Ethics

An abortion performed to protect the life or health of the motherNot thought to be morally problematicRoman Catholic Church says direct abortion is always wrong but unintended death of fetus in attempts to save mother's life is permissible

Therapeutic Abortion

Which of these questions belongs to metaethics?

What does it mean for an action to be right?

The central question in the morality of sex is:

What kind of sexual behavior is morally permissible and under what circumstances?

What is the implicit premise in the following argument?Argument: Same-sex marriage is contrary to tradition. Therefore, it should never be allowed.

Whatever is contrary to tradition should not be allowed.

The moral issue of whether we have a duty to help the poor and hungry of the world is compelling mainly because the

Wretchedness of the worlds poor is profound and the economic gap between rich and poor is why

In 1901 Australia pass the immigration restriction act which enter lemon non-white immigration to Australia particularly Asian immigration and thereby preserve the predominance of the British within Australian suppose that a large majority of Australians would have been made happier by passage of this law. Would a utilitarian advocate for such a law in these circumstances.

Yes because the consequences of passing the law would be better overall than if it were not pass

Kant believes that every action implies:

a general rule, or maxim.

If, according to Jeremy Bentham, only the quantity of happiness matters, then the person closest to the moral ideal would be:

a glutton

By the lights of virtue ethics, if you rescue someone from disaster solely out of a sense of duty, then your action is:

a morally deficient response.

According to Mary Anne Warren's criteria for personhood, a self-motivated space alien that was conscious, able to reason and communicate, and was self-aware would be:Select one:a. a person.b. not a person.c. unclassifiable.d. morally equivalent to an Earth primate.

a person

The principle of autonomy (the right of self-determination) can be used to argue for:Select one:a. end-of-life self-determination in the form of active euthanasia.b. a ban on active euthanasia.c. the Roman Catholic view of active euthanasia and suicide.d. restrictions on autonomy for dying patients.

a. end-of-life self-determination in the form of active euthanasia.

Most abortions are performed in the:Select one:a. first twelve weeks of gestation.b. period just after viability.c. first three weeks.d. period just before viability.

a. first twelve weeks of gestation.

One of the implications of assuming an idealized view of human beings is that one is unable to

acknowledge oppression and poverty when it is present

Consider a scenario involving the possible killing of an innocent person for the good of others. Such an action could conceivably be sanctioned by:

act-utilitarianism

Critics have taken virtue ethics to task for alleged problems in

adapting the views of Aristotle

This argument [If the dog barks, something must be wrong; something must be wrong; therefore the dog will bark.] has the form of:

affirming the consequent

Subjective relativism is the doctrine that

an action is morally right if one approves of it

If you were a species nonegalitarian, you would likely believe that

an elk has greater moral status than a potato

What is the fallacy used in the following passage known as?Passage: No one can prove that a fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. So a fetus must be accorded full moral rights as soon as it is conceived.

appeal to ignorance

What is the fallacy used in the following passage?Passage: John argues that active euthanasia is sometimes morally acceptable. But we can reject out of hand anything he has to say because he's an ultraconservative.

appeal to the person

Applied ethics is the

application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases.

Which field concerns questions such as "Was this abortion permissible?" or "Was this instance of mercy killing immoral?"

applied ethics

Virtue ethics claim that the right action is the one performed by the virtuous person and that the virtuous person is the one who performs the right action. But some philosophers say that this way of framing the matter amounts to

arguing in a circle

The principle of ________ says that if we are in a position to ease the agony of another and we can do so without excessive cost to ourselves, we should try to render aid.Select one:a. autonomyb. beneficencec. utilityd. justice

b. beneficence

Why does Leibniz, the great theistic philosopher, reject the divine command theory?

because it implies God is unworthy of worship

The liberal argues that if the unborn is not a person until birth, and it is wrong to kill a person, then:Select one:a. infanticide is permissible.b. abortion before birth would be permissible.c. abortion before birth would not be the killing of an innocent person.d. abortion is permissible before and after birth

c. abortion before birth would not be the killing of an innocent person.

With the violinist scenario, Judith Jarvis Thomson tries to show that:Select one:a. the fetus is not a person.b. in pregnancy, the body of the mother can always be exploited.c. the mother has a right to defend herself against the unborn's use of her body against her will (a right to have an abortion).d. the mother has no right to defend herself against the unborn's use of her body against her will.

c. the mother has a right to defend herself against the unborn's use of her body against her will (a right to have an abortion).

According to the dominant reading of natural law theory, euthanasia is wrong primarily because:Select one:a. it amounts to using a person as a means and not as an end.b. it always results in less overall happiness.c. we have a moral duty to preserve life.d. scripture condemns it.

c. we have a moral duty to preserve life

Cognitivism is the view that moral statements

can be true or false

Alan Goldman and Igor Primoratz affirm that sexual behavior:

cannot be immoral merely because it is sexual

Suppose your culture endorses the view that all wars are wrong. It follows from cultural relativism that your culture

cannot be mistaken about the morality of war

Cultural relativism implies that the abolition of slavery in the United States

cannot be regarded as moral progress.

Annette C. Baier argues that in moral theory there is a place for both

care and justice

The most obvious example of a relationship that is the focus of the ethics of care would be

caring for one's child

A strong inductive argument with true premises is said to be:

cogent.

In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the:

conclusion absolutely has to be true.

In this argument-"(1) Premarital sex is morally permissible because (2) it makes people happy"-statement 1 is the ______; statement 2 is the ______.

conclusion; premise

Aquinas says that judging the rightness of actions is a matter of:

consulting reason, of considering rational grounds for moral beliefs.

Nowadays machines can keep an individual's heart and lungs functioning long after the brain permanently and completely shuts down. Thus we can have an individual whose organs are mechanically operated while he is in a coma or persistent vegetative state. To some, these facts suggest that the:

conventional notion of death is inadequate

In 2002, the eighty-six-year-old war hero Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Jr., in a suicide pact with his eighty-nine-year-old wife, ended his life with an overdose of sleeping pills. According to a news report, "Having lost 30 pounds from a stomach disorder, suffering from congestive heart failure and in constant back pain, the admiral had been determined to dictate the hour of his death. His wife, who suffered from osteoporosis so severe her bones were breaking, had gone blind. She had no desire to live without her husband." Assuming this is an accurate account of Admiral Nimitz's motivations, to what moral principle did he appeal to justify taking his own life?Select one:a. justiceb. beneficencec. right to lifed. autonomy

d. autonomy

A key premise in the argument for active euthanasia is that the right of self-determination includes the right of competent persons to decide the manner of their dying. This premise is:Select one:a. accepted by virtually all parties to the euthanasia debate.b. clearly false.c. incoherent.d. controversial.

d. controversial.

In Roe v. Wade, the Court ruled that:Select one:a. all abortions at any stage of pregnancy are permissible.b. in the first three months of pregnancy, a state may regulate (but not ban) abortion; after viability, a state may forbid abortions, even those necessary to preserve the health or life of the woman.c. in the first three months of pregnancy, the woman's right to an abortion is unrestricted; after this period, a state may regulate and even forbid abortions.d. in the first three months of pregnancy, the woman's right to an abortion is unrestricted; after this period, a state may regulate (but not ban) abortion; after viability, a state may regulate and even forbid abortions, except when abortion is necessary to preserve the health or life of the woman.

d. in the first three months of pregnancy, the woman's right to an abortion is unrestricted; after this period, a state may regulate (but not ban) abortion; after viability, a state may regulate and even forbid abortions, except when abortion is necessary to preserve the health or life of the woman.

An unmarried man and woman have frequent sex and engage in activities that most of society would label unconventional, unnatural, and deviant. In a utilitarian view, their sexual behavior results in the greatest net good for all concerned. A utilitarian would therefore say that their sexual activities are:

d. permissible

Many human activities are statistically out of the norm (such as skydiving and coin collecting), and for that reason they are sometimes deemed unnatural. From this fact it follows that:

d. unnatural activities are not necessarily immoral

Which field or topic would include tasks such as accurately describing the moral codes and ethical standards of colonial America?

descriptive ethics

Suppose a Kantian says that we are never morally permitted to lie. An ethicist of care would

disagree in cases where telling the truth would unnecessarily make an innocent person suffer

When religious adherents claim that murder is wrong because God says that it is, they are implicitly espousing the

divine command theory

Rule-utilitarianism has been accused of being internally inconsistent because the theory can:

easily collapse into act-utilitarianism.

Alison M. Jaggar writes that Western moral theory has tended to

embody "masculine" values

The fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same term in an argument is known as:

equivocation.

According to Aristotle, the greatest good for humans is:

eudaimonia.

If Peter Singer's zoocentrist view is correct, then the practice of ________ would be impermissible.

factory farming

somenthing with instrinsic value is valuable

fot its own sake

According to Aquinas, the first precept of natural law theory is:

good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided.

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes says that people are naturally:

greedy, selfish, violent, self-destructive, and desperate.

An argument in the logical sense is a:

group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest.

aristotle says that moral virtue comes about as a result of

habit

The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about an entire group of people or things based on an undersized sample of the group is known as:

hasty generalization.

Franco has decided he wants to adopt the ethics of care. He is now deliberating about whether to voice a controversial view during a get-together with his family. In order to apply the ethics of care, he should focus more on how

his opinion might negatively affect family members he cares about

A serious criticism of Kant's theory is that:

his theory allows too much subjectivity in moral decision making.

the difference between hypothetical and categorical imperatives is that

hypothetical imperative are conditional, whereas categorical imperative are unconditional.

The form of this argument [If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r. ] is called:

hypothetical syllogism.

In arguing against the divine command theory, many critics insist that

if an action is right only because God wills it, then many heinous crimes and evil actions would be right if God willed them

The primary focus of virtue systems, according to the philosopher Louis Pojman, is on discovering the proper moral example and ___________ that person or ideal type.

imitating

Some critics of social contract theory argue that few people have ever actually consented tothe terms of a social contract. Some defenders of social contract theory reply that people aremuch more likely to have given their

implicit consent.

In pointing out the shortcomings of rule-based ethical theories, the philosopher William Frankena says that principles without virtues are

impotent

If you believe that there is no moral difference between killing someone and letting someone die, you might reason that:

in both active and passive euthanasia the patient's death is caused, and they are therefore morally equivalent.

Subjective relativism implies that in the rendering of any moral opinion, each person is:

incapable of being in error

Aristotle distinguishes between

intellectual virtues and moral virtues.

Joel Feinberg shows that someone who directly pursues happiness:

is unlikely to find it.

In arguments over abortion, both the conservative and the liberal agree on the following premise:

it is wrong to kill an innocent person

John Stuart Mill says that humans by nature desire happiness and nothing but happiness; therefore happiness is the standard by which we should judge human conduct, and therefore the principle of utility is the heart of morality. But this argument is controversial, because:

it reasons from what is to what should be

The notion that as long as basic moral standards are respected, any sexual activity engaged in by informed, consenting adults is permissible is known as the:

liberal view

Many philosophers insist that the teleological character of nature has never been supported by:

logical argument or empirical science

Virtue ethicists try to achieve the moral ideal by:

looking to moral exemplars

An anthropocentrist sees animals, plants, and ecosystems as

means to serve the ends of human beings.

Defenders of act-utilitarianism insist that the scenarios that seem to show utilitarianism in conflict with commonsense morality are

misleading and implausible

The form of this argument [If p, then q. p. Therefore, q. ] is called:

modus ponens.

Noncognitivism is the view that

moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false

Both objectivists and cultural relativists agree that:

moral judgments differ from culture to culture

In disputes about environmental issues, often there is substantial agreement on the nonmoral facts and serious divergence on

moral principles or judgments.

Suppose you are the last human on a dead planet. Only one other living thing exists—a maple tree. You are preparing to leave the planet for good, and you are debating with yourself about whether you should kill the tree before departing. In the end, you decide it would be morally impermissible to kill the tree. Your reluctance to kill the tree shows that the tree has

moral status

According to Peter Singer, the pain suffered by a human is ________ important than that experienced by a nonhuman animal.

no more

According to the main argument for cultural relativism, if culture X and culture Y disagree about the morality of physician-assisted suicide, this shows that

no view can be objectively correct.

A statement asserting that a state of affairs is actual (true or false) without assigning a moral value to it is a:

nonmoral statement.

Subjective relativism implies that when Jane says, "I think abortion is wrong," and John replies,"I think abortion is permissible," Jane and John are:

not having a moral disagreement

Suppose a culture approves of beheading a young man for merely holding hands with a woman. According to cultural relativism, the beheading is

objectively justified.

Contemporary virtue ethicists argue that if virtues were eliminated entirely from morality, leaving only principles or rules of justice, the moral life would appear

one dimensional

Suppose you break your promise to visit your dying grandmother on the grounds that you can create more happiness by partying with your friends. This utilitarian view of the situation seems to conflict with

our commonsense view of our obligations to other people

Consider this comment from the philosopher C. D. Broad regarding Kant's means-end principle: "If we isolate a man who is a carrier of typhoid, we are treating him merely as a cause of infection to others. But, if we refuse to isolate him, we are treating other people merely as means to his comfort and culture." This example suggests that:

our duties not to use people merely as a means can conflict, and Kant provides no counsel on how to resolve such dilemmas.

The preeminence of reason refers to the

overriding importance of critical reasoning in ethics

Virtue ethics puts primary emphasis on being a good person and living a good life, whereas duty-based moral systems:

pay much less attention to virtuous character and living a good life.

Applying the second formulation of the categorical imperative to the act of lying to a friend on important matters would show that the action is impermissible because

performing the action would treat the friend merely as a means to an end.

Which philosopher maintains that we must include the interests of all sentient creatures and give their interests equal weight when calculating which action will produce the greatest overall satisfaction of interests

peter singer

These words-because, given that, due to the fact that, and for the reason that-are:

premise indicators.

In an argument, the supporting statements are known as ______; the statement being supported is known as the ______.

premises; conclusion

What does normative ethics study?

principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments

Feminist ethics argue that the _____________ sphere be given at least as much consideration in morality as the sphere of the public.

private

The controversy over the ivory-billed woodpecker has pitted those who want to build a massive irrigation project against environmentalists who want to stop the project to protect the woodpecker and other species. A biocentric species egalitarian would probably insist that the

project be stopped to protect the ivory-billed woodpecker and all the other species of plants and animals

A true ethical egoist chooses actions that:

promote his own self-interests

Like many moral theories, Kant's system fails to

provide an effective means for resolving major conflicts of duties.

According to emotivism, to offer reasons for a moral judgment is to

provide statements that can influence someone's attitude.

The view that the fetus becomes a person at quickening is problematic because:

quickening signifies nothing that can be plausibly linked to personhood.

Some utilitarians respond to the charge that act-utilitarianism conflicts with common moral intuitions by:

rejecting commonsense morality

In natural law theory, the emphasis on reason makes morality independent of:

religion and belief in God.

Judith Jarvis Thomson's position is argued without:

relying on the issue of personhood.

Morality refers to beliefs about

right and wrong, good and bad.

Suppose a utilitarian judge decides to rule against a plaintive in a law suit just because people in general would be happier if the plaintive lost the case. Such a utilitarian move would conflict with:

rule-utilitarianism

One hard fact that feminist ethicists are responding to is that, even today, most women in the world are viewed as

second-class citizens

kissing someone without first obtaining consent is an example of

sexual assault

Consider this rule-utilitarian argument against legalizing euthanasia: Passing a law to permit active voluntary euthanasia would inevitably lead to abuses such as more frequent use of nonvoluntary euthanasia and unnecessary killing; therefore, no such law should be passed. Such an argument is characterized as:

slippery slope

What is the fallacy used in the following passage known as?Passage: If same-sex marriage is legalized, young people will assume that being gay is socially acceptable, and that will lead them to give into the temptation to become gay themselves. And being gay can ruin their lives. Therefore, same-sex marriage should not be legalized.

slippery slope

Objectivism is the view that:

some moral principles are valid for everyone Objectivism

Our commonsense moral experiences suggest that

some things are morally good and some things are morally bad.

A valid deductive argument with true premises is said to be:

sound.

The questions of whether an ape has the same moral status as a domestic cow and if animals (human and nonhuman) deserve the same level of moral concern as plants concern the issue(s) of

species egalitarianism or nonegalitarianism

A moral statement is a:

statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one's motive or character) is good or bad.

What is the fallacy used in the following passage known as?Passage: Liberals believe in abortion on demand, which means that killing a baby is permissible any time at all. At conception, in the second trimester, at infancy-any of these would be appropriate times to kill a baby, says the liberal.

straw man

.Believing that you can establish all your moral beliefs by consulting your feelings is an example of

subjectivism

Julie considers herself an advocate of feminist ethics. Therefore, she should

support the moral equality of men and women

Deductive arguments are:

supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.

Inductive arguments are:

supposed to offer only probable support for their conclusions

A categorical imperative tells us

that we should do something in all situations regardless of our wants and needs

Utilitarianism (in all its forms) requires that in our actions we always try to maximize utility, everyone considered. This requirement has given rise to

the "no-rest problem"

Applying the first formulation of the categorical imperative to the act of lying to a friend would show that the action is impermissible because

the action's maxim cannot be universalized.

Utilitarianism reminds us that:

the consequences of our actions make a difference in our moral deliberations

Carol Gilligan calls the approach to ethics that focuses on being aware of people's feelings, needs, and viewpoints

the ethic of care

The dominance of moral norms suggests that if a speed limit on a highway conflicts with a person's moral duty to rush a dying man to the hospital, then

the moral duty would take precedence over the legal duty.

Many who argue against homosexuality appeal to an idea that is central to natural law theory-mainly that:

the way nature is tells us what humans ought to do

One of the criticisms of social contract theory is that it's doubtful that those who are supposedto be parties to the contract have actually givena. due attention to morality.b. any thought to whether Hobbes was correct.c. any consideration to those who are not party to the contract.d. their consent to the terms of the contract.

their consent to the terms of the contract.

Objectivists argue that the diversity of moral judgments across cultures does not necessarily indicate that there is disagreement about moral beliefs, but instead may indicate that

there are divergent nonmoral beliefs.

Kant would say that using a person to achieve some end, such as hiring someone to paint your house, is not necessarily wrong because

there is a moral difference between treating persons as a means and treating them merely, or only, as a means.

John Stuart Mill says, "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied." This sentiment is an indictment of the glutton but also a pat on the back for:

those who enjoy higher pleasures.

Not thinking too deeply or too systematically about ethical concerns:

undermines your personal freedom

One conventionalist argument asserts that homosexuality's misuse of bodily parts leads to

unhappiness

Kant's theory emphasizes three of morality's most important features; the three are:

universality, impartiality, and respect for persons.

Commonsense morality makes a distinction between doing our duty and doing more than duty requires, what are called supererogatory actions. This distinction seems to disappear in

utilitarianism

The fact that we regularly judge the moral permissibility of actions as well as assess the goodness of character suggests that

virtue and character are important elements of the moral life

For Aristotle, a person living a life of reason is living a life of:

virtue.

Emotivists can admit that the serial killer Ted Bundy killed more than 30 women, but they cannot say that these events

were, for a fact, bad.

For a cultural relativist, when two people in the same culture disagree on a moral issue, what they are really disagreeing about is

whether their society endorses a particular view.

According to the critics of virtue ethics, one may be virtuous (kind, just, and honest) and still not know

which actions are morally permissible

Which of the following is NOT true of ethic of care?

It emphasizes rule-following, especially rules found in codes of ethics

Which statement best summarizes why, according to the author, cultural relativism is nearly impossible to use?

The theory makes it impossible to convince other people of moral claims.

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of ideal theories of ethics that feminist thinkers have criticized?

They depict individuals as having contempt for women

The utterance "Abortion is morally permissible" is:

a moral statement

The conventionalist and the liberal take opposing views on the moral permissibility of:

c. homosexuality

The ethics of care is a perspective on ethics that highlights the

importance of personal relationships and virtues such as compassion and kindness

Ethical egoism seems to conflict with:

our considered moral judgments and our moral experience.

It seems that a person can be benevolent, honest, and loyal but still treat a stranger unjustly. This shows that:

the rightness of actions does not necessarily depend on the content of one's character

For the emotivist, which of these best displays the meaning of the moral utterance "Lying is wrong"?

"Lying—I hate it!"

Suppose for someone there are only two possible actions: (1) read Aristotle or (2) spend a weekend on a tropical isle in intensely pleasurable debauchery. In this situation, the classic utilitarian would likely choose:

(2) spend a weekend on a tropical isle in intensely pleasurable debauchery. In this situation, the classic utilitarian would likely choose.

Statement

(or claim) an assertion that something is or is not the case; it is either true or false.

Some opponents of active euthanasia argue that euthanasia is uncalled for; a dying patient in the grip of unimaginable pain, for example, does not have to be killed to escape her agony. Modern medicine offers dying patients unprecedented levels of pain relief. A common reply to this argument is:Select one:a. although it is possible to manage even severe pain well, too often pain is not well managed.b. in arguments about euthanasia, pain is irrelevant.c. although it is possible to manage even severe pain well, physicians do not try to.d. pain is a fact of life that patients must learn to live with.

. although it is possible to manage even severe pain well, too often pain is not well managed.

Alan Goldman says that the conventional view of sexuality is that sexual behavior must have a morally significant goal, such as procreation. But he argues that:

. sex is not a means to some other goal

Biologists report that homosexual behavior among nonhuman animals is:

. widespread

Many people including many politicians over estimate the number of unauthorized immigrants living in the United States in 2015 the number was about

11 million

Americans tend to overestimate Immigrant share of the population many believe that it is more than twice as large as it actually is which is around

13.4%

In a recent public opinion poll, ________ percent of respondents said they did NOT believe it wrong for a man and woman to have sex before marriage.

66

In 1798 US law was passed stating the requirements for becoming a naturalized citizens in order to be eligible for naturalization each applicant had to be

A resident of the United States for two years a person of good moral character and a free white person

The deliberate termination of a pregnancy by surgical or medical (with drugs) means.Morally controversial and are focus of ongoing moral debate

Abortion (aka induced abortion)

The absolutism of natural law theory-the fact that some actions are always wrong (or right) regardless of circumstances-would not bother:

Aquinas

Which statement would the author most likely agree with, based on what he states in this chapter?

Because we live with people who have different religious views, we need standards for moral reasoning that do not depend on any particular religious views.

Some argue that a wealthy nation that offer substantial welfare benefits to a citizen such as Sweden and other Scandinavian countries cannot afford to have open borders because doing so would

Cause the welfare system to collapse

It's possible that someone would have to choose between performing or not performing an action that would lead to serious harm to a friend - yet each choice could involve the same two virtues in a contradictory ways. Such a case suggests that virtue ethics may have a problem with

Criterion 3 (usefulness)

Cultural relativists may believe their theory promotes tolerance of other cultures. However, the author argues against this. Which statement best summarizes his argument?

Cultural relativists cannot consistently say that tolerance is objectively good.

Which of the following is the overall point of the author's discussion of "doing ethics"?

Doing ethics is difficult, but not doing it is foolish

The philosopher who said that the greatest good is pleasure, and the greatest evil is pain, was:

Epicurus.

Which of the following correctly applies the principle of impartiality?

Everyone deserves the same treatment, unless there is a morally relevant reason to favor someone.

Christopher Heath woman argues that nations have a right to close their borders a right derived from the more fundamental right to

Freedom of association

What does cultural relativism imply about the civil rights leader and social reformer Martin Luther King Jr., considered as part of 1950s-1960s United States culture?

He was wrong about his moral reforms.

What is the implied premise in the following moral argument?Argument: The war did not increase the amount of happiness in the world. So the war was morally wrong.

If a war does not increase the amount of happiness in the world, it must be considered morally wrong.

Which of the following is a consequence of the principle of universalizability?

If harming someone is wrong in a particular situation, then harming someone would be wrong for anyone in a relevantly similar situation.

The Key premise in peter singers argument for aiding the worlds needy is

If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral important we ought morally to do it

Which anthropocentric philosopher said, "Animals . . . are there merely as means to an end. That end is man

Immanuel Kant

Which of the following would be A utilitarian reason for limiting immigration

Immigration will disrupt the economy

Which feature of emotivism makes it different from subjective relativism?

In emotivism, moral judgments vary from individual to individual.

What is a possible counterexample to the following moral principle?Moral principle: Lying is always wrong.

In some cases, if lying can save a person's life, then lying would not be morally wrong.

Because people will renege on deals they enter, Hobbes believes that what is needed for enforcing the social contract is an absolute sovereign a fearsome, powerful person he refers to as the

Leviathan.

Robert Noe sick and John Hospers believes that people have a right not to be interfere with and to do whatever they want with their own property as long as they do not violate the liberty rights of others this line is clearly

Libertarian

Suppose he strongly believe you have no duty to help the poor and hungry of the world and thatYou are not obligated to share your resources with the less fortunate your view would be consistent with

Libertarianism

Maryam says, "Abortion is always wrong," while Fatima says, "Sometimes abortion is not wrong." Which statement best summarizes how emotivists view this kind of disagreement?

Maryam and Fatima are both expressing their personal beliefs about abortion, so there is no way to resolve the disagreement.

Which statement is a consequence of objectivism?

Moral rules apply in all cases, without exceptions

. Which of these illustrates the need for moral reasoning when applying religious moral codes?

My religious moral code includes a general rule no to kill, but sometimes killing might be the only way to defend myself.

What is a major difference between descriptive ethics and normative ethics?

Normative ethics implies that some people's moral beliefs are incorrect, whereas descriptive ethics does not.

Suppose I think that I sometimes make mistakes on moral matters, and so does my culture. Acknowledging this, I say "My moral beliefs are sometimes wrong and sometimes my culture's moral principles are wrong as well." On which view could my statement be true?

Objectivism

Garrett Harding argues that the rich

Should not aid the poor and hungry because doing so will only invite the catastrophe for the rich and poor alike

In 1965 the US Congress passed the immigration and nationality act while immigration policy had previously been based on a quota system the new policy favor

Skilled immigrants and those who by immigrating could help reunite families

Central to emotivism is the view that moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false. What does emotivism add to this view?

That moral judgments express attitudes and influence others to share those attitudes.

Garrett Harding uses the lifeboat metaphor to suggest that

The affluent countries have a moral duty not to give aid to the starving overpopulated ones