found to

persist in the environment

which of the following is not a characteristic of organophosphate pesticides

persist in the environment

legitimization of an environmental policy happens in the stage of

policy establishment

which non-ionizing radiation is most associated with the risk of developing skin cancers in including malignant melanoma

ultraviolet

which of the following belong to the class of dioxins

all of the above (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCB)

environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiological triangle). what statement below is untrue about the triangle

all of the above (agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides, the environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, the host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent, disease causality includes 3 major factors: agent, host, and environment)

which of the following is true regarding "biodiversity"

all of the above (biodiversity refers to different types and variability of animal species, plant species, ecosystems)

the health effects of exposure to dioxins such as TCDD include

all of the above (chloracne, skin rashes, liver damage, endocrine effects)

the contributions of epidemiology to environmental health include

all of the above (concerns with populations, use of observational data, methodology for study designs, descriptive and analytic studies)

the effects of ionizing radiation include

all of the above (damage to bodily tissues, damage to DNA, formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms, removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms)

what constitutes a good environmental epidemiologic study

all of the above (direct and accurate measurement of the environmental exposures in groups/individuals, direct and accurate determination of the health outcomes in groups/individuals, appropriate statistical analysis of the data pertaining to the exposure and outcomes)

which of the following is true? chemical substances that can cause disease are

all of the above (found in the home setting in household products, hazards in some occupations and industries, commonly used in medicine and drugs, mostly the product of humankind's actions in the biosphere)

which of the following can be hazardous agents in the environment

all of the above (microbes, toxic metals, pesticides)

which of the following are hazards of the urban environment

all of the above (noise and stress, industrial pollution, overcrowding)

the epidemiological transition theory

all of the above (provides a potentially powerful framework for the study of disease and mortality in the population, is especially for the study of historical and international variations, can also be used to speculate on the likely consequences of future changes in mortality in countries which are lagging behind (developing and developed countries))

sources of non ionizing radiation include

all of the above (radio waves, infrared radiation from molten glass, microwave radiation from radar, UV radiation from sunlight)

the concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

all of the above (route of entry into the body, received dose of the chemical, duration of exposure, individual sensitivity)

hills criteria of causality include

all of the above (strength, consistency, temporality, biological gradient)

bodily injury from ionizing radiation depends on

all of the above (the absorbed dose, the rate at which the dose is absorbed, the type of ionizing radiation, which tissues receive the dose)

the polluter should pay

all of them (expense of pollution prevention, expense of pollution control, expense of pollution remediation)

the concept of environmental justice specifies that

all people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental laws

which of the following is not true about alpha particles

alpha particles are highly penetrating and can transfer energy over a long distance through tissue

two chemicals administered together interfere with each other's actions is called

antagonism

the SI unit representing the number of radioactive transformations per second (aka disintegrations mer second) of an ionizing radiation source is the

becquerel

the research of Muzaffer Aksoy showed an association between leukemia and

benzene

which ionizing radiation can penetrate up to but no more than about 2 cm in tissue

beta particles

which of the following is not an example of an environmental risk management tool or strategy

conduct epidemiological studies to assess the risk

One of the concerns that surrounded the use of Agent Orange was that it:

contained very small amounts of dioxin

Sources of extraterrestrial radiation include:

cosmic radiation

the classic policy cycle always starts with

define and formulate a problem

prevalence measures do not aid in

determining risk of disease

EPA

develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress

which of the following observational study designs is used for hypothesis testing

cohort studies

examples of purely observational epidemiological studies do not usually include

experimental studies

which of the following is not true regarding styrene

exposure can lead to cardiovascular disease

which of the following contributed LEAST to the average person's annual ionizing radiation exposure in the US

exposure from residual radioactive fallout and spent nuclear fuels

which of the following does not significantly affect a chemical's toxicity

exposure site

the primary threat posed by detonation of a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) is

fear and panic

which of the following does not usually fit the broad definition of pesticide targets

fishes

which of the following is NOT a characteristic if urban/cities

foods are not produced from energy-densed processes

what is the typical ratio of infant mortality in poorer segments of urban populations and in richer segments in developing countries

four or higher

which of the following radiations has the highest energy and penetration ability

gamma ray/x-ray

a term that refers to some scientists' beliefs that low levels of radiation are beneficial to one's health is

hormesis

what is the major difference between gamma rays and x-rays

how they are produced

which of the following is not a consequence of uncontrolled, excess population growth

increase biodiversity

which of the following is not considered as an environmental exposure?

individual use of tobacco product

which of the following is not a typical health outcome of concern after the epidemiological transition

infectious disease

Glass Blower's Cataract is caused by chronic occupational exposure to

infrared radiation

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to...

was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

John snow, in snow on cholera

was as English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments

which of the following is not a frequent route for environmental exposure

sexual

in which year was the application of DDT banned in the US

1972

refer to the following situation to answer the next two questions: a national survey of asthma conducted on may 1, 2012 obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma: X-- the number of residents with asthma, Y-- the population of the state on June 30, 2012; all members of the population were considered at risk, Z-- the number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012. the incidence rate of asthma during 2012 (per 100,000) would be expressed as

(Z/Y)x100,000

as of august 2019, what was the approximate population on earth

7.6 billion

During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was

9/87 times 100

Identify the incorrect statement

Alpha and beta particles pose little or no hazard to human health.

cohort study is to risk ratio as

Case-control study is to odds ratio

NIOSH

Conduct research to reduce work-related injuries and illnesses

MACT standards pertain to

Control of hazardous air pollutants

which of the following is not a provision of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

Cradle-to-grave control of hazardous wastes

which of the following is not true regarding DDT

DDT was mainly used to control rodents

the goal of Environmental Health in "Healthy People 2020" is

Promote health for all through a healthy environment

alpha radiation is non-penetrating and therefore

It is dangerous when ingested or inhaled and localizes in certain tissues.

what is the dose-response curve value that corresponds tot he minimum dose at which an adverse health effect is observed

LOAEL

EEA

Monitor the state of the environment in Europe

the congressional declaration of US environmental policy is made through

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

diazinon

Organophosphate

NIEHS

Reduce the burden of human illness and dysfunction due to environmental causes

ATSDR

Serve as the principal federal public agency involved with hazardous waste issues

which of the following ultraviolet radiations is considered the most hazardous to humans

UV-B

metam sodium

carbamate

sevin

carbamate

the Goiania incident illustrated

careless disposal of a radiotherapy machine

which of the following is not a study bias for epidemiology study

case bias

which of the following is a retrospective epidemiology study

case-study

which of the following does not effectively reduce radiation exposure

chemically neutralizing the radioactive material

a major public concern of exposure to extremely low frequency radiation has been

childhood leukemia and brain cancers

which of the following is not in the epidemiological triangle

ecosystem

which of the following statements is not true regarding an ecosystem

ecosystems are made up of only humans and animals

which if the following is correct about environmental health

environmental health addresses physical, chemical, and biological factors in the environment

which of the following is not a principle to guide creating and developing environmental policy

environmental impact on economics

which of the following statements is not true about environmental quality

environmental quality is only related to human need

agenda setting stage

lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

what can happen if an environment's population exceeds it's carrying capacity

population crash

which of the following non ionizing radiations has an extremely low frequency that is less than 100 Hz

powerlines

the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in population at a designated point in time is termed the:

prevalence

the precautionary principles states that

preventative measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment, even if relationships are not fully established

to test the efficacy of fluoridation of drinking water in preventing tooth decay, two cities were studied, and one having received fluoride, and one received none, this is an example of

quasi study

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and are radioactive, are

radioisotopes

which of the following cell groups has the highest sensitivity to ionizing radiation

rapidly reproducing cells, such as fetal tissues and white blood cells

which of the following is not covered under the Endangered Species Act?

requirements for air pollution control technology to prevent species endangerment

which of the following is not correct regarding prospective cohort type epidemiological studies

subjects are classified by health outcome and assess for exposures

which of the following is not a component of environmental sustainability development

sustainable socioeconomic advance

what type of interaction among several agents causes the overall effect to be greater than the sum of effects expected for the several agents individually

synergistic

The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is not affected by

the chemical reactivity of the source

the most visible component of the national Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is

the requirement for all federal agencies to conduct Environmental Assessments and prepare Environmental Impact Statements before undertaking major actions potentially affecting the environment

an event that because a symbol for the US anti-nuclear movement was

the three mile island accident

which of the following products do not contain radioactive substances

toothpaste

toxic substances that are man-made or result from anthropogenic activity is called

toxicant