Ethics Quizzes

Choose all that apply: The following are hypothetical imperatives (according to Kant)

If you want to drive a car you must learn how You must eat candy

Quote

In order to argue that racism is permanent, it was key to the author who held this position to argue that racism was essential to white ___identity___ . A key part of this argument was the conceptual claim that a sense of ___superiority___ requires seeing others as ___inferior___ , even if only implicitly or unconsciously.

How did we define "duty" in this course?

In this Unit duty is defined as a practical requirement that is not influenced by any external incentives. Duty is something that is intrinsically derived by having a the good will to preform that transcends desires, celebration, rewards, or any personal gain and which one never violates.

Hume

Is he willing to prevent evil, but not able? then is he impotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then is he malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Whence then is evil?" The author who penned these lines was

Incompatibilists claim

It can NOT be the case that there is moral responsibility and determinism

Deontology

Kant organized morality into a system of duties or obligations. This kind of moral theory is called (fill in the blank by choosing either virtue ethics, utilitarianism, deontology, duty driven ethics, care ethics)

b. These conditions are met, he says, in cases where we show...

Moral Effort

Use the concepts of "normative" or "descriptive" to classify the statements below.

Normative 1. You should not lie 2. If I tell you something about how the world ought to be 3. Politics is largely a enterprise Descriptive 1. Psychology is largely a enterprise

is able to prevent evil

One premise of the problem of evil reads: If God is omnipotent, then God...

Disregard

Paul Taylor anchors his definition in which of the following terms?

broader or wider than

The concept of "value" is ___________ the concept of "ethics" (choose answer that best completes the sentence)

The Good Will

The one thing Kant argued is good "without qualification" is:

A clue about the important of sincerity, as opposed to hypocrisy in the pursuit of virtue

The point of the quotation in question #1 might best be summarized as follows:

False Feedback: Douglas argues that it is nothing short of morally offensive to ask a person to prove that he or she deserves liberty per se (in itself), or what amounts to the same, that enslaving her is a moral wrong. For to make such a request of another is essential to treat one as less than human. Why? Because liberty is owed to humans equally. Thus in the face of such a demand: one ought not to argue at al

The great early American civil rights leader, Fredrick Douglass, in his "Fourth of July Speech" definitely proved that black people are also "men" (equal members of the human race).

In your own words, (1) state the "moral crisis" of the modern era;

The moral crisis is if humans are such hopeless, creatures prone to violence, and without the capability to obtain higher understanding or intellect; essentially if humans are bound for failure and life is preordained, the question is what would be the point of trying to be a better being and live in a society with order an peace.

For any given subject, X, if we don't ___have knowledge of it___ X, then we won't be able to determine who is qualified to teach X, and so how can we ever ___learn it___ X.

The paradox of education might be put as follows:

Explain why this definition still fails (in other words, it is not enough to simply state why it fails - to get full credit you must offer an explanation that includes an example illustrating the problem you identify).

The reason this explanation still fails is that according to the text, not every endurance is courageous. An explanation that was used in the text was a man who budgets himself knowing he will become more financially stable is not one that is courageous. Although he lives by a enduring a limited lifestyle, this does not make him courage because he already knows the outcome of this discipline. Thus rendering the argument of endurance insufficient.

True

Audre Lorde defines racism as "the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over all others and thereby a right to dominance"

Racism is not the same as prejudice

True

Indeterminist claim

determinism is false

In the original greek, the word 'philosophy' means...

lover of wisdom

According to Hobbes, the natural or original "proclivity" (i.e. tendency) of humans is...

to hurt each other

Kant rejects consequentialism

true

"Skepticism" is the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a certain area is...

uncertain

Fill in the Blank

"Although it is not a solution one ought to use right away, one could get out of the problem of evil by simply saying that God is ___mysterious___ However, if one takes this way out of the problem of evil, then, later, when it comes to proving God's existence, the non-beleiver is entitled to resist the claim that an infinite regress of causes is impossible, by saying that an infinite regresses is simply ___mysterious___

Descartes puzzle

"Descartes' famous puzzle was based on a question like this: what would it take to ___know___(50 %) that the exteral world really exists, as opposed to merely ___believe___(50 %) that the external world exists.

unearned

"In other words, they are __________ advantages of being white that white people do not need to be aware of (and often are not aware of) in order to enjoy them."

Freedom redefine

"It is not ___causality___ that freedom is to be contrasted with, but ___constraint___

Mill

"The 'people' who exercise the power, are not always the same people with those over whom it is exercised; and the 'self-government' spoken of, is not the government of each by himself, but of each by all the rest."

"Instrumental" Reason is the ability to...

...to calculate the necessary means to a given end."

1) List the five steps of what I called Kant's "Categorical Imperative" procedure. Note: you do not need to give any examples yet. Just state each step. 2) Explain the final step (i.e. explain what Kant means by it) 3) Give an example of your own (not one from class) to illustrate how the procedure works. In other words, pick an action a person might be wondering whether it is morally permissible or not. Then demonstrate the CI procedure on this maxim to determine if it passes or not (is moral or not). In your answer to this part of the question, make sure to identify how the action you suggested fits the template, "I am to do X in circumstances C in order to bring about Y".

1) Start with the maxim 2) Generalize 3) Universalize 4) Transform into a law of nature 5) Check for contradictions Look for contradictions in the imagined world where you act on the maxim as if by natural laws. That is, look for a contradiction between your maxim and the imagined world. From class, everyone when they need to borrow money will falsely promise to pay people back but then everyone acting according to this maxim would result in a world with no promise-keeping.

a. According to Campbell, there is free action just in case a person meets the following two conditions...

1. we must be the "sole author" of the action and we must be "categorically able to choose otherwise"

First Cause

1.Something Exists 2.Everything That Exists has a Cause 3.An infinite regress of causes is impossible

Chose any two (2) of the 4 possible "solutions" to the problem of evil that appear below, and offer an objection to that solution. 1)...evil is caused by a malevolent demon, like Satan." 2)...evil is necessary to motivate us towards the good." 3)...evil is necessary for us to know what good is." 4)...evil's existence is one of the mysterious "ways" of God that we can have no understanding of."

2)...evil is necessary to motivate us towards the good."objection: This argument implies that evil is necessary for to motivate people to do good things. However if god is a 3 O god, he could have created humans in a manner which made them incapable of committing acts of evil or a world in which evil is not experienced in any form or causation. 3)...evil is necessary for us to know what good is."objection: This argument does not explain the scale or scope of evil that exists in the world. A person need only experience a morsel of evil to know the difference between good and evil. An example would be, if all I ever had was vanilla ice cream, I would think that it was the only flavor that exists, it would just be ice cream. I would just need to experience chocolate once to know there is another flavor.

According to Mackie, The "Free Will" solution to the problem of evil requires these claims (check all that apply):

A world with moral evil and free will is better than a world without moral evil and without free will. Moral evil, to the extent that it occurs, is an unpreventable by-product of free will.

Blum Quote

According to ___Blum___ racism is either (a) the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. He called this ___inferiorization___ racism. Or racism is a negative attitude/feeling towards members of that race. He called this ___antipathy___ racism.

knowledge

According to Socrates, one should decide by ______what is "right" or "best."

The premises in the last question, however, as they are stated, can't logically support the conclusion they are usually taken to imply. Briefly explain why.

According to premise 2, everything that exists has a cause. Thus, if the conclusion is supposed to be that there exists a first cause (God), then by its own logic God would require a cause. In other words, as stated the argument is self-defeating.

False

Charles Mills claims that "all Whites are signatories to the Racial Contract"

False

Charles Mills' "Racial Contract" asserts that all persons have equal rights under the social contract.

Premise 3 is misstated.

Evaluate the following: The dilemma of Free Will and Moral Responsibility goes like this 1. If Determisim is True, then there is no Moral responsiblity. 2. If Determinism is False, then there is no moral responsibility. 3. Determinism must be true. 4. Hence there is no Moral Responsibility.

"Epistemology" is the study of being, or of "what is"

False

If you solve the Problem of Evil

False

Philosophy is the study of what actually moves he human mind. It is the study of how emotions, judgments, or beliefs actually move the human mind.

False

The following statement is descriptive: "The best life is the life of contemplation and study"

False

The former quote was from Campell.

False

Hobbes Conclusion

Given the way Hobbes conceives of the state of nature, including the idea that we are all fundamentally driven by the desire for self-preservation, Hobbes ends up concluding that RIGHT REASON will make us realize that the greatest obstacle or threat to staying alive is ___state of nature And thus, right reason delivers this first and fundamental "law of nature": to seek ___peace

C. Explain why/how Campbell thinks the cases you answered for (b) "prove" there is moral responsibility.

If our desires to act arise from our character, and our character is determined, then the effort/will we display in sometimes resisting these desires "proves" that the there is an undetermined source of motive - namely, the self.

First: What Laches means by "endurance of the soul"

Laches says courage is an endurance of the soul, I believe he means that in order to have courage you need a sort of character and mental strength not to give up in the face of hardships. This directly correlates with his example of a solider being courageous by not fleeing from the enemy, but facing them instead.

D. What obvious objection might the determinist make in reply to the answer you gave for (c)?

Moral effort is just a stronger desire that leads one to act different which can also be derived from ones character, which comes from the self

However, to get the problem of evil going, one must not only posit God as omnipotent, but also posit that God is (check all that apply)

Omniscient All knowing All loving/all good

Which of the following are the conditions of the state of nature, according to Hobbes?

1. Limited Resources 2. Fear of others 3. Natural Equality 4. A desire for self-preservation

State the Categorical Imperative, according to Kant

Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become universal law.

Hard Determinist

An incompatibilist who thinks there is no moral responsibility.

Libertarian

An incompatibilist who thinks there is some moral responsibility.

briefly explain how theological voluntarism provoked this problem.

Theological voluntarism is a series of claims based on the ideology that God is above moral obligation and everything is predetermined by his will. Mankind would never be able to understand this will and trying to understand is futile. This stimulated a moral crisis of people because they have lost their view on exactly what God is or if there is one. Furthermore, I believe people rejected the idea of having such a tyrannical God that demands love and absolute obedience.

The soft determinist agrees that if I act on a desire to steal, that action is causally determined.

True

False

What this author meant, was that debates about "liberty" need to focus on protection from the tyranny of established rulers.

It is not sufficient to define what courage is with an example, for such a definition ends up too broad for a general concept

Which of the following BEST explains the problem with Laches' 1st definition of courage as "standing one's ground in battle"?

It is Aesthetic

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Racial Contract:

The foregoing was a definition of

White Privilege

Laches

Who said the following: "Whenever I hear a man discussing virtue or some kind of wisdom, then, if he really is a man and worthy of the words he utters, I am completely delighted to see the appropriateness and harmony existing between the speaker and his words...but the man who acts in the opposite way distresses me, and the better he speaks, the worse I feel, so that his discourse makes me look like a discussion-hater."

According to Sidgwick, ethics is not only a descriptive enterprise. Instead, what is distinctive about ethics (that is, what distinguishes it from enterprises like psychology or sociology) is that ethics (choose all that apply)

aims at something normative aims at regulating human action

To ensure that someone is acting purely from duty, Kant argued that we must imagine a person choosing to act...

none of these