ethics finals
they are difficult to develop, they are corrective of natural deficiencies for instance, industriousness is corrective of one's and they are beneficial both to self and society.
Basically, the virtues are the freely chosen character traits that people praise in others. People praise them because:
moral empiricism
CLASSIFICATION OF META ETHICAL THEORIES -is meta-ethical stance which states that moral facts are known through observation and experience. The theory is an extension of 'empiricism' in epistemology which states that all knowledge of matters of facts is derived from experience and that our mind is not equipped with ore-experience concepts. Some forms of moral empiricism holds that moral truths are reducible to matters about people's opinions or cultural conventions and thus are recognizable by observation of their conventions.
non-cognitivism
CLASSIFICATION OF META ETHICAL THEORIES denies that moral judgments are either true or false. It claims that ethical sentences do not convey authentic propositions, hence are neither true nor false.
thomas aquinas
In the medieval era, the Italian philosopher and theologian revived, enhanced and 'Christianized' the Greek Virtue Ethics.
Virtue Ethics
Normative ethical theories category - As a moral system, places emphasis on developing good habits of character, like kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad character traits, or vices, such as greed or hatred. - gives importance to moral education which molds individuals to habitually act in a virtuous manner . - describes right actions as those chosen and performed by a suitably virtuous person.
natural law
THE is the aspect of the eternal law which is accessible to human reason. Because mankind is part of the eternal order, there is a portion of the eternal law that relates specifically to human conduct. This is the moral law, the law or order to which people are subject by their nature ordering them to do good and avoid evil.
arthur schopenhauer
The German Philosopher who explained that when we become conscious of ourselves we recognize that our essential qualities are endless urging, craving, striving, wanting, and desiring.
eternal law
The refers to the rational plan of God by which all creation is ordered. As God is the supreme ruler of everything, the rational pattern or form of the universe that exists in His mind is the law that directs everything in the universe to its appointed end. To this eternal law, everything in the universe is subject.
emotivism
The theory basically states that moral judgments express positive or negative feelings.
ethical subjectivism
This theory basically utterly runs contrary to the principle that there is objectivity in morality. it is not about what things are good and what things are bad.
feelings
are also visceral or instinctual by providing motivations to act morally.
list the alternatives
steps for making moral decisions This step involves coming up with various alternative courses of action as part of the creative thinking included in resolving a moral dilemma.
compare the alternative with the principles
steps for making moral decisions This step involves eliminating alternatives according to the moral principles that have a bearing on the case.
gather the facts
steps for making moral decisions is the indispensable first step prior to any ethical analysis and reflection on the case.
identify the principles that have a bearing on the case
steps for making moral decisions to decide whether some principles are to be weighted more heavily than others.
impartiality
Also called even-handedness or fair-mindedness.
will power
It refers to the "inner strength to make a decision, take action, and handle and execute any aim or task until it is accomplished, regardless of inner and outer resistance, discomfort or difficulties. It bestows tha ability to overcome laziness, temptations and negative habits, and to carry out actions, even if they require efforts, are unpleasant and tedious or are contrary to one's habits."
Teleology
Normative ethical theories category -It refers to moral system that determines the moral value of actions by their outcomes or results. -From the Greek word 'TELOS,' which means 'END', takes into account the result of the action as the exclusive consideration of its morality. - deems an action as morally right of its favorable consequences are greater than its adverse outcomes. It most famous form is consequentialism which proposes that morality is determines solely by cost-benefit evaluation of the action's consequences.
Deontology
Normative ethical theories category -is an ethical system that bases morality on independent moral rules or duties. -The term came from the Greek word DEON, which mean 'DUTY', implying the foundational nature of man's duties or obligations. This system equates behaving morally with adherence to duties or moral rules, and acting immorally with failure to obey them. -Also called non-consequentialism, the system's principles are submitted as obligatory, regardless of the consequence that actions might produce.
plato
Though having political ambitions as a young man, he eventually became a student and disciple of Socrates, the most admired and patronized Greek philosopher at the time.
socrates, plato and aristotle
are Greek philosophers in the ancient period who deeply affected Western philosophy.
impartiality
involves the idea that each individual's interest and point of view are equally important.
aristotle
is philosopher and natural scientist who eventually shared the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers with Socrates and Plato, his teacher.
reason
is the basis or motive for an action, decision or conviction.
Emotivism
is the most popular for of non-cognitivist theory. It submits that moral judgments are mere expressions of our emotions and feelings. Like exclamatory sentences, ethical sentences cannot be said to be either true or false according to the theory.
emotions
it is thus concluded, can be rational in being based at least sometimes on good judgements about how well a circumstance or agent accomplishes appropriate objectives.
reason
it refers to the capacity for logical, rational, and analytic thought; for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying common sense and logic, and justifying, and if necessary, changing practices, institutions and beliefs based on existing or new existing information.
train law
refers to the positive laws. For natural law to be adhered to, more exact and forceful provisions of human law are helpful. Because the natural law is too broad to provide particular guidance, the human law's precise, positive rules of behavior are supposed to spell out what the natural law prescribes. Moral virtues are also reinforced by and cultivated through these human laws. This human law includes the civil and criminal laws, though only those formulated in the light of practical reason and moral laws. Human laws that are against natural law are not real laws, and people are not obliged to obey those unjust law.
framework
the term ____________ can be defined as a basic structure underlying a system or concept.
moral intuitionism
CLASSIFICATION OF META ETHICAL THEORIES -submits that moral truths are knowable by intuition, that is, by immediate instinctive knowledge without reference to any evidence. The theory claims that we have intuitive awareness of value or morality and that it defines the basis of our ethical knowledge. It thus insists that the moral value of actions may be known intuitively, even if their consequences have not been uncovered. In its general form, it claims that some moral facts can be known without inference. Hence, some empiricist and rationalist theories that promote non-inferential moral knowledge may be compatible with moral intuitionism.
moral rationalism
CLASSIFICATION OF META ETHICAL THEORIES - contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, that is, by reason alone and without reference to experience. A 'rationalism' in epistemology claims that knowledgeable about reality are gained through non-empirical deductive system, most forms or moral rationalism purport that moral facts are known through rational inferential process. In general, the theory relies on reason rather than intuition in justifying a belief or action.
moral relativism
CLASSIFICATION OF META ETHICAL THEORIES -submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or group of individuals. Believing that various cultures have distinct standards of right and wrong, it also maintains that ethical standards also change overtime even in the same culture. Denying a single, objective standard for morality, it holds that all moral norms are equally true and morals are mere preferences. Noticeably, it is very compatible with 'ethical subjectivism'
moral universalism
CLASSIFICATION OF META ETHICAL THEORIES -theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to everybody in all places. -Also called moral objectivism, it claims that a universal ethics exists and that this applies to all similarly situated persons, regardless of nationality, citizenship, religion or any other differentiating factor. Believing that some behaviors are simply wrong, it also submits that if something is right for one, then its is right for another, it is very much compatible with moral realism.
cognitivism
CLASSIFICATION OF META ETHICAL THEORIES states that moral judgements convey proposition, that is they are truth bearers or they are either true or false. Most ethical theories are cognitivist as they contend that right and wrong are matters of facts. The most famous form of cognitive ethics are moral realism ad the ethical subjectivism.
develop and practice self discipline
DEVELOPING WILL AND MORAL COURAGE One way to develop moral courage and will. This concept involves the rejection of instant gratification in favor of something better. Ethically applied, it may refer to the giving up of instant pleasure and satisfaction for a higher and better goal such as executing a good rational moral decision
draw inspiration from people of great courage
DEVELOPING WILL AND MORAL COURAGE People usually admire and respect courageous persons who have won great success by manifesting self discipline and will power. These include people in all walks of life, who with sheer will power and moral courage, overcame difficulties and hardships, have improved their moral life, advanced on the spiritual or moral path and became worthy of imitation.
repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage and will
DEVELOPING WILL AND MORAL COURAGE Practice makes perfect. If one wishes to nurture the moral courage and will in him, he must strive doing the acts that manifest them whenever opportunity allows it.
avoid deeds that show lack of moral courage and will
DEVELOPING WILL AND MORAL COURAGE This involves evading acts that show irresponsibly, cowardice, apathy, rashness, imprudence, ill will and wickedness.
do mental strength training
DEVELOPING WILL AND MORAL COURAGE This method is never reserved for a few special people. One of the most simple methods until this involves declining to satisfy unimportant and unnecessary desires.
ethical subjectivism
holds that the truth or falsity of ethical propositions is dependent on the feelings, attitudes, or standards of a person or group of persons.
feelings and emotions
however, can become obstacles or impediments to becoming ethical.
impartiality
is a principle of justice holding that decision ought to be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
make a decision
steps for making moral decisions Since deliberation ought not to go on forever, a decision must be made at some point.
determine the ethical issues
steps for making moral decisions The moral issues should be correctly stated in terms of competing interests.
framework
-Contextually in Ethics, it refers to a "set of assumptions, concepts, values and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality. - is pretty much like a worldview or a held theory. - dictate one's moral disposition or the way a person resolves moral dilemmas. Hence, it is important to learn the basic moral theories which are espoused or held by many people.
social ethics
Applied Ethical issues nowadays are classified into various subfields. It deals with what is right for a society to do and how it should act as a whole. Its focus is on what may be deemed as proper behavior for people as a whole. Some of the issues under this are those about racial discrimination, death penalty, nuclear weapon production, gun control, drug use for fun and welfare rights.
sexual ethics
Applied Ethical issues nowadays are classified into various subfields. It studies moral issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior. It examines topics like homosexuality, lesbianism, polygamy, pre-marital sex, marital fidelity, extra marital sex, non-marital procreation, loveless sexual relations, safe sex, and contraceptive use.
bioethics
Applied Ethical issues nowadays are classified into various subfields. -This concern ethical issues pertaining to life, biomedical researches, medicines, health care and medical profession. As such, it deals with controversies like those about surrogate mothering, genetic manipulation of fetuses, stem cell research, using human embryos in research, in-vitro fertilization, abortion, euthanasia, suicide, patient rights, confidentiality of patient's records, physician's responsibilities, and mandatory screening.
environmental ethics
Applied Ethical issues nowadays are classified into various subfields. . It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem and its nonhuman contents. This includes issues such as animal rights, animal experimentation, endangered species preservation, pollution control and sustainable development
business ethics
Applied Ethical issues nowadays are classified into various subfields. .It examines moral principles concerning business environment which involves issues about corporate practices, policies, business behaviors, and the conducts and relationships of individuals in the organizations. It investigates ethical controversies such as those about the social responsibility of businesses, employee rights, harassment, labor unions, misleading advertising, job discrimination, and whistle blowing.
applied ethics
THREE GENERAL SUBJECT AREAS IN THE STUDY OF MORALITY It philosophically examines specific, controversial moral issues. Using philosophical methods, this area of concern in Ethics attempts to determine the ethically correct course of action in specific realms of human action. For a subject to be considered as an ______________ ethical issue, not only must it be a matter of moral judgment, but also it has to be controversial. That is, there must be considerable groups of people both for and against the issue.
normative ethics
THREE GENERAL SUBJECT AREAS IN THE STUDY OF MORALITY -It is the branch of ethics that studies how man ought to act, morally speaking. As the name suggests, it examines ethical norms, that is, those guidelines about what is right, worthwhile, virtuous or just. -This branch evaluates standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions and determines a moral course of action. Prescriptive in nature, it addresses specific moral questions about what we should do or believe. We do ___________ ethics if we justify norms like "Discrimination is wrong" or "We must always act in accordance with our duty." Just for easy distinction, whereas meta-ethics tackles questions such as "What is goodness?" normative ethics deals with issues like "What ought one to do?"
meta-ethics
THREE GENERAL SUBJECT AREAS IN THE STUDY OF MORALITY is a branch of ethics that studies the nature of morality. As such, it talks about the meaning, reference, and truth values of moral judgments. It also explains what goodness and wickedness mean and how we know about them. Studying the methods for choosing ethical principles and doing normative ethics can be said to be part of this more basic branch of moral philosophy.
virtue ethics
The contemporary theory in Ethics called _______________ is said to have started with these great philosophers.
moral realism
The most famous form of cognitive ethics claims that the existence of moral facts and the truth of moral judgments are independent of people's thoughts and perceptions. It maintains that morality is about objective facts that is not facts about any person or group's subjective judgment.
ethical subjectivism
The most famous form of cognitive ethics on the other hand, holds that the truth or falsity of ethical propositions are dependent on the attitudes or standards of a person or group of persons. Subjectivism is obviously contrary to moral realism.
emotivism
This theory that was developed chiefly by American philosopher Charles L. Stevenson (1909-1979) has been one of the most influential theories of Ethics in the 20th century.
moral courage
means "doing the right thing even at the risk of inconvenience, ridicule, punishment, loss of or security or social status, etc.
virtue ethics
outs emphasis on developing good habits of character and avoiding bad character traits or vices. It focuses on the character of the agent and describes right actions as those chosen and performed by suitably virtuous person.
will
refers to that faculty of the mind which chooses, at the moment of making decision, the strongest desire from among the various desires present. will does not refer to any particular desire, but rather to the capacity to act decisively on one's desires.
moral courage
requires that we rise above the apathy, complacency, hatred, cynicism, and fear mongering in our political systems, socioeconomic divisions, and cultural, religious differences.
dine law
serves to compliment the other types of law. It is a law of revelation, disclosed through sacred text of Scriptures and the Church which is also directed toward man's eternal end. Though concerned also with external aspects of conduct, the divine law is more focused on how man can be inwardly holy and eventually attain salvation.
weigh the consequences
steps for making moral decisions Both positive and negative consequences are to be considered.
