ESCI1001 Quiz 1

convergent

- mountains -lots of earthquakes - shallow to deep

transform

-plates slide past each other -no crust being created or destroyed

Crust

.4% mass, silicates ( Si+O)

Earth Structure/ Layered Earth

1. Atmosphere 2. Crust 3. Mantle 4 . Outer core 5. Inner core

Evidence of Continental Drift

1. Rock Formations and Continental shelves aligned on different continents 2. rocks of similar ages alonged with rocks on different continents= climate belt 3. Fossils of ancient organisms- same organisms on different continents 4. mountain belts- mountain ranges on different countries aligned 5.glacial features- evidence from past glaciations

Inner Core

1.7% --solid--iron, Fie- Ni Alloy

Oceanic Crust- thickness

6-7 km, possible 1-10

Mantle

67.1% mass, Mg- Silicates (Mg+Si+O)

Combat issue of Acid Rain

Clear Air Act 1970-- acid rain program 1990 amendment ---put cap on sulfur admissons

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust b. The mantle is denser than oceanic crust c. The outer core is denser than the mantle d. Continental crust is denser than oceanic crust e. Continental crust is less dense than the mantle

The correct answer is: Continental crust is denser than oceanic crust

Which of the following is FALSE? Select one: a. Convergent plate boundaries have shallow earthquakes b. Divergent plate boundaries have earthquakes that range from shallow to deep c. Divergent plate boundaries have shallow earthquakes d. Transform plate boundaries have shallow earthquakes e. Convergent plate boundaries have earthquakes that range from shallow to deep Feedback

The correct answer is: Divergent plate boundaries have earthquakes that range from shallow to deep

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries form a narrow, linear belt b. Earthquakes at continent-continent collisions form a diffuse zone c. Earthquakes at transform plate boundaries form a narrow, linear zone d. Earthquakes at divergent plate boundaries form a narrow, linear zone Feedback

The correct answer is: Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries form a narrow, linear belt

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. Continental crust is commonly thicker beneath mountain ranges b. Oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust c. The asthenosphere is generally thicker than continental crust d. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust e. The lithosphere is generally thicker than oceanic crust

The correct answer is: Oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust

Which of the following statements about the layers of the earth is FALSE? Select one: a. The lithosphere is rigid b. The lithosphere consists of the crust + part of the upper mantle c. The outer core is fluid and flows d. The inner core is fluid and flows e. The asthenosphere is fluid and flows

The correct answer is: The inner core is fluid and flows

Which of the following statements about the layers of the earth is FALSE? Select one: a. The oceanic crust consists of silicates b. The continental crust consists of silicates c. The outer core consists of Ni-Mg alloy d. The mantle consists of Mg-silicates e. The inner core consists of Fe-Ni alloy Feedback

The correct answer is: The outer core consists of Ni-Mg alloy

The release of sulfur gas into the atmosphere from burning coal led to ________________. Select one: a. global warming b. acid rain c. increased albedo d. global cooling e. depletion of ozone

The correct answer is: acid rain

earthquakes- convergent

a lot of earthquakes various densities diffuse zone of earthquake cont.

volcanoes- convergent

a lot of volcanoes linear belt

subduction zone

distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes -sea floor spreading mechanism for continental drift

Which of the following about the principle of Uniformitarianism is FALSE? Select one: a. Uniformitarianism is foundational geologic principle b. Geologic processes active today are useful for understanding geologic processes active in the past c. Uniformitarianism is commonly simplified to "the present is the key to the past" d. Lyell and Hutton commonly get much of the credit for Uniformitarianism within geology e. Geologic processes active today are very different from geologic processes active in the past

The correct answer is: Geologic processes active today are very different from geologic processes active in the past

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Use the figure 1.6 (p. 6) to help answer the question. Select one: a. The percentage of fossil fuels used for energy consumption has mostly increased from 1850 to the present b. Alternative energy sources such as nuclear, geothermal, solar, and wind were not used in significant amounts until after 1950 c. The total amount of energy consumed has increased from 1850 to the present d. Since 1900 the percentage of coal use has increased relative to oil and gas e. The percentage of wood and other biomass used for energy consumption has mostly decreased from 1850 to the present

The correct answer is: Since 1900 the percentage of coal use has increased relative to oil and gas

The release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) led to ___________________ and enhanced transfer of UV radiation to the earth's surface. Select one: a. depletion of ozone layer b. global warming c. acid rain d. increased albedo e. global cooling

The correct answer is: depletion of ozone layer

The increase in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the 20th century has played a role in _____________________. Select one: a. global cooling b. increased albedo c. global warming d. depletion of ozone layer e. acid rain Feedback

The correct answer is: global warming

An aquifer is ____________________. Select one: a. an above ground storage facility for drinking water b. reservoir of groundwater in porous rock formations c. a tributary of a major river d. reservoir of oil trapped in sandstone e. a nickname for a well

The correct answer is: reservoir of groundwater in porous rock formations

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is marked by a discontinuity called ____________. Select one: a. the Moho b. the Crantle c. Lyell's Surface d. the Edsel Feedback

The correct answer is: the Moho

Mary Tharp and Bruce Hazon

first map of ocean floor

principle

generally a scientific law is fundemental it provides the foundations of science

reserves

known and recoverable

convergent plate boundaries

3 types 1. oceanic- oceanic - mardins trench 2. oceanic - continental -peru chile trench 3. continental- continental - himalayas

Contiental

30-50 km -- up to 70 km

Outer Core

30.8%---liquid iron, fe alloy- fluid= flows creates electromagnetic fields that play an important role in protecting Earth from solar winds

Alfred Wegner

Believed in contiental drift continents move through time looked at margins- like puzzle piece

ozone defletion

CFCs ( chlorofluorocarbons) react with and break down the ozone

Combat issue of ozone depletion

Montreal Protocol: 1987- CFC production phased out by 1996

The most recent supercontinent, which began breaking up 250 million years ago, is called _____________. Select one or more: a. Euramerica b. Pangea c. Laurentia d. Rodinia e. Gondwana

Pangea

Scientific ideas supported by an abundance of evidence that have passed many tests and failed none are called ___________. Select one: a. laws b. thoughts c. theories d. principles e. hypotheses

The correct answer is: theories

James Hutton/ Charles Lyell

Uniformitarianism

At what rate do tectonic plates move? Select one or more: a. 1-15 cm/yr b. 10-150 cm/yr c. 1-15 mm/yr d. 1-15 m/yr e. 10-15 m/yr

a. 1-15 cm/yr

Mary Tharp's contribution to plate tectonics was ________________ . Select one: a. the first map of marine magnetic anomalies b. discovery of the magnetic mineral magnetite c. the first evidence for magnetic reversals d. the first person to notice that the continents fit together e. the first scientific map of the ocean floor Feedback

a. the first map of marine magnetic anomalies

Wegner's idea of continental drift was rejected by American geologists because ___________. Select one: a. Magnetic anomalies suggested a different model b. No valid mechanism for continents to shift c. Little evidence for the existence of a supercontinent d. apparent fit of continents is not as good when including continental shelves

b. No valid mechanism for continents to shift

The Wadati-Benioff zone extends down within the mantle to a depth of ________________. Select one: a. 980-990 km b. 140-150 km c. 660-670 km d. 200-220 km e. 30-35 km

c. 660-670 km

Which region has the largest and deepest earthquakes? Select one: a. Transform ranges b. Mid-ocean ridges c. Subduction zones d. Mountain ranges e. Continental rifts

c. Subduction zones

Which of the following statements about continent-continent collisions is TRUE? Select one: a. They have subduction zones b. They have oceanic trenches c. They have very large, broad mountain ranges d. They are regions where new oceanic crust is formed e. They have a chain of volcanic islands

c. They have very large, broad mountain ranges

Which of the following statements about plate boundaries is FALSE? Select one or more: a. Mountain ranges are common at convergent plate boundaries b. Volcanoes are not common at transform plate boundaries c. Volcanoes are not common at convergent plate boundaries d. Parallel, fault-bounded valleys are common at continental rifts e. Mountain ranges are not common at oceanic divergent plate boundaries

c. Volcanoes are not common at convergent plate boundaries

Lithosphere

crust and part of mantle ridge/strong 100-150 km thick

Which of the following statements about plate boundaries is FALSE? Select one: a. At transform plate boundaries plates slide past one another b. At convergent plate boundaries plates move toward one another c. At continental divergent boundaries (continental rifts) plates move away from one another d. At divergent plate boundaries plates move toward one another e. At continent-oceanic convergent boundaries plates move toward one another

d. At divergent plate boundaries plates move toward one another

Hawaii is an example of ___________________ . Select one: a. A volcanic island arc b. A series of stratovolcanoes c. A transform margin d. Hot spot volcanism e. Mid-ocean ridge volcanism Feedback

d. Hot spot volcanism

The youngest seafloor occurs _________________. Select one: a. along passive margins b. near oceanic trenches c. along active margins d. along mid-ocean ridges e. randomly over the entire ocean basin

d. along mid-ocean ridges

At which type of plate boundary do subduction zones occur? Select one or more: a. continental divergent boundaries b. continental transform boundaries c. oceanic divergent boundaries d. continental-oceanic convergent boundaries e. continental-continental convergent boundaries

d. continental-oceanic convergent boundaries

How do we know Earth is layered?

density measurements seismic waves (earthquakes) used seismonteters

Mid- Ocean ridges

distribution of earthquakes, based on where they occurred underwater mountain range

Marine magnetic anomalies result from seafloor spreading in conjunction with _______________ . Select one: a. Global warming b. Magnetite paramagnetic properties c. Magnetic storms on the surface of the sun d. Apparent polar wander of magnetic poles e. Magnetic polarity reversals Feedback

e. Magnetic polarity reversals

hot spots

fed by mantle stationary

Climate Change- Global Warming

greenhouse gases like CO2 AND CH4 lock in solar radiation in atmosphere leading to increased temperatures

resources

hypothetical deposits

scientific law

ideas that are considered correct and if violated the natural universe as we know it would not exist

volcanoes- transform

no volcanoes

volcanoes- divergent

not many but exception continental drift- new oceanic crust - some volcanoes activity but no actual volcanoes

which of the convergent plate boundaries go through subduction?

oceanic- oceanic and oceanic continetal

Uniformitarianism

processes active today can inform us about processes active in the past "the present is the key to the past"

ozone

protection from UV rays

earthquakes transform

shallow linear belt

earthquakes- divergent

shallow less frequent narrow belt

Acid Rain

sulfur gases from coal-burning power plants react with oxygen and water---Sufic acid

Qgalla Aquifer

supplies most of groundwater for Mid-West States

divergent plate boundaries

two types - oceanic plates are separated -continental plates are separated 1. mid ocean ridges 2. continental rifts

Asthenosphere

within mantle-below lithosphere flows (brie cheese) weaker, partially molten