ERTH 310
The Mesosphere is hotter than the Asthenosphere and as a result flows faster than the Asthenosphere. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
If a fluid resists flow, it is said to have a ________ viscosity. Select one: a. Low b. High c. No d. Slimy
b. High
What viscosity must the higher parts of a stratovolcano be, where its sides steepen up? Select one: a. Low viscosity b. High viscosity
b. High viscosity
In the interview with Dr. Ling Wen, CEO of Shenhua Energy, he was asked what kind of plans his company had to address emissions of carbon dioxide. What was his response? What was his primary concern regarding emissions and his shareholders? (starting at ~18:05) Select one: a. His primary concern was the climate and how his company could help change climate for the good in the years to come b. His primary concern was to his shareholders and making money for the continued growth of the company he is in charge of c. His primary concern was his retirement in the near future. Climate protests have worn him out and he has had enough
b. His primary concern was to his shareholders and making money for the continued growth of the company he is in charge of
According to the Mercalli Intensity Scale, how was this impact felt? Select one: a. 3350 km b. III-IV c. VII-VIII d. 11.2 minutes
b. III-IV
Eureka, CA: Select one: a. 250 mm b. 50 mm c. 285 mm d. 490 mm e. 300 mm
c. 285 mm
Mass wasting always involves rock or soil that slides down a slope quickly. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
The Asthenosphere is hotter than the Mesosphere. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
The remnants of a landslide are in the picture below. Which type of landslide is depicted? Select one: a. Slump b. Earth flow c. Soil Creep d. Debris flow e. Rock fall
a. Slump
Mix and Match: Match the appropriate term to its definition. 1. Scientific Method 2. Scientific Hypothesis 3. Scientific Law 4. Scientific Theory 5. Curiosity
1. A process required in science. 2. A question(s) that need to be answered. 3. Mathematical equations often explain these. 4. Explains why a particular phenomenon occurs in nature. 5. How science starts.
Match the event to the type of process responsible. 1. Earthquake on the San Andreas Fault 2. Hurricane making landfall in the Gulf of Mexico 3. Flooding in the Mississippi River Valley 4. Volcanic eruption in Washington State 5. Tornado in Oklahoma City
1. Internal Processes 2. Surficial Processes 3. Surficial Processes 4. Internal Processes 5. Surficial Processes
Mix and Match: Match the Earth's layers to their appropriate composition below. 1. Ocean crust 2. Continental crust 3. Mantle 4. Core 5. Lithosphere
1. Mafic 2. Felsic, Intermediate, and Mafic 3. Ultramafic 4. Iron/Nickel 5. Not a layer defined by composition
A line at which a continental collision occurs.
Continent-continent convergent boundary
A line in which an an oceanic plate subducts underneath a continental plate.
Continent-ocean convergent boundary
A line in which two plates move in opposite directions from one another.
Divergent boundary
A line in which one oceanic plate subducts underneath another oceanic plate.
Ocean-ocean convergent boundary
A line in which two plates slide horizontally past each other.
Transform boundary
Eureka, CA: Select one: a. 49 seconds b. 28 seconds c. 17 seconds d. 98 seconds e. 240 seconds
a. 49 seconds
Instructions: In the map below, you are looking down on three lithospheric plates. The darker plates (Plates 1 and 2) are moving in the direction indicated by the white arrows. Plate 3 is stationary (not moving). Plates 1 & 2 are denser than Plate 3. Thinking of relative plate motions, choose the appropriate letter(s) from the map to match the tectonic feature listed below. Be aware that not all letters will be useable as an answer. Note: Make sure you have watched the last lecture in this module before starting this part of the assignment. Convergent Plate Boundary Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. None
a. A
Ocean Trench Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. None
a. A
Define a spit: Select one: a. A spit is an elongated ridge of sand extending from a headland into the mouth of an existing bay b. A spit is sand that extends out from a harbor that has to be dredged regularly c. A spit is sand that has been deposited by the longshore current d. A spit is defined as low-energy waves that travel parallel to the shoreline
a. A spit is an elongated ridge of sand extending from a headland into the mouth of an existing bay
Which layer(s) of the Earth's interior listed below are mostly felsic in composition? Select one: a. Continental Crust b. Oceanic Crust c. Mantle d. Core
a. Continental Crust
A landslide is occurring in the video below. Which type? Note the large amount of material within the flow.(Ignore the video title) Select one: a. Earth Flow b. Slump c. Soil Creep d. Debris Flow e. Rock Fall
a. Earth Flow
Apophis may hit Earth in the year 2036 because __________ may have pulled Apophis right into Earth's path on it's first pass in 2029. Select one: a. Earth's gravity b. Sun's gravity c. Climate change d. An earthquake
a. Earth's gravity
How are people in surrounding areas around Mount Everest benefiting from this glacier most? (starting at 6:55) Select one: a. Fresh water source b. Ski resort revenues c. They use the ice to keep perishables cold d. There is no benefit to the people
a. Fresh water source
What rock did the majority of sand originally break down from before it became sand along most California beaches? Select one: a. Granites of the Sierra-Nevada mountains b. Longshore current c. Streams d. Turbidity currents
a. Granites of the Sierra-Nevada mountains
When considering a stream's entire length, the velocity is highest overall at the _________ of a stream. Select one: a. Head b. Mouth
a. Head
The mouth of a stream has __________ flow. Select one: a. Laminar flow b. Turbulent flow
a. Laminar flow
What viscosity must the base of a stratovolcanoes lava be, when it has broad, non-steep sides? Select one: a. Low viscosity b. High viscosity
a. Low viscosity
When a volcano is at least partially created by its lava flows, the viscosity of that lava can determine its steepness. What viscosity must a shield volcanoes lava be, with its broad, non-steep sides? Select one: a. Low viscosity b. High viscosity
a. Low viscosity
What composition of magma is primarily involved in the construction of a cinder cone? Select one: a. Mafic b. Intermediate c. Felsic
a. Mafic
What composition of magma makes up the base of a stratovolcano? Select one: a. Mafic b. Intermediate c. Felsic
a. Mafic
The Richter magnitude determination is based on measurements made on seismograms. Two measurements are needed. What are they? Select one: a. Maximum amplitude of the seismic waves and the S-P time interval. b. Maximum amplitude of the seismic waves and distance the seismic waves travel. c. Magnitude of the earthquake and distance the seismic waves travel. d. S-P interval and the distance the seismic waves travel.
a. Maximum amplitude of the seismic waves and the S-P time interval.
What would you typically see on a beach after winter has ended? Select one: a. Much more sand piled up on the beach. b. Much less sand piled up on the beach. c. The same amount of sand should be at the beach no matter what season it is.
a. Much more sand piled up on the beach.
Which type of wave below can travel through solids and liquids and is similar to a sound wave? Select one: a. P-waves b. S-waves c. Love waves d. Rayleigh waves
a. P-waves
Flooding is most common during the Winter for the U.S. as a whole. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
What did the "Bell Science Series" TV episode "The Unchained Goddess" predict in 1958? (starting at ~11:40) Select one: a. That people's CO2 emissions may melt the polar ice caps and create an inland sea in the Mississippi Valley b. That CO2 emissions would be nothing to worry about c. That there would be plenty of coal and oil to create energy well into the future d. That people's demand of energy would slow down as time passes
a. That people's CO2 emissions may melt the polar ice caps and create an inland sea in the Mississippi Valley
Side note: China surpassed the U.S. in greenhouse gas emissions at about the time of the filming of this movie. In 2010, China generated greenhouse emissions 20% higher than the U.S. Today, that amount has risen to 50% greater than the United States. Paula Dobriansky, the U.S. Negotiator assigned to the 2007 Bali, Indonesia Climate Change Conference made a bold statement that the U.S. would implement policy reducing greenhouse gas emissions if the developing countries would also make the same step. What was the response from the developing nations? (starting at ~24:10) Select one: a. They agreed to reduce their emissions b. They stated that they could not afford to reduce their emissions at this time c. They stated that they would not reduce emissions until they had more power in world government d. They agreed to reduce emissions starting in the year 2030
a. They agreed to reduce their emissions
According to the film, most springs flow year-round. Select one: a. True b. False c. d.
a. True
According to the film, rocks that are both porous and permeable make the best quality aquifers. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
According to the film, the Pacific Northwest (northernmost California, Oregon and Washington State) are in danger from an earthquake and tsunami similar to what occurred in Japan in 2011. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
According to the film, water is present beneath the earth's surface almost everywhere. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
In the film, the yellow dots on the map indicating where all the aftershocks occurred is a representation of the area of the fault that ruptured during the main earthquake. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
Mass wasting is a type of erosion. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
What is the base level of a stream where it flows into the ocean? Select one: a. Ultimate base level b. Temporary base level
a. Ultimate base level
What is the second largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the United States? (starting at 47:50) Select one: a. Vehicles b. Airplanes c. Light bulbs d. Solar energy
a. Vehicles
When looking at natural hazards of the United States as a whole, where are volcanic eruptions most prevalent from the choices below? Select one: a. Western States b. East Coast c. Midwest d. Gulf States
a. Western States
Can people prevent asteroid impacts from occurring? Select one: a. Yes b. No
a. Yes
Up to how much of the glacier ice has melted from Mount Everest's north side between 1921 and 2008? (starting at 5:00) Select one: a. 10% b. 40% c. 75% d. 100%
b. 40%
How much of rail traffic in the entire U.S. is related to coal transport according to the film? (starting at 30:45) Select one: a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%
b. 50%
How much of U.S. electricity consumed in the U.S. comes from coal according to the film? (starting at 33:00) Select one: a. 26% b. 52% c. 74% d. 100%
b. 52%
How tall would a tsunami be from this impact upon arrival to the San Francisco Bay Area coastline? Select one: a. 10-15 feet b. 53-107 feet c. 179-210 feet d. over 1200 feet
b. 53-107 feet
Choose the magnitude below that most closely represents the magnitude for this earthquake. Select one: a. 7.5 b. 7.1 c. 7.8 d. 6.5 e. 6.1
b. 7.1
If Apophis makes a direct hit into the Pacific ocean, what would be the expected outcome? Select one: a. A large hurricane would form b. A significant tsunami all around the Pacific Ocean c. A significant tsunami, but only at Santa Monica Beach d. A volcanic eruption would occur
b. A significant tsunami all around the Pacific Ocean
Transform Plate Boundary Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. None
b. B
What is "clean coal"? (starting at ~39:00) Select one: a. Coal that doesn't produce any emissions b. Coal that is mixed with pure oxygen, allowing CO2 to be captured c. Coal that doesn't generate CO2 at all d. Coal that has been washed with soap and water
b. Coal that is mixed with pure oxygen, allowing CO2 to be captured
The highest mountains above sea level are formed from the interactions over time at this type of plate boundary. Select one: a. Transform Boundary b. Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary c. Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundary d. Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary e. Divergent Boundary
b. Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary
Which of the layers below defined by its composition makes up the lithosphere? Select one: a. Mantle and core b. Crust and uppermost mantle c. Crust and mantle d. Crust and core
b. Crust and uppermost mantle
The Asthenosphere is a layer below the Lithosphere that has the physical property of: Select one: a. Brittle solid b. Ductile solid c. Liquid
b. Ductile solid
Why does the sand deposit into a spit? Select one: a. Energy increases within the longshore current. b. Energy decreases within the longshore current. c. Energy stays the same within the longshore current.
b. Energy decreases within the longshore current.
According to the film, Tokyo has reduced chance of a major earthquake in the future, because the earthquake of 2011 reduced stress along the plate boundary in that part of Japan. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
According to the film, groundwater is more polluted than surface water. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
As a whole, the oceanic crust is a lot older than the continental crust. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
What does the S-P interval represent exactly? Choose the best answer below: Select one: a. It means you can measure the distance the waves have traveled. b. It is the time interval between the arrival of the P-wave and the arrival of the S-wave at a seismic station. c. It is the distance between the earthquake epicenter and the seismic station. d. It represents the earthquake itself.
b. It is the time interval between the arrival of the P-wave and the arrival of the S-wave at a seismic station.
According to the film, when pulling groundwater up from below, if the amount of water withdrawal exceeds the rate of infiltration, what happens to the ground surface above? Select one: a. It will often inflate upwards b. It will often subside c. It will not move d. It will rise and fall like an earthquake
b. It will often subside
What new natural feature did the tsunami create in Kahoku, Japan? Select one: a. Sand volcano b. Lake c. River d. Ridge
b. Lake
A water current that flows parallel to the beach within a given surf zone is called? Select one: a. Turbidity currents b. Longshore current c. Longshore transport d. Upwelling
b. Longshore current
What feeds a spit with the sand it needs? Select one: a. Turbidity currents b. Longshore current c. Upwelling d. Downwelling
b. Longshore current
Hotter magmas will have a __________ viscosity. Select one: a. Higher b. Lower
b. Lower
When considering a stream's entire length, the velocity is lowest overall at the _________ of a stream. Select one: a. Head b. Mouth
b. Mouth
The U.S. uses a tremendous amount of coal in producing energy. How much does it use according to the film? (starting at 29:50) Select one: a. Over one million tons per year b. Over one billion tons per year c. Over ten million tons per year d. Over one trillion tons per year
b. Over one billion tons per year
According to the film, we have groundwater because it percolates into the ground from various sources. Of these sources, which is most important of all? Select one: a. Lakes b. Rainfall c. Rivers
b. Rainfall
According to the film, which type of earthquake wave is more damaging? Select one: a. P-waves b. S-waves
b. S-waves
What is the base level of a stream where it pools behind a dam? Select one: a. Ultimate base level b. Temporary base level
b. Temporary base level
What part of the tectonic process on the ocean floor specifically causes the tsunami to be generated? Select one: a. The Eurasian plate being dragged downward by the Pacific plate grinding under it during the subduction process. b. The upwards motion of the Eurasian plate as it springs back upwards during the actual earthquake. c. The lateral motion between the Eurasian and Pacific plates d. An underwater volcanic eruption that occurs at the same time as the earthquake.
b. The upwards motion of the Eurasian plate as it springs back upwards during the actual earthquake.
The head of the stream has _________ flow. Select one: a. Laminar flow b. Turbulent flow
b. Turbulent flow
Flooding that occurs from a short intense rainfall in an isolated spot within the mountains is called: Select one: a. Downstream flood b. Upstream flood
b. Upstream flood
Flooding more likely takes place in what season within the Bay Area? Select one: a. Summer b. Winter c. Spring d. Fall
b. Winter
Eureka, CA: Select one: a. 501 km b. 302 km c. 478 km d. 355 km e. 203 km
c. 478 km
Las Vegas, NV: Select one: a. 602 km b. 402 km c. 623 km d. 690 km e. 562 km
c. 623 km
Las Vegas, NV: Select one: a. 54 seconds b. 40 seconds c. 64 seconds d. 84 seconds e. 162 seconds
c. 64 seconds
Elko, NV: Select one: a. 22 seconds b. 55 seconds c. 72 seconds d. 102 seconds e. 538 seconds
c. 72 seconds
Prior to the Japan 2011 earthquake, what was the largest earthquake recorded in that region according to the film? Select one: a. 7.6 b. 8.9 c. 8.4 d. 10.2 e. 10.5
c. 8.4
What would be a comparable sized object to the asteroid that blasted out Meteor Crater in Arizona? Select one: a. As big as a baseball b. As big as a house c. As big as an office building d. As big as Mount Everest
c. As big as an office building
Divergent Boundary Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. None
c. C
Shallow to deep earthquakes are observed at this plate boundary along with a deep trench that follows directly along the plate boundary itself. A continental volcanic arc can be found parallel to the plate boundary. Select one: a. Transform Boundary b. Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary c. Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundary d. Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary e. Divergent Boundary
c. Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundary
What composition of magma is involved in the construction of the higher parts of a stratovolcano? Choose the best answer: Select one: a. Mafic b. Intermediate c. Felsic
c. Felsic
What would be the extent of the damage from the impacts air blast in San Francisco? Select one: a. Some leaves would be blown off trees in the area b. A dust storm would develop that would block visibility for hours c. Glass on buildings would shatter d. Skyscrapers would be knocked over
c. Glass on buildings would shatter
What controls all landslide events? Select one: a. Vegetation b. Running Water c. Gravity d. Rain
c. Gravity
What is the magnitude of an earthquake? Choose the best answer from the choices below: Select one: a. It is a measurement of how big an earthquake is. b. It is a scale in which earthquakes are rated depending on how strong they are. c. It is an estimate of the total amount of energy released by an earthquake. d. It is a measurement of how strong an earthquake is based on the damage created.
c. It is an estimate of the total amount of energy released by an earthquake.
In relation to Question 4, what is it called when sand is carried in that process? Select one: a. Turbidity currents b. Longshore current c. Longshore transport d. Upwelling
c. Longshore transport
According to the film, how much of the United States population relies on groundwater for its drinking water supply? Select one: a. Over 75 percent b. 100 percent c. Over 50%
c. Over 50%
In the week following the 2011 Japan quake, how many aftershocks hit? Select one: a. Over 100 b. Over 300 c. Over 500 d. Over 1000 e. Over 5000
c. Over 500
Which type of earthquake wave did Japan's seismic detection systems pick up to warn residents that violent shaking was about to take place? Select one: a. Love waves b. Rayleigh waves c. P-waves d. S-waves
c. P-waves
What makes a cinder cone steep sided? Select one: a. High viscosity of the mafic magma b. Low viscosity of the mafic magma c. Piling up of cinders during an eruption
c. Piling up of cinders during an eruption
According to the film, what is the difference between porosity and permeability? Select one: a. Porosity is the capacity to transmit water, while permeability is the capacity to store water. b. Porosity is the capacity for rock to float, while permeability is the capacity of rock to sink. c. Porosity is the capacity to store water, while permeability is the capacity to transmit water. d. Porosity is the capacity for rock to sink, while permeability is the capacity of rock to float.
c. Porosity is the capacity to store water, while permeability is the capacity to transmit water.
A landslide is occurring below, although it is too slow to see with the naked eye. Which type is it? Select one: a. Earth Flow b. Slump c. Soil Creep d. Debris Flow e. Rock Fall
c. Soil Creep
What mode of transportation does most sand use to arrive at a given beach in California? Select one: a. Granites of the Sierra-Nevada mountains b. Longshore current c. Streams d. Turbidity currents
c. Streams
Where do earthquake waves originate from? Select one: a. Earth's inner core b. The epicenter c. The Focus d. The core-mantle boundary
c. The Focus
What are these circles themselves individually depicting? Select one: a. The region that experienced earthquake shaking. b. The distance the S and P waves traveled. c. The distance between the seismic recording station and the possible earthquake epicenter. d. The region that received damage during the earthquake.
c. The distance between the seismic recording station and the possible earthquake epicenter.
Which statement below best compares the lithosphere to the asthenosphere according to the lecture? Select one: a. The lithosphere is more solid than the asthenosphere. b. The lithosphere is solid and the asthenosphere is liquid. c. The lithosphere is a brittle solid and the asthenosphere is a ductile solid. d. The lithosphere and the asthenosphere are both ultramafic because they are both a part of the mantle.
c. The lithosphere is a brittle solid and the asthenosphere is a ductile solid. *Both of these layers are defined by their physical properties, so comparing them in this way makes this the best statement of comparison.
According to the film, how much did the coastline drop relative to its original position prior to the earthquake in Miyako, Japan? Select one: a. Up to 7 inches b. Up to 16 inches c. Up to 3 feet d. Up to 11 feet
c. Up to 3 feet
What is the diameter of Apophis? Select one: a. 10 feet b. 50 feet c. 100 feet d. 1000 feet
d. 1000 feet
It takes an S-wave approximately 70 seconds to travel 300 km. How long does it take the P-wave to travel this same distance? Choose the best answer below Select one: a. 70 seconds b. 540 km c. 39 km/s d. 39 seconds e. 520 km
d. 39 seconds
Elko, NV: Select one: a. 740 km b. 504 km c. 579 km d. 703 km e. 520 km
d. 703 km
What magnitude on the Richter scale does this impact create? Select one: a. 5.2 b. 6.8 c. 7.8 d. 9.8 e. 10.5
d. 9.8
Shallow Focus Earthquakes Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. A, B, and C e. D, E and B
d. A, B, and C
The dinosaur extinction was caused by an asteroid that was as big as a: Select one: a. As big as a baseball b. As big as a house c. As big as an office building d. As big as Mount Everest
d. As big as Mount Everest
Deep focus earthquakes Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. None
d. D
Island or Continental Volcanic Arc Select one: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. None
d. D
Where do people on this planet get most of its fresh water for drinking? Select one: a. Oceans b. Streams c. Glaciers d. Groundwater
d. Groundwater
The planet Mars had a massive volcanic eruption approximately 25 million years ago. What kind of event was this of the choices below? Select one: a. Natural Hazard b. Natural Disaster c. Natural Castastrophe d. None of these
d. None of these
Island arc volcanism occurs parallel to this plate boundary. Also observed are shallow to deep earthquakes and a deep trench that follows directly along the plate boundary itself. Select one: a. Transform Boundary b. Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary c. Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundary d. Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary e. Divergent Boundary
d. Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary
What part of California has a landslide hazard associated with it? Select one: a. The entire state of California b. The mountainous terrain of California c. Only the Central Valley d. Only the Bay Area
d. Only the Bay Area
Viscosity is defined as the __________ to flow. Select one: a. Ability b. Fluidity c. Distance d. Resistance
d. Resistance
Las Vegas, NV: Select one: a. 400 mm b. 200 mm c. 64 mm d. 30 mm e. 100 mm
e. 100 mm
Elko, NV: Select one: a. 50 mm b. 120 mm c. 40 mm d. 510 mm e. 60 mm
e. 60 mm
A landslide is occurring in the video below. Which type? Note the large amount of liquid within the flow.(Ignore the video title) Select one: a. Earth Flow b. Slump c. Soil Creep d. Rock fall e. Debris flow
e. Debris flow
The mountain range this boundary creates is by far the longest on the planet and it is where shallow earthquakes and volcanic activity are common occurrences. Most of this boundary is underwater. Select one: a. Transform Boundary b. Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary c. Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundary d. Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary e. Divergent Boundary
e. Divergent Boundary
Which layer of the Earth's interior listed below is also the full equivalent of a tectonic plate? Select one: a. Outer Core b. Crust c. Asthenosphere d. Mesosphere e. Lithosphere
e. Lithosphere
What major global changes could occur from this event? Select one: a. The Earth's tilt changes dramatically b. The Earth loses significant mass c. Earth's orbit is noticeably changed d. All of the above e. None of the above
e. None of the above