The Enlightenment: Chapter 4-John Locke, The Enlightenment: Chapter 3-Thomas Hobbes, The Enlightenment: Chapter 5-The Enlightenment in France, The Enlightenment: Chapter 6-The Enlightenment in Action

Why was Thomas Jefferson particularly well suited to writing the Declaration of Independence?

-He had years of education -He had a college degree -He spent countless hours reading and studying

What happened during the Glorious Revolution, and what did Locke think of it?

-Parliament drove out an absolute monarch: King James II. -Parliament replaces him with 2 constitutional monarchs: William and Mary. -Locke was strongly in favor of the revolution.

What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for?

-Poor Richard's Almanac -Helping write the Declaration of Independence -Experimenting with electricity -Inventing the lightening rod

What ideas did Jefferson include in the Declaration of Independence that echo the beliefs of John Locke?

-all citizens have rights -if the government doesn't grant those rights the people have a right to change or overthrow the government -the government gets its power from the people

How did Thomas describe human beings in their natural state?

-cruel, greedy, and selfish. He believed humans were willing to do anything to get what they wanted.

Why can Thomas Hobbes be considered remarkable for his time?

-he lived until he was 91 (twice as long as the average person of his time)

What 3 natural rights did John Locke believe a government must protect?

-life -liberty -property

What Enlightenment ideas were included in the U.S. Constitution?

-people have unalienable rights -government must promote the general welfare by protecting the rights of its citizens -each branch of government can 'check' certain acts by other branches

What aspects of U.S. governments do we owe to the French thinker Montesquieu?

-separation of powers -checks and balances

How did events in England during the 1660's affect Hobbes?

-the restoring of the monarchy meant he could publish his works freely -the plague and the fire caused people to return to religion -Hobbes's ideas weren't very popular anymore

When was the U.S. Constitution written?

1787

What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful?

A separation of powers and checks and balances.

What kind of government did Hobbes favor?

A strong government with strict laws to keep people from fighting each other.

What did John Locke believe was the role of government?

To protect citizens' natural rights.

What does the phrase 'tabula rosa' mean and how is it connected to Locke?

-"Blank slate" -Locke believed the mind is a blank slate when a person is born and that slate is filled and defined by experiences during the person's life.

What conclusions did Montesquieu draw about France's government and WHY?

-Frances government was in BIG trouble. -France had strict social order and many people were struggling with poverty.

How did Montesquieu believe government should be divided?

Divided among 3 branches: -executive -legislative -judicial

What are three rights in the Declaration of Independence?

All men have the right to: -life -liberty -the pursuit of happiness

What did the Declaration of Independence do?

Announced the American colonies were separating from Great Britain.

What did Montesquieu believe was the most effective method of change?

He believed in peaceful, modest reforms instead of rebellion.

What did John Locke believe people had the right to do if their government did not do its job?

He believed the people could overthrow the government and replace it with a new one.

What made Montesquieu an authority on government?

He had studied the governments of European countries and had read about past civilizations and about Chinese and Native American cultures.

Why was Arouet (Voltaire) in the Bastille?

He had written verses that made fun of the French government.

Why did Voltaire go to live in England?

He insulted a nobleman and was given a choice to go to prison or go to England, he chose England.

Why did Hobbes flee from England to France?

He supported the English monarchy and believed in the divine right of kings. He worried about his safety because of this belief.

How did Montesquieu feel about slavery?

He was STRONGLY against it.

Why is Hobbes considered an important philosopher?

He was different than many other thinkers. He had a dark view of human nature and believed in a strong government.

How did Thomas Hobbes compare to other philosophers of his time?

He was often unpopular compared to other philosophers.

How did Benjamin Franklin expand his knowledge of philosophy?

He wrote to and visited the philosophes in Europe. He also recorded his responses to the ideas of others and original ideas of his own.

What was the Encyclopedia, and what did it have to do with the Enlightenment?

It was a collections of ideas of Enlightenment thinkers in more than 30 volumes. It was written by Voltaire and other philosophes.

Who was the "Father of the Constitution"?

James Madison

Why were the 1600's a good time for Locke to be in school?

Teachers encouraged students to use reason and to experiment, to think deeply about everything from science & government to religious faith.

Why did Montesquieu keep his identity as author of The Persian Letters a secret?

The book made fun of the French ruling class. He could have been thrown in prison for writing under his own name.

Who or what inspired the revolutionaries in America?

The ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers in Europe.

Why did most writers in France during the 1700's choose their words carefully?

They were at risk for being imprisoned for their words or beliefs, especially if they spoke out against the monarch or government.