Ethics Ch 7

___ can be oral, written, or inferred from the seller's conduct.

Express warranties

Which of the following is true of strategies for engineering quality software?

The first release of any software rarely meets all its users' expectations.

Defendants in a(n) action may use several legal defenses, including the doctrine of supervening event, the government contractor defense, and an expired statute of limitations

2. strict liability

A(n) __assures buyers or lessees that a product meets certain standards of quality.

2. warranty

In the context of the Capability Maturity Model Integration maturity levels, the percentage of organizations at the managed maturity level is ___

22.1

In the awarding of software contracts, particularly by the federal government, organizations that bid on a contract may be required to have adopted ___ and to be performing at a certain level.

3. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)

The __ standard serves many industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, services, and management.

ISO 9001

___ focuses on how to define, measure, and refine the quality of the development process and the products developed during its various stages.

Quality management

___ is the probability of an undesirable event occurring times the probability that the event would go undetected times the magnitude of the event's consequences if it does happen.

Risk

___ refers to methods within the development cycle that guarantee reliable operation of the product.

Software quality assurance

Which of the following is true of software testing?

Static testing involves software programs called static analyzers which are run against new code

____ means that the defendant is held responsible for injuring another person, regardless of negligence or intent.

Strict liability

A(n) ___ is any error that, if not removed, could cause a software system to fail to meet its users' needs.

software defect

A ____ is a standard, proven work process that enables those involved to make controlled and orderly progress in developing high-quality software.

software development methodology

Software quality is defined as the degree to which a software product meets:

the needs of its users.

Software suppliers frequently write to attempt to limit their liability in the event of nonperformance.

warranties

A(n) __ is one whose failure may cause human injury or death.

safety-critical system

Which of the following is true of the International Organization for Standardization?

It is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from 161 countries.

N-version programming is an approach to minimizing the impact of software errors by independently implementing the same set of user requirements ___ times, where N could be 2, 3, 4, or more

N

___ is common in airplane and spacecraft control systems.

Triple version programming

If the product fails to meet the terms of its written guarantee, the buyer or lessee can sue for ___

breach of warranty

A type of business system is the , which is used to develop accurate forecasts of customer demand, recommend stocks and bonds for an investment portfolio.

decision support system

Products, such as statements of requirements, flowcharts, and user documentation, are known as ___

deliverables

One approach to quality assurance is to test the code for a completed unit of software by actually entering test data and comparing the results with the expected results in a process called ___

dynamic testing

As a result of the lack of consistent quality in software, many organizations avoid buying the___ release of a major software product.

first

The safety engineer uses a logging and monitoring system to track from a project's start to its finish.

hazards

A complex system used in IT is a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), which is commonly used in ___ for file servers.

high-volume data storage

In the context of Capability Maturity Model Integration, process is ad hoc and chaotic; organization tends to overcommit and processes are often abandoned during times of crisis in the ____ maturity level.

initial3

After successful unit testing, the subsystems are combined to test the entire system as a complete entity using ___

integration testing

Poor ___ design between systems and humans can greatly increase risk, sometimes with tragic consequences.

interface

When sued for__ a software supplier is not held responsible for every product defect that causes customer or third-party loss.

negligence

An airline's online ticketreservation system and an electronic funds transfer system that moves money among banks, are examples of __

order-processing systems

Any defect in ___ software can lead to decreased product quality, increased waste and costs, or even unsafe operating conditions for employees.

process-control

The use of software introduces ___ that concern many executives.

product liability issues

Process-control computers enable the process to be monitored for variations from operating standards and to eliminate product defects before they affect product ____

quality

The ___ of software, its usability, and its timely development are critical to almost everything businesses do.

quality

If an organization follows widely accepted development methods, ___on its part is hard to prove.

2. negligence

The plaintiff must have a valid contract that the supplier did not fulfill in order to win a(n) __ claim.

2. breach-of-warranty

Black-box testing and white-box testing are two forms of __

2. dynamic testing

In the context of development of safety critical systems, if an undesirable event has a one percent probability of occurring, a 25 percent chance of going undetected, and a potential cost of $1,000,000, then the risk can be calculated as __

$2500

In one lawsuit in the early ___ , a financial institution became insolvent because defects in a purchased software application caused errors in several of its systems.

1990s

___ defines five levels of software development maturity and identifies the issues that are most critical to software quality and process improvement.

2. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)

___ involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown.

Black-box testing

___ are defined as a set of interrelated components that include hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures that collect data, process it, and disseminate the output.

Business information systems

After an organization decides to adopt ___ , it must conduct an assessment of its software development practices to determine where they fit in the capability model.

CMMI-DEV

___ is an important technique used to develop ISO 9001-compliant quality systems.

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)

__ treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are known.

White-box testing

third major variation of its operating system is

Windows NT

After an organization determines all pertinent ___ to a system, it must decide its acceptable level.

risks

A key element of safety-critical systems is ___, the provision of multiple interchangeable components to perform a single function in order to cope with failures and errors.

redundancy