ESM 305 Final Exam

Be able to describe the three levels of structural change in conflict escalation•

1) Changes in psychological states, 2) changes in group identity, and 3) changes in community

Ury's 3 ways to "Step to Their Side" in negotiations.

1, Listen to what they have to say 2. Acknowledge their point, their feelings & their competence/status. Apologize if appropriate or least express sympathy for their problem 3.Agreeing: focus on areas of segment by using the word "yes" to reduce tension & foster an atmosphere of agreement

Be able to identify Ury's 5 steps described as "Breakthrough Strategies"

1. Go to the balcony 2. step to their side 3. Reframe 4. Build them a golden bridge 5. use the power to educate

identify Ury's 5 "barriers to cooperation" and give an example

1. your reaction: the first barrier lies with you 2. their emotion: the next barrier is the one sides negative emotions 3. their position in joint problem solving, you have the problem & attack it together 4. Their dissatisfaction: your goal may be reach a mutually satisfactory agreement but may find the other side not all interested in such outcome 5. their power: finally the other side sees the negotiation as win-lose proposition they will be determined to beat to you

When does stalemate occur in a conflict?

1.Failure of contentious tactics 2.Exhaustion of resources 3.Loss of social support 4.Unacceptable costs

Minitrial

A condensed version of the case is presented to the top management from both sides, with an expert neutral party conducting the trial, allowing them to see and hear facts and arguments so more meaningful negotiations can take place.

How does a facilitator manage divergent perspectives through sequencing and deliberate refocusing?

A facilitator validates perspective & then directs a group to focus on each line of thought in sequencing one at a time. This could help people stay on track & prevent time being wasted from people going on tangents & could keep a healthy order to the problem solving. also a facilitator could help keep the conversation as focused as possible without taking sides

co-culture

A group of people belonging to a culture within a larger social-economic & politically more powerful dominant culture who share some joint characteristics , but are distinctive in their own right & tare recognized as long being different

Mediation

A method of settling disputes outside of court by using the services of a neutral third party, called a mediator. The mediator acts as a communicating agent between the parties and suggests ways in which the parties can resolve their dispute.

non-binding arbitration

A neutral third party renders a non-binding decision based on evidence presented by disputing parties

Cross culture communication

A process by which two individual who do not belong to the same culture ty to exchange a set of meanings. This phenomenon makes the communication process much more difficult & challenging than what we think

Facilitation

An interaction in which one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without the intimate association of a symbiosis

What is the definition of problem solving?

Any effort to develop a mutually acceptable solution to a conflict

What is Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

Any method of resolving disputes without litigation. Abbreviated as ADR. Public courts may be asked to review the validity of ADR methods, but they will rarely overturn ADR decisions and awards if the disputing parties formed a valid contract to abide by them. Arbitration and mediation are the two major forms of ADR.

Negotitation

Bargaining process whereby two or more parties attempt to achieve a mutually acceptable result.

What are the positions of the proponents and opponents of European beachgrass removal in local sand dunes?

Can cause flooding, dusty, and people worry that it harms their fishing

Evaluate gradients of agreement

Cold/warm/hot/ "I condone" to "I veto"

Be able to describe some of the characteristics of public disputes

Complicated network of interests, New parties emerge, Varying levels of expertise, Different forms of power, lack of continuing relationships, Differing decision-making procedures, Unequal accountability, Procedures not standardized, Influence of gov't rules and regulations, Broad range of issues, New issues emerge, Importance of technical information, Strongly held values

Be able to differentiate between conflict management and dispute resolution

Conflict Management: Long-term management of a conflict •Subjective handling of relationships •Psychologists are good at this Dispute Resolution: Short-term settling of a finite dispute •Objective handling of content •Lawyers/Mediators are good at this

What Conditions Discourage Conflict?

Consensus about norms, Lack of information about Other's attainments, Physical and psychological segregation, Existence of a strict status system, Social mobility, Physical and social barriers to communication, Removal of leadership

Know general methods for a facilitator to debrief a structured activity.

Considering that idea listing procedures a wide range of perspectives its useful to give the group an opportunity to reflect on the discussion as a whole, rather than focusing on one or two specific points. this can be done by stating : now that we've heard what everyone has said, ask yourself what is my reaction to the presence of many different point of view?and then the facilitator would have people go around the room & answer the question. Once this is done have the group discuss "where do we go from here?

Costs And Benefits Of Conflict

Cost: Time, loss of productivity •$$ & other resources, Relationship/emotional damage, Environmental damage, degradation, destruction, Decrease in communication, flow of information, confusion Benefits: Promotes change, new methods/solutions emerge, Catalyst to problem solving, increases information, Promotes understanding, Supports identity formation

Fishbowls

Describe the activity have a volunteers sit in the circle two circles inner & outer

What are the applications of conflict prevention vs conflict management vs conflict resolution? Which type is short-term and which is long-term?Direct Prevention:

Direct prevention: measures aimed at preventing short term, often imminent, escalation of a conflict aid dispatch a mediator or watchdog organization truce/ceasefire/withdrawal of troops

Platinum Rule

Do unto others as they would have done unto themselves

Silver rule

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

Golden rule

Do unto others as you would have them unto you

Lead rule

Do unto others what they will allow you to do

From Chapter 2, what are the four "participatory values"? Be able to elucidate on the ability of participation to benefit personal learning, effective groups, and sustainable agreements.

Everyone participates, not just the vocal few, People give each other room to think and get thoughts out, Opposing viewpoints are allowed to coexist in the room, People draw each other out with supportive questions

What are the five types of integrative solutions?

Expanding the Pie Nonspecific Compensation Logrolling Cost Cutting Bridging

Role plays

Explain the purpose of the role play Break into small group assigning a role

Individual writing

Give members the chance to collect their thoughts in preparation for open discussion

What Are Some of The Differences Between Hostility Versus Conflict?

Hostile attitudes are a pre-disposition to engage in conflict behavior and can be unleashed onto any situation Productive conflict is not a reaction but a transaction

Be Able to Distinguish Between Conflict Versus Hostility

Hostile attitudes are a pre-disposition to engage in conflict behavior and can be unleashed onto any situation. Productive conflict is not a reaction but a transaction.

What are the authors 5 steps in creative problem solving?

Identify underlying interests, Ask whether there really is a conflict of interest, Analyze interests, Set high aspirations Stick to them, Seek a way to reconcile both Parties' aspirations, Lower aspirations and search some more

In addition from the reading Alternative Dispute Resolution by Frank Carr et al, be able to define and explain how "Information Exchange/Fact Finding", "Higher Level Negotiations", and "Summary Disposition" may also be used in ADR

Information Exchange/Fact Finding: having the purpose of discovering and establishing the facts of an issue Higher Level Negotiation: supplements negotiation between the CO and contractor. Used to overcome an impasse Summary Disposition: third party resolves a dispute based upon relatively brief presentations

Be able to provide an example of the five transformations that occur in escalation

Light to heavy, Small to large, Specific to genera, Doing well to winning to hurting other, Few to many

What is covert problem solving

Mitigates risks to image loss, position loss, and information loss by covert actions

Is this conflict resolved?Elk River case study

NoTMDL adopted but relic sediment remains in channels

From Ury p40 be able to correlate 3 categories of tactics with specific tactics.

Obstructive tactic= stonewalling (refusal to budge)Offensive tactic= attacks (insult/threaten/ bully to get one's way)Deceptive tactic= tricks ( false data/ no authority ploy/ last minute add on to a decision)

Be familiar with the attributes of cross-cultural communication, types of nonverbal behavior.

Open minded- culturally adaptive, able to listen for cultural differences Non judgmental: able to describe behavior without evaluating & categorizing it thru a different cultural lens

which stakeholder are the most negatively impacted?Elk River case study

Residence in the "nuisance reach"

What Conditions Encourage Conflict?

Scarcity, Periods of slowdown after rapidly expanding achievement, Zero-sum thinking, Ambiguity about relative power, Invidious comparison 6.Status inconsistency, Weakening normative consensus, Availability of struggle group leadership

How do Ury's natural reactions to conflict compare with the Thomas-Kilmann model introduced in Lecture 1?

Striking back giving in" & breaking off" vs accommodation, avoidance, competition collaboration & compromise

Cognizant of "difference based" communication: understands that comm. practices are not universal

Strong sense of self, able to indefinite, not etho-centric Committed to cultural pluralism: there are many realities able to cope with ambiguity: stay center with flux in reality sense of humor- appropriate ability to make light of difference

What is a TMDL & how does it serve as a regulatory tool to de-escalate this conflict?Elk River case study

TMDL: max amount of a particular pollutant that a waterbody can receive without exceeding water quality standards & maintains beneficial uses of the water. It sets a guideline that needs to be followed & maintain beneficial uses of water. It sets a guideline that needs to be followed & not then it will violet the Clean Water Act

Be able to describe and draw the three conflict models e.g. Aggressor-Defender Model, Conflict Spiral Model, and the Structural Change Model

The Aggressor-Defender Model: Aggressor's Behavior (divergence of interest) goes to the defender's behavior Conflict Spiral Model: Heavy tactics used by party (perceived divergence of interest) is fed into and fed by the heavy tactics used by other Structural Change Model: Heavy tactics by party (perceived divergence of interest) to psychological states in other to heavy tactics used by other to psychological states in party

What is a third party? What is an advantage and disadvantage of third part involvement?

The disadvantages of the third parties include the following: one, they lack a chance of winning a given contest under normal circumstances. Two, they find it difficult to raise money because campaign donors prefer pay-to-play candidates. Third party candidates aren't puppets. Therefore it is hard for them to win. One advantage of the third party is that they can challenge special interests maintaining a duopoly of the U.S. government. They provide a means of protest against the status quo.

Be familiar with the eight steps in the Spiral of Unmanaged Conflict. Be able to list them in order.

The problem emerges, Sides form, Positions harden, Communication stops, Resources are committed, Conflict goes outside the community, Perceptions become distorted, sense of crisis emerges

Culture

Total sum of a way of living, including values, aesthetic standards, linguistic, expression, patterns of thinking, behavioral norms & styles of communication which a group people have developed to ensure its survival in a particular physical ecosystem & human environment

Cultural relativism

Values related to a specific culture suggesting that cultures cannot ne evaluated from a single or ethical perspective, Cultures are either "primitive" but are different from one another.

What is the perceived benefit of keeping European beach grass in place in the dunes?

Work as a stabilizer

How can the facilitator "stretch the limits" of acceptable communication?

a facilitator can treat interruptions firmly yet respectfully by assuring the speaker that when he current discussion ends, the facilitator will ask the group what to do with the new topic

What are some environmental conditions that impact conflict stability

alcohol, physical exertion, and pleasurable activities

What are some relationship conditions that impact conflict stability

antagonism, social bonds, dependence

From Chapter 4 Facilitative Listening Skills on the Figures The Calculus of Diversity on pages 42-43, what is an "acceptable" versus "unacceptable" communication style?

bell curve paraphrasing, drawing people out, mirroring, gathering ideas, encouraging, making space, intentional silence

Diamond of Participatory Thinking

convergent thinking is also very important: not all ideas can be implemented, lest we create bloating, systems that conflict with each other, or that do not have enough benefit because the underlying ideas were not appropriate to start with. groan zone is equally important: moving directly from diverging ideas (generating insights) to convergence (decide what to do) can mean that ideas are not sufficiently contemplated and understood by the group.

simultaneous committees

divide each group into committees & assign a different task to each, have each committee select people to play 3 roles: leader/recorder/presenter

Galley tours

give flipcahrts & markers to each committe & send then to their station/spare rooms of corners of the room. Tell them to record their work on the chart and post them on the nearest wall.

Which resources and species are the most negatively impacted?Which public trust resource agencies are the most concerned?

illegal water diversions, kill fish and amphibians, illegal grading,chemical use, timber conversion, poisoning and shooting bears and other wildlife. RCAA has been helping sites clean up. law enforcement and those who oversee the lands

What are the positions of the proponents and opponents of invasive cordgrass (Spartina) removal in local salt marshes?

impacts the native plants and other wildlife

What is the perceived benefit of keeping spartina in place in the marshes?

it works as a stabilizer

• What is the main ecosystem impairment in the lower Elk River?Elk River case study

its impaired by sediment deposition that originated primary from discharge of waste associated with industrial timber harvest activities during the 1988-1977 period

What are some individual Party conditions which impact conflict stability?

overreaction, physical and social barriers, impulsive, code of retaliation, code of ethics

Working Definition of Conflict

overt competition over scarce resources

Has legalization reduced the conflict?

partially, not enough

What are some community conditions that impact conflict stability

polarization, conflict limiting norms, neutrals recruited to groups, and conflict goes outside

Be familiar with Charles Craver's three formal phases of negotiation.

preparation, development and closure.

binding arbitration

process whereby a neutral party hears arguments from two opposing sides and makes a decision that both must accept

What are "confirmatory mechanisms" in the persistence of escalation?

psychological: self-fulfilling prophecy Rationalization of behavior •Selective perception •Selective evaluation •Attributional distortion •Autistic hostility in groups: social pressure vested interest in communities: disappearance of neutrals, non-transferable camps

How does legalization serve as a regulatory tool to de-escalate this conflict?

regulate the industry

Arbitration

settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider

Stability

stability occurs when there are conditions which discourage Party from acting harshly when confronted with contentious behavior.

peacekeeping

the process of bringing about peace, especially by reconciling adversaries.

Litigation

the process of taking legal action

conflict management

the use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict

relationship therapy

therapies that attempt to improve clients' interpersonal relationships or create new relationships to support clients' efforts to address psychological problems

Structure go arounds

warming up a newly formed group structuring a complex discussion making room for quite members

What are the main unintended ecosystem impairments from marijuana cultivation is Humboldt County?

water use, water pollution/eutrophication, killing wildlife, destroying land