Epidemiology HSC4500
People with long-standing diabetes have a greater risk of developing pancreatic cancer when compared with those who do not have diabetes. This is an example of:
An epidemiological association
Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease within a year or over a period of several years are known as:
Cyclic trends
True or False? Age is the least important person variable.
False
True or False? The odds ratio is a direct measure of risk.
False
True or False? Virulence is a measure of the infectivity of a disease agent.
False
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease, morbidity, injuries, disability and mortality in the individual.
False (Pg.6)
Randomized controlled trials contain all of the following components EXCEPT:
Follow a matched case-control study design
All of the following are continuous variables EXCEPT:
Gender
The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 years in the area is known as the:
General Fertility Rate
A definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as:
Gold standard
All of the following are considered vital events EXCEPT:
Graduation
Calculate the mean, median, mode and range for the following data set. Body weight: 100, 125, 115, 115, 130, 95, 143, 144, 100, 200, 132, 115, 120
Mean-125.69 Median- 120 Range-105
In a left skewed distribution what measure of central tendency is most appropriate to use?
Median
The sample standard deviation is best described as a:
Statistic
When as association between two variables is observed in an epidemiological study, the term used to assert that the observed association is not likely to have occurred due to chance is:
Statistical significance (Ch. 6 , Pg.142)
Descriptive epidemiology refers to the characterization of the amount and distribution of health and disease in a population while analytic epidemiology refers to the study of causal associations between exposure and health outcomes.
True
Estimation uses inferential statistics to make conclusions about the population based upon sample statistics. The sample is a subgroup of the population of interest.
True
Healthy People 2020 is a statement of objectives that are science driven for the purpose of advancing the health of all Americans. These objectives are provided to guide health policy makers.
True
All of the following are characteristics of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) EXCEPT:
Women and children are not included
Which quality is described as the ability to analyze large amounts of data quickly due to big data infrastructure?
data mining
A type of RCT where both the participants and the investigators are unaware of which treatment group individuals are assigned to.
double blind study
The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the:
index case
The category in a frequency distribution that has the highest frequency of cases is known as the:
mode
The epidemiological triangle pictured below is an example of :
multivariate causality
Used in case-control studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the:
odds ratio
According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of:
prepathogenesis
Smoke free laws and regulations which originated in California and spread throughout the US is an example of
public health policy
A type of research in which the investigator manipulates the study factor but does not assign individual subjects randomly to the exposed and non exposed groups.
quasi-experimental study
One key point to the clinical trial to control bias is that there are two groups that subjects are randomized into, either a treatment group or a second group that _________.
receives no treatment
The failure of Google Flu Trends is an example of what type of bias?
reporting bias
A study is investigating exercise as a protective factor against obesity, the study subjects were chosen from a local gym. This may lead to what type of bias in the study?
selection bias
A study that is investigating the risk of drinking large amounts of coffee leading to Alzheimers disease includes a majority of subjects over 80 years old. In this example, age could be a possible.......
source of bias
Examples of reportable and notifiable diseases include:
tetanus rubella measles
A proportion is always a ratio but a ratio is not always a proportion.
true
All of the following are categorical variables EXCEPT
Cigarettes smoked per day
A range of values that with a certain level of confidence (e.g. 95%) contains the true population parameter is called:
Confidence interval estimate
Random assignment of subjects to study groups helps to control for:
Confounding variables
John Snow, known as one of the "Fathers of Modern Epidemiology" was famous for his natural experiment of Cholera in London. He concluded that Cholera was caused by contaminated water rather than the traditionally held belief of the miasmatic theory of disease. What did John Snow ultimately determine was the cause of the cholera epidemic in London in 1854?
Contaminated water from the Thames
A procedure that contrasts the costs and health effects of an intervention is a(n):
Cost-effectiveness analysis
Greenhouse workers are exposed to unique environmental conditions that include enclosed spaces, high temperature, high humidity and elevated levels of airborne microorganisms. A research study conducted in the month of July found an increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms (cough, wheeze and phlegm) among workers employed in 3 Midwestern greenhouses. This is an example of a:
Cross-sectional study
The term incidence in epidemiology refers to the number of existing cases of a disease, both old and new
False
When the incidence rate of a disease increases and other relevant factors are stable, the prevalence will:
Increase
All of the following are advantages of cohort studies EXCEPT:
Is a good design for studying uncommon diseases
Whose name is associated with a natural experiment carried out during an outbreak of cholera in London?
John Snow
In epidemiology, place variables include:
Localized occurrence of disease
In epidemiology, place variables include:
Localized patterns of disease
According to a national survey of asthma: On June 30, 2010, the number of residents of Florida who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was X. The population on June 30, 2010, was Y. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was Z. The point prevalence of asthma on June 30, 2010, using the midpoint population (population on June 30, 2010) as the denominator would be expressed as:
(X/Y) × 100
If X equals the number of deaths in 2009 and Y equals the population at the midpoint of 2009 and Z equals the number of persons aged 45-84, then the crude death rate per 100,000 population would be:
(X/Y) × 100,000
The association between smoking and lung cancer may be most similar to what Pearson Correlation Coefficient?
+1 (Page 43)
Influenza occurs on an annual basis in the United States, with case counts generally peaking during the colder months of the year. In 2011, the approximate influenza case count in the US was 9,000,000. The population of the US in 2011 was approximately 300,000,000. It is estimated that 30% of the US population either was immunized with vaccine or possessed natural immunity to 2011's flu strain. Nearly 45,000 people died from influenza in the US during 2011's "flu season." The total number of deaths in the US that year from all causes was 3,000,000. What was the case fatality rate (CFR) for influenza in 2011?
0.5%
The association between smoking and lung cancer is most similar to what Pearson Correlation Coefficient?
1
Influenza occurs on an annual basis in the United States, with case counts generally peaking during the colder months of the year. In 2011, the approximate influenza case count in the US was 9,000,000. The population of the US in 2011 was approximately 300,000,000. It is estimated that 30% of the US population either was immunized with vaccine or possessed natural immunity to 2011's flu strain. Nearly 45,000 people died from influenza in the US during 2011's "flu season." The total number of deaths in the US that year from all causes was 3,000,000. What was the proportional mortality ratio for influenza in 2011?
1.5%
Use the 2X2 table in the previous question to answer the following: What is the percent of textile workers that have carpal tunnel syndrome and do not do repetitive movements?
20% (2/10 or c/a+b+c+d)
Following is a dataset consisting of values of systolic blood pressure (in mm of Hg) in a sample of 8 individuals: 105, 110, 110, 120, 126, 130, 136 and 140. The blood pressure range calculated from the above dataset is:
35
Use the 2X2 table in the previous question to answer the following: How many females exercised more than 3 times a week and had low blood pressure in this study?
4 females
A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters is known as:
A policy
All of the following are continuous variables EXCEPT
Marital status
Which of the following scientists discovered the antimicrobial properties of Penicillum notatum, leading to the later development of the antibiotic Penicillin?
Alexander Fleming (ch.1 pg 19)
Being an interdisciplinary science, epidemiology includes contributions from
All of the above (Bio statistics, Demography, Social and behavioral sciences, Law)
The following are the characteristics of primary prevention:
All of the above (Prevention of disease before it occurs, Creation of a healthy environment, Implementation of health education programs, Immunization against specific infectious diseases)
Relationship between two variables can be examined using the following:
All of the above ( Scatter plot, 2 by 2 contingency table, correlation coefficient)
Which of the following fields are included in the study of epidemiology?
All of the above ( sociology, history, law, communication)
The initial steps in the investigation of an infectious disease outbreak include:
All of the above (Defining the problem, Appraising existing data,Formulating a hypothesis)
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
All of the above (Focuses on personal health behaviors,Is a state-based system, Collects data monthly, Is mainly concerned with chronic diseases)
Relationship between two variables can be examined using the following:
All the Above (Scatter plot, 2 by 2 contingency table, Correlation coefficient)
All of the following are advantages of case-control studies EXCEPT:
Are more prone to bias
Which of the following disease outbreaks killed up to one-third of the population of Europe between 1346 and 1352?
Bubonic plague (Page 12)
Examples of zoonotic diseases include all EXCEPT:
Cholera
A study that is used to characterize the amount and distribution of disease in a population by person, place and time is know as
Descriptive study design
The relationship between the amount of exposure and the occurrence of the unwanted health effects refers to:
Dose-response assessment
Consumption of alcohol is associated with the risk of developing heart disease. The higher the amount of alcohol consumed, the greater is the chance of developing heart problems. The relationship between alcohol consumption and heart disease can be described using a(n):
Dose-response curve
A study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals is called a/n:
Ecological study
A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by
Edward Jenner
30 cases of a diarrheal disease occurred among residents of a rural Midwestern community between July 1 and July 31, 2016 (usual rate: 0-1 per year). This is an example of a/an
Epidemic disease
Which of the terms describes a shift from a pattern of morbidity and mortality caused by infectious and communicable disease to those associated with chronic, degenerative disease?
Epidemiologic transition
The adoption of policies, laws, and programs that are supported by empirical health-related data refers to:
Evidence-based public health
Based upon your estimate of RR in the previous question, what is your interpretation of the study findings?
Exposed residents have a greater risk of developing asthma when compared to non exposed residents. ( ch 7 pg 156-157)
Data Linkage involves gathering and exploring large troves of data in order to discern unrecognized patterns and associations in the data.
False
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability and mortality in the individual.
False
Internal validity refers to the study's ability to generalize the results to a population where external validity refers to the degree in which the study has used methodologically sound design.
False
The infamous "Tuskegee Study of untreated Syphilis in Negro Male" never gave informed consent to participate; however, it did offer appropriate treatment for syphilis.
False
The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent is known as:
Herd immunity
The historically important book On Airs, Waters and Places was written by
Hippocrates
A chart that displays the frequency distributions for grouped categories of a continuous variable is called
Histogram
A chart that displays the frequency distributions for grouped categories of a continuous variable is called:
Histogram
Chronic diseases can be due to multiple causal factors acting together. For example, heart disease may be due to a combination of several risk factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and genetic susceptibility. Therefore, heart disease can be appropriately called the following:
Multi-factorial/multivariate disease
Which data base would you choose to investigate an association between milk drinking and bone development in children?
NHANES
Rules and regulations established to ensure human subjects were protected as well as create voluntary informed consent originated from what national law
National Research Act
The Zika virus present in a pregnant mother may lead to an infant born with microcephaly. In this example the Zika virus is what type of cause?
Necessary and sufficient
A distribution where the mean, median, and mode are the same and found exactly in the middle of the curve is known as what type of distribution?
Normal Distribution
You would like to compare the performance of male and female students taking the course HSC 4500 in Fall 2018. You state your hypothesis as: There is no difference in test scores between male and female students taking the course HSC 4500 in Fall 2018. This is an example of
Null hypothesis
All the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor are called:
Outcomes
The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the:
Perinatal mortality rate
Which of the following screening tests is most appropriate for newborns?
Phenylketonuria
Which of the following involves the formal adoption of the policies, programs, and procedures that are designed to protect society from public health hazards?
Policy Establishment
Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in the following kind of study:
Prospective cohort study
The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as:
Public health surveillance
A cohort study of red tide exposure and asthma compared exposed beach dwellers with non-exposed residents of the same community over a 30 year period. Researchers found that the incidence of asthma among exposed residents was 73.5 per 1000. The incidence of asthma in non-exposed residents was 22.8 per 1000. Calculate the relative risk and attributable risk of exposure to red tide and the development of asthma.
RR = 3.22 ; AR =50.7 per 1,000
Socioeconomic status includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Race/ethnicity
Socioeconomic status when considered as a "person variable" includes all of the following EXCEPT
Race/ethnicity
When calculating a rate (e.g. crude death rate) in epidemiology, the population from which cases of a disease have been taken is used as the denominator. This population is called the:
Reference population
A proportion is always a ratio but a ratio is not always a proportion.
Registry
The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the:
Relative risk
The ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent results on repeated trials is known as:
Reliability
The process for identifying adverse consequences and their associated probability is known as:
Risk assessment
Who was the physician who determined that a human disease was caused by a specific living organism and then developed four postulates to demonstrate the association between a microorganism and a disease?
Robert Koch
The ability of a screening test to identify correctly all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to:
Sensitivity
For which of the following criteria of causality do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before the effect?
Temporality
Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host?
Tertiary and secondary
Emerging infectious diseases include all EXCEPT:
Tetanus
A random sample of 100 students at FGCU were selected for a research study. In this study, the average calories consumed per day was 2500. Suppose in a population of college students we know the standard deviation is 350 calories consumed per day. What would the interval estimate be for the population of college students at the 95% level?
The interval estimate would be for the population of college students at the 95% would be 2500 ± 68.6 work out to interval estimate .
Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:
The population at risk
Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:
The population at risk Ch 3 , pg 62
In a dose-response curve, the lowest dose at which a particular response occurs is known as the:
Threshold
All of the following are considered ratios EXCEPT
Time
Which of the following is NOT considered a use of epidemiology
To care for individual patients
A limitation of nonrandom samples is that they are prone to sampling bias.
True
A non-causal epidemiological association between an exposure and an outcome could be explained by a third variable that is associated with both exposure and outcome.
True
A sufficient cause complex is made up of a necessary cause and component causes. More than one component cause complex may be involved in the etiology of a disease, but the necessary cause must be in EVERY cause complex.
True
Analytic epidemiology refers to the study of causal associations between exposures and health outcomes while descriptive epidemiology refers to the characterization of the amount and distribution of health and disease in a population.
True
True or False? An association between an exposure factor and an outcome could be direct or noncausal.
True
True or False? Clustering can be spatial or temporal
True
True or False? Determining whether a particular exposure to a disease is related to a given outcome should involve formulating a hypothesis.
True
True or False? Droplet nuclei can be involved in indirect transmission of diseases.
True
A sufficient cause complex is made up of a necessary cause and component causes. More than one component cause complex may be involved in the etiology of a disease, but the necessary cause must be in EVERY cause complex.
True (pg.134)
The ability of a measuring instrument to give a true measure of the entity being measured is known as:
Validity
An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents is a:
Vector
The severity of a disease produced by an infectious agent is referred to as
Virulence
