Epidemiology Midterm

A time trend in chickenpox is best referred to as a:

Cyclical pattern

True or false? Epidemiology involves studying infectious communicable diseases, not events like injury, obesity, mental health disorders, seat belt use, etc.

False

True or false? Morbidity is the epidemiologic and vital statistics term for death.

False

True or false? A birth cohort analysis plots the distribution of age at incidence or death for a selected disease or event by year of death?

False.

What are inanimate objects that serve a role in disease transmission?

Fomites

A two-column table in which the left column displays all possible values a variable can take and the right column displays the number of records in the database with each value is called a:

Frequency Distribution

The definition of epidemiology includes the term "distribution" which of the following best describes that term?

Frequency and pattern

The epidemiologic triangle is based on the communicable disease model and is useful in showing the interaction and interdependance of certain factors. Which of the following best describes the host?

Harbors a disease

Health status and mortality of a population can be affected by the levels of employment within the population. This observation is called:

Healthy worker effect

What is the term for measure of public health directly related to the value of human life and the economic implications of the loss of individuals in a society?

Years of potential life lost (YPLL)

A pathogen is an organism or substance (such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites) capable of producing disease. Can a pathogen cause cancer?

Yes.

Number of men died form x/number of dead men

proportion

The Framingham study involves which type of study design?

Cohort

Describing health-related states or events by person, place, time allows us to do all of the following except:

Confirm causal associations.

What is the term for number of deaths among infants ages 0-1 year during a specified time period divided by the total number of live births?

Infant mortality rate

Who applied experimental methods to identify that oranges and lemons were ineffective remedies for scurvy?

James Lind

Who demonstrated that Cholera could be transported through contaminated water?

John snow

Match the following terms to the correct category. 1. Integer 2. Dose of ionizing radiation 3. Marital status 4. Preference rating A. Nominal data B. Ordinal C. Discrete D. Continuous

1-C 2-D 3-A 4-B

A tall, pointed pyramid shape represents all of the following except:

Low birth rate (means developing country, poor medical care, high death rate)

Match the following terms to the correct example: A. Ratio B. Proportion C. Rate

1. Number of men who died from heart disease in a given year divided by the corresponding male population in the same year. 2. Number of men who died from heart disease divided by the number of women who died from heart disease. 3. Number of women taking an epidemiology class divided by the number of students in the class. 1-C 2-A 3-B

What is the usual rate base for the case fatality rate?

100

John Gaunt divided disease into two types and causes. Whate were they?

Acute and Chronic

Referring to rothman's pies, the different component causes may include which of the following?

Agent, host factors, environmental factors

Public health surveillance involves all of the following except:

All of the above (collection, analysis, interpretation, dissemination)

What contributions did Janet Lane-Claypon make to epidemiology?

All of the above reflect her acoomplishments. Published results from cohort study, case-control for cancer, breast cancer risk was greater for those who don't have children,

Descriptive epidemiology is useful for all of the following except:

Answering how and why the health problem occured. (good for extent, describing the problem, indentifying who is at risk)

WHat is a substance that stimulates the immunce system?

Antigens

Who exposed his wife and child to smallpox?

Benjamin Jetsy

What is a term for humans who contain, spread, or harbor infectious organisms?

Carriers

In the united states, which of the following is the age adjusted cause-specific death rate for males most similar to females?

Cerebrovascular disease?

Latency Period is a term used in the context of what?

Chronic disease

The relationship between the potential to be self-supporting by age and the dependant segments of the population by age, in other words, those segments of the population not in the workforce, are called:

Dependancy Ratio

_____ Epidemiology uses several indices to identify the health status of populations.

Descriptive

Characterizing the distribution of health-related states or events according to person, place, and time is:

Descriptive Epidemiology

Virulence means which of the following?

Disease evoking power of a pathogen

For which of the following study designs is the unit of analysis aggregated data on the population level rather than the individual level data?

Ecologic

The science and study of causes of disease and their mode is referred to as:

Etiology

Who introduced the term epidemic and endemic?

Hippocrates

All of the following are activities that fall under completing the clinical picture of disease except:

Identification of the environment where an infectious agent resides.

Analytic Epidemiology may involve:

Identifying why a certain group of people developed a given disease.

The rate ratio involves which of the following?

Incidence density, cumulative incidence, attack rates

A dichotomous or binary variable represents what type of data?

Nominal

Unordered categories or classes represent what type of data?

Nominal

What was the primary cause of death in 1900?

Pneumonia and Influenza

Outbreak of salmonella traced to chicken cooked and held at an improper temperature and served at a potluck supper is an example of a:

Point source epidemic

How does high prevalence differ from incidence?

Prevalence is influenced by incidence, mortality (or survival) and cure. Prevalence is expressed as a proportion at a given point in time, usually per 100. Incidence usually involves a year and the rate base is typically 100,000 for cancer.

Education about the hazards of cigarette smoking.

Primary prevention

Number of men/number of women

Ratio

A habitat in or on which an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies and which it depends for its survival in nature is a:

Resevoir

Mammograms for early detection of breast cancer and surgical intervention if necessary.

Secondary prevention

When the correlation is being assessed between two variables with skewed distributions, which of the following measures is most appropriate?

Spearmans rank correlation coefficient

The incubation period is associated with which of the following?

Stage of presymptomatic disease.

Why have health indicators typically been related to births and deaths?

Such data is more readily available than morbidity data.

Physical therapy for stroke victims.

Tertiary prevention

Effectiveness of a program refers to which of the following?

The ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program.

How many additional or contributing causes of death can be listed on the death certificate?

Three

What health indicator is used to identify the average number of births per woman?

Total fertility rate

True or false: Antibiotics work against pathogens because of their toxicity.

True

True or false? A population pyramid involves an age/sex comparison?

True

True or false? Cross sectional surveys can be used to measure prevalence of a health-related state or event.

True

William Farr has been described as the founder of modern epidemiology. Which of the following represents his accomplishments?

Vital stats, population studies, promoted multifactual etiology, standardized stats measures, all of the above

The primary cause of Beriberi, Rickets, and pellagara is what?

Vitamin Deficiency

WHo is often considered the father of modern epidemiology?

Wade hampton frost

It is more difficult to identify diseases with longer incubation periods. For which of the following diseases would it be most difficult to identify the probable cause?

Whooping Cough

Descriptive epidemiology includes all of the following except:

Why?