Ethnicity & Counseling Final Exam Study Guide
The cultural group that best characterizes these communication styles: speak softly/slower indirect gaze when listening or speaking interject less; seldom offer encouraging communication delayed auditory (silence) manner of expression low keyed, indirect a. American Indians b. Japanese c. African-Americans d. None of the above
American Indians
According to the authors, minority therapists working with White clients should avoid acknowledging their racial differences because it can cause tension and division.
False
Only White individuals need to learn cultural competence.
False
A person is more likely to engage in overt discrimination when their anonymity is ensured.
True
Ableism has received limited attention in the literature on modern forms of oppression.
True
An effective curriculum should allow students to understand feelings of helplessness and powerlessness.
True
Most of the psychological research has been conducted on 5% of the world's population.
True
The largest percentage of religious harassment and civil rights violations in America are committed against Jewish and Muslim individuals.
True -According to the Anti-Defamation League, Jewish and Muslim individuals are targeted more than any other religious group in the United States.
What is the key element that can destroy trustworthiness within a helping relationship? a. agreeableness b. defensiveness c. insight d. expertness
b. defensiveness
From what point of view do culturally responsive psychologists operate? a. etic b. emic c. cultural distress d. collectivistic awareness
b. emic
Culturally diverse clients who do not conceive of mental and physical health as separate entities may expect a. empathic listening b. immediate solutions and tangible forms of treatment c. psychoanalysis with a psychiatrist d. None of the choices is correct.
b. immediate solutions and tangible forms of treatment
A holistic approach to personal identity demands that we recognize levels of identity to include a. familial, societal, and group b. individual, group, and universal c. cultural, group, and universal d. individual, group, and vocational
b. individual, group, and universal
According to Helms, the Contact ego status is supported by what characterization? a. suppression b. obliviousness c. selective perception d. reaction formation
b. obliviousness
According to Sue and Sue (1990, as cited in Sue 8th edition), in which of the following stages is a White person forced to deal with the inconsistencies that are at odds with his or her denial? a. Resistance and Immersion b. Conformity c. Dissonance d. Introspective
c. Dissonance
In which stage does the person of color realize racism exists? a. Integrative Awareness Stage b. Conformity Stage c. Dissonance Stage d. Introspection Stage
c. Dissonance Stage
Which of the following culture-bound syndromes are attributed to "an excess loss of semen"? a. amok b. koro c. susto d. shenkui
d. shenkui
What psychological dilemmas have been identified when microaggressions occurs? a. clash of sociodemographic realities b. the invisibility of unintentional expression of bias c. perceived minimal harm of microaggressions d. the Catch-22 of responding to microaggressions e. all of the above
e. all of the above a. clash of sociodemographic realities b. the invisibility of unintentional expression of bias c. perceived minimal harm of microaggressions d. the Catch-22 of responding to microaggressions
An African American therapist is working with an Asian American therapist who seems reluctant to discuss her feelings about a recent death in her family. The therapist determines that the client is unfeeling and resistant. This is an example of a. encountering clashes in cultural values. b. receiving and expressing racial animosity. c. dealing with the stage of the racial identity of counselors and clients. d. None of the choices is correct.
encountering clashes in cultural values.
The burden to become multiculturally competent rests on the trainees from dominant culture as in most cases they have been the ones to marginalize, stereotype, and oppress minority cultures. Thus, it is the responsibility of the dominant culture to help rectify this in raising awareness and also in becoming competent in working with diverse populations.
False
The client/therapist interchange between Dr. D and Gabriella presented in Chapter 2 provides the reader with a good example of a multiculturally competent therapist addressing a concern of a client from another cultural group.
False
The effectiveness of White therapists is related to their ability to overcome sociocultural conditioning and to make their Whiteness invisible.
False
The four students reading the textbook all reacted in relatively similar fashion to the material, indicating the authors were successful in producing a politically correct textbook without "tiptoeing" around the emotionally charged topics.
False
The indigenous African approach teaches that human beings should be oriented toward individual survival.
False
The individual and group levels have traditionally been the focus of psychology, and mental health professionals in particular.
False
The journey to becoming a competent culturally sensitive counselor in working with diverse populations is not complex as humans have innate characteristics that are relatively consistent across cultures with similar hopes and dreams that mark their humanness.
False
The main thesis of this book is that counseling and psychotherapy take place in a vacuum and the larger sociopolitical influences of our societal climate should not be a factor.
False
The study of kinesics refers to perception and use of personal and interpersonal space.
False
The term racial microaggression was first coined by Derald Wing Sue to refer to daily put-downs that Asian Americans face.
False
Theories of counseling and psychotherapy and standards to judge normality and abnormality have been largely adapted to reflect the changing microcosm of society.
False
When counselors explore their own emotional reactions to race and culture, feelings such as defensiveness and anger can be destructive and are better left untouched.
False
Whites think they are treated far worse than Blacks and worse than other minority groups when it comes to getting equal treatment in applying for mortgages, in the media, and in job promotions.
False
Worldview can be defined broadly as how an individual understands his or her race.
False
A shaman is a male healer who is able to communicate with the spirit world.
False A shaman can be a man or a woman. For example, in the case study of Vang, the shaman in the vignette is a woman.
Findings from qualitative research can inform an empirically supported treatment.
False Evidence-based practice allows for the inclusion of findings from qualitative research. ESTs are informed by controlled clinical trials.
Because of cultural misunderstandings, a counselor that works with a person from a minority background might conclude that the client is ___________ if he/she avoids eye contact. a. repressed, inhibited, shy, or passive b. angry and guilty c. low in his/her racial identity d. trying to manipulate the counselor
a. repressed, inhibited, shy, or passive
Empirically supported treatments must demonstrate a. superiority to placebo in two or more controlled studies b. superiority in the treatment of ethnic minorities c. superiority in the treatment of symptoms d. All of the choices are correct.
a. superiority to placebo in two or more controlled studies
The term Thùôc Nam spoken by Mrs. Nguyen to the counselor signified a. traditional medicine b. child abuse c. discipline d. medicine man
a. traditional medicine
According to the Hardiman (1982, as cited in Sue 8th edition) White Racial Identity Development model, which stage is characterized by a conscious belief in the democratic ideal that everyone has an opportunity to succeed? a. naiveté b. acceptance c. resistance d. redefinition
b Acceptance
What has been found regarding nonverbal communication? a. The lack of facial expression in many Asians has contributed to their "model minority" status. b. Avoidance of eye contact is often interpreted negatively. c. Many Black Americans make infrequent eye contact when speaking. d. All of the choices are correct.
b. Avoidance of eye contact is often interpreted negatively.
Which of the following is true regarding counseling and therapy as a communication style? a. Although theories of counseling differ, they represent similar communication patterns. b. Different cultural groups may be more receptive to certain counseling styles because of cultural and sociocultural factors. c. As opposed to African Americans, Asian American clients prefer an insight approach to a directive approach. d. Black males and females tend to use more reflection and self-exploration than their White counterparts.
b. Different cultural groups may be more receptive to certain counseling styles because of cultural and sociocultural factors.
Which is an example of the historical manifestation of ethnocentric monoculturalism? a. The signers of the Declaration of Independence were all White men. b. European immigrants escaping persecution did not recognize their role in the oppression of American Indians. c. Textbooks on history often put too much emphasis on the importance of other countries. d. European immigrants considered American Indians to be different culturally but equal in rights.
b. European immigrants escaping persecution did not recognize their role in the oppression of American Indians.
The view that a "bad" child was destined to be that way is most likely to be found among a. Asian Americans b. Hispanic Americans c. African Americans d. American Indians
b. Hispanic Americans
Pride in one's racial and cultural identity is most likely to be accepted by an a. IC-IR person b. IC-ER person c. EC-IR person d. EC-ER person
b. IC-ER person
Feelings of being brainwashed by the forces of White society would most likely be found in what stage of the REC identity developmental model? a. Conformity Stage b. Resistance and Immersion Stage c. Introspection Stage d. Integrative Awareness Stage
b. Resistance and Immersion Stage
Which stage is characterized by a disdain for the dominant culture and development of pride in one's own culture: a. Integrative Awareness Stage b. Resistance and Immersion Stage c. Dissonance Stage d. Introspection Stage
b. Resistance and Immersion Stage
What is true regarding the case of Vang? (review in text before trying to answer) a. His distressing symptoms involved severe headaches and hearing voices. b. The shaman attributed the symptoms to spirits. c. Treatment was only temporarily successful. d. Before coming to the United States, his past life was relatively peaceful.
b. The shaman attributed the symptoms to spirits.
Which of the following has been described as the three major categories of cultural barriers that can lead to an ineffective helping relationship with culturally diverse clients? a. racial identity, health variables, and worldview orientation b. culture-bound values, language variables, and class-bound values c. culture-bound values, location, and language variables d. None of the choices is correct.
b. culture-bound values, language variables, and class-bound values
One of the greatest concerns of instructors is the strong emotive reactions of students to the material. Some of these reactions may include: _____________, _______________, _________, ____________. a. depression; withdrawal; anger; guilt b. grief; anger; depression; guilt c. hate; inferiority; aggression; cognitive dissonance d. passive aggression; anger; overcompensation; guilt
b. grief; anger; depression; guilt
The basic building blocks of cultural competence in clinical practice are ______________, _______________ and _______________. a. acceptance; diversity; awareness b. knowledge; skills; awareness c. openness; awareness; acceptance d. none of the above
b. knowledge; skills; awareness
The authors define cultural competence as the ability to engage in actions or create conditions that a. maximize independence form dominant society and inherent racism b. maximize the optimal development of client and client systems c. maximize acculturation into dominant society for optimum functioning d. all of the choices are correct
b. maximize the optimal development of client and client systems
What type of orientation has characterized counseling practice? a. situation-centered b. person-centered c. counselor-centered d. system-blame
b. person-centered
What are considered two of the most overlooked topics in psychology and mental health practice? a. openness and intimacy b. social class and classism c. individualism and collectivism d. None of the choices is correct.
b. social class and classism
Microaggressions are best described as a. minor offenses that are typically unintentional and thus harmless in nature b. the everyday slights, put-downs, invalidations, and insults directed toward a group c. racist statements that cause minimal harm because they are micro in nature as opposed to macro d. feelings of inferiority that racism and prejudice cause minority groups e. underlying anger that oppressed groups feel but do not allow to surface
b. the everyday slights, put-downs, invalidations, and insults directed toward a group
Which ego status would be best represented by the following statement, "My grandfather is really prejudiced, but I try not to be"? a. Reintegration b. Contact c. Disintegration d. Autonomy
c. Disintergration
Vang Xiong suffered from which of the following illnesses/disorders? (review text before answering) a. Dissociative disorder b. Sleep terror disorder c. Hmong sudden death syndrome d. Catatonic disorder e. None of the choices is correct.
c. Hmong sudden death syndrome
Studies suggest that which two pathologies are most frequently found with refugees from Southeast Asia? a. Schizophrenia and dependent personality disorder b. PTSD and borderline personality disorder c. PTSD and major affective disorders d. Schizophrenia and PTSD
c. PTSD and major affective disorders
The inclusive definition of multiculturalism believes that: a. Race is the only reference group included in the definition. b. Culture is the only reference group included in the definition. c. Reference groups related to race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, age, and socioeconomic status are included in the definition. d. None of the above.
c. Reference groups related to race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, age, and socioeconomic status are included in the definition.
Which of the following is considered a shortcoming of empirically supported treatments? a. They generally take a long time to conduct. b. The manuals can be very difficult to follow. c. Very few minority groups are included in clinical trials. d. It is very difficult to recruit participants for clinical trials.
c. Very few minority groups are included in clinical trials.
Which of the following is NOT a relevant question for counselors to ask? a. When counseling culturally diverse clients, how does one reconcile such major differences in worldviews? b. As a helping professional, what emotional reactions around "race" do you possess that may act as a barrier to effective multicultural counseling? c. What explains the perseverance of the belief among members of certain sociodemographic categories that they are undergoing oppression in the United States? d. How might the unconscious biases of helping professionals affect their ability to deliver culturally appropriate mental health services to marginalize groups? e. All of the choices are correct. f. None of the choices is correct.
c. What explains the perseverance of the belief among members of certain sociodemographic categories that they are undergoing oppression in the United States? C is the correct response because it places blame on people for their own oppression.
Which of the following is NOT a question that would help in understanding the effects of microaggressions? a. How can people who commit microaggressions be so unaware of their actions? b. What types of psychological impact do they have on marginalized groups? c. Why do oppressed groups overreact to unintentional insults that denigrate their way of being? d. What lessons can we learn from a better understanding of the psychological dynamics of microaggressions?
c. Why do oppressed groups overreact to unintentional insults that denigrate their way of being?
The author warns readers to contextualize the views when an ethnic minority experiences strong feelings related to racial issues because a. The person is most likely misdirecting feelings toward White supremacy onto White people. b. These reactions are likely the result of cumulative years of prejudice and discrimination. c. a and b d. People of color are not capable of discrimination and bias.
c. a and b a. The person is most likely misdirecting feelings toward White supremacy onto White people. b. These reactions are likely the result of cumulative years of prejudice and discrimination. A and B as reasons not to "blame the victim" when an ethnic minority has strong and emotive feelings about racial issues.
When counselors unwittingly impose monocultural standards without regard for differences in race, culture, gender, and sexual orientation, they may be engaging in: a. fair and equitable practice b. cultural competent practice c. cultural oppression d. none of the above
c. cultural oppression
A Latin American, Black American, or Arab American may perceive the counselor that backs away from a client to b a. acting appropriately b. respectful of personal space c. haughty or aloof d. None of the choices is correct.
c. haughty or aloof
Which of the following is NOT an important aspect of the therapeutic alliance? a. mutual agreement on goals for treatment b. an emotional bond between therapist and client c. interventions that are viewed as relevant by the therapist d. potential changes are viewed as positive by the client
c. interventions that are viewed as relevant by the therapist
To survive slavery, African Americans often adopted a pattern of a. ignoring the thoughts of others b. expressing aggression directly c. revealing their true self only to fellow Blacks d. All of the choices are correct.
c. revealing their true self only to fellow Blacks
Nonlinear, holistic, harmonious, and intuitive thinking have been described as characterizing: a. scientific methods b. left-brain activities c. right-brain activities d. Western philosophies
c. right-brain activities
Which of the following has been described as the most dominant affective expression emphasized by collectivism? a. guilt b. passivity c. shame d. sadness
c. shame
Inheriting negative feelings and beliefs about members of marginalized groups is a. avoidable due to the socialization process in the United States b. unavoidable due to biased attitudes and stereotypes that challenge group hierarchy c. unavoidable and inevitable due to the socialization process in the United States d. avoidable due to the lack of critical thinking on the part of the average U.S. citizen
c. unavoidable and inevitable due to the socialization process in the United States
Covert sexism is a. unequal yet favorable treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner b. acceptable treatment of women that women nonetheless consider to represent "hidden" sexism c. unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner d. inequitable and injurious treatment of women by men that is conducted in an openly hostile manner.
c. unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner
How should a counselor enter a situation with a client who is culturally different? a. free from any preconceived notions or generalizations b. with a mental list of generalizations from which to view the client c. with guidelines to be tentatively applied, changed, and challenged d. a and c
c. with guidelines to be tentatively applied, changed, and challenged
Therapists of color who operate from their own worldview without awareness of different worldviews held by other clients of color may be guilty of a. culture clash scenarios b. cultural empowerment c. cultural oppression d. cultural hostility
culture oppression
The author asserts that it is important to understand indigenous healing practices in order to a. anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder the ability to be therapeutically effective b. begin to use them to replace current methods that deal with racial minorities c. fully understand the worldview of culturally different clients d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct a. anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder the ability to be therapeutically effective b. begin to use them to replace current methods that deal with racial minorities c. fully understand the worldview of culturally different clients
In regard to the meaning of facial expressions: a. among Asians, smiling may represent embarrassment, apprehension, or anxiety. b. some Asians believe that smiling may suggest weakness. c. it appears to be culturally conditioned. d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct. a. among Asians, smiling may represent embarrassment, apprehension, or anxiety. b. some Asians believe that smiling may suggest weakness. c. it appears to be culturally conditioned.
Counselors who believe that direct eye contact is a positive indicator of mental health may a. perceive African American clients negatively. b. believe that Asian American clients are pathological. c. perceive Whites as healthier than people of color. d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct. a. perceive African American clients negatively. b. believe that Asian American clients are pathological. c. perceive Whites as healthier than people of color.
Which of the following is an empirically supported relationship variable? a. strong interpersonal bond b. effective management of countertransference c. strong therapeutic alliance d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct. a. strong interpersonal bond b. effective management of countertransference c. strong therapeutic alliance
Which of the following is an example of an environmental microaggression? a. A male coworker has pinups of nude women in his cubicle. b. All the deans of a university are White males. c. There is no Braille next to the numbers in an elevator. d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct. a. A male coworker has pinups of nude women in his cubicle. b. All the deans of a university are White males. c. There is no Braille next to the numbers in an elevator.
Which of the following is true regarding Western forms of healing? a. Reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects. b. Reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses. c. Space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality. d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct. a. Reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects. b. Reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses. c. Space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality.
Which of the following has been described as a challenge faced by counselors in treating culturally diverse populations? a. linguistic barriers, because the United States is largely a monolingual society b. to understand the worldviews, cultural values, and life circumstances of clients c. to play roles other than that of "psychotherapist" based on the needs of the client d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct. a. linguistic barriers, because the United States is largely a monolingual society b. to understand the worldviews, cultural values, and life circumstances of clients c. to play roles other than that of "psychotherapist" based on the needs of the client
Communication styles are a. strongly correlated with race, culture, and ethnicity b. strongly influenced by gender c. often more dependent on nonverbal than verbal communication d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct. a. strongly correlated with race, culture, and ethnicity b. strongly influenced by gender c. often more dependent on nonverbal than verbal communication
Which stage has the most profound negative impact on nearly all people of color? a. Resistance and Immersion Stage b. Dissonance Stage c. Introspection Stage d. Conformity Stage
d. Conformity Stage
The belief that racial and cultural differences are unimportant is best exemplified by which ego status? a. Autonomy b. Disintegration c. Reintegration d. Contact
d. Contact
A person of color who shows deference to the White counselor most likely has which worldview? a. IC-IR b. IC-ER c. EC-IR d. EC-ER
d. EC-ER
The expectation of hopelessness is characterized in which constellation? a. IC-IR b. IC-ER c. EC-IR d. EC-ER
d. EC-ER
A person who believes that racial blending is inevitable is most likely to operate from which ego status? a. Contact b. Disintegration c. Immersion/Emersion d. Pseudo-independence
d. Pseudo-independence
Which of the following statements is NOT true about racism? a. White supremacy and hate crimes are associated with blatant and overt acts of discrimination. b. Old-fashioned racism has seemingly declined. c. The nature and expression of racism has evolved into a more subtle and ambiguous form. d. Racism was eliminated with the social acceptance and legal codification of the goals and values of the civil rights movement.
d. Racism was eliminated with the social acceptance and legal codification of the goals and values of the civil rights movement.
Which of the following statements is INACCURATE regarding proxemics? a. In general, greater space is accorded to those of greater prestige and status. b. In U.S. society, people seem more uncomfortable when others stand too close rather than too far away. c. Latin Americans may feel more uncomfortable having a desk between them and the person they are speaking to. d. The factor of personal space has minor implications for how furniture is arranged or where the seats are located. e. Some Eskimos may prefer to sit side by side rather than across from one another when talking about intimate aspects of their lives.
d. The factor of personal space has minor implications for how furniture is arranged or where the seats are located. D is the correct answer because the factor of personal space has major implications for how furniture is arranged, where the seats are located, where you seat the client and how far you sit from him or her.
The sociopolitical identity transformations experienced by Asian Americans, Latina/os, and American Indians in the last few decades with the awareness of cultural oppression as the common unifying force is known as what? a. Integrative awareness b. Ethnocentric monoculturalism c. Internalized racism d. Third World consciousness
d. Third World consciousness
Which of the following is characteristic of transferring racial animosity toward White clients? a. being unable to form a working alliance b. having difficulty in being empathic c. falling into the "omnipotent" trap d. a and b
d. a and b a. being unable to form a working alliance b. having difficulty in being empathic
Rushing to help a disabled person onto public transportation could potentially signal to them that a. You believe they cannot help themselves. b. You see them as chronically dependent. c. They are unimportant to society. d. a and b
d. a and b. a. You believe they cannot help themselves. b. You see them as chronically dependent.
Cultural humility is described as which of the following? a. a way of doing b. a way of cultural awareness c. a way of assessing d. a way of being
d. a way of being
Espiritismo refers to a. an Indian belief b. the enlightenment of personal spirit c. the destruction of the physical world d. a world where spirits reside and impact people in the physical world
d. a world where spirits reside and impact people in the physical world
According to Kiselica (1999, as cited in Sue 8th edition), White psychologists avoid topics of race because a. It may reveal their own prejudices and biases b. They are racked with guilt over the way people of color have been treated c. They are fearful of being labeled a racist or blamed for the oppression d. all of the above e. a and c only
d. all of the above; a. It may reveal their own prejudices and biases b. They are racked with guilt over the way people of color have been treated c. They are fearful of being labeled a racist or blamed for the oppression
Preparing counselors with multicultural expertise means a. revamping our training programs to include accurate and realistic multicultural content and experiences b. developing multicultural competencies as core standards for our profession c. providing continuing education for our current service providers d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices is correct.
d. all of the choices are correct a. revamping our training programs to include accurate and realistic multicultural content and experiences b. developing multicultural competencies as core standards for our profession c. providing continuing education for our current service providers
As a counselor, what stereotypes, perceptions, and beliefs about culturally diverse groups do you personally and professionally hold that may hinder your ability to form a helpful and effective relationship? This is a question you may ask if you are attempting to develop which component of cultural competence? a. cognitive empathy b. skills c. knowledge d. awareness
d. awareness
Multicultural counseling and psychotherapy assumes a. Western therapy does not oppress people of color. b. What happens in the therapist's office may represent a microcosm of race relations in the larger society. c. So-called psychological problems of minority groups may reside not within but outside of our clients. d. b and c e. None of the above
d. b and c b. What happens in the therapist's office may represent a microcosm of race relations in the larger society. c. So-called psychological problems of minority groups may reside not within but outside of our clients.
Incorporating tribal practices and rituals into an aspect of a cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) treatment for an American Indian represents a. an empirically supported treatment b. a cultural adaptation c. an example of merging evidence-based practice and multicultural counseling d. b and c e. None of the choices is correct.
d. b and c b. a cultural adaptation c. an example of merging evidence-based practice and multicultural counseling
Early research indicates that African Americans who scored high external on the locus of control a. more often aspired to nontraditional occupations b. were more in favor of group rather than individual action for dealing with discrimination c. engaged in more civil rights activities d. exhibited less innovative social action behavior.
d. exhibited less innovative social action behavior.
When working with White clients, a counselor of color is likely to operate in a situation of a. power reversal b. a power relationship that is congruent c. oppressor-oppressed d. overidentification with the client
d. power reversal
Microaggressions are often subtle and can be manifested in the following realms EXCEPT: a. verbal b. nonverbal c. visual d. proprioceptive e. behavioral
d. proprioceptive
Which of the following is an approach often used in indigenous healing methods in Korea? a. reliance on communal, group, and family networks to shelter the disturbed individual b. reliance on communal, group, and family networks to problem solve in a group context c. reliance on communal, group, and family networks to improve the life of only one family member d. reliance on communal, group, and family networks to reconnect an individual with family or significant others e. None of the choices is correct.
d. reliance on communal, group, and family networks to reconnect an individual with family or significant others
Western society tends to value ___________, which involves linear thinking. a. constructivism b. intuition c. collaboration d. scientific empiricism
d. scientific empiricism
Becoming culturally competent in mental health practice demands that nested or embedded emotions be openly experienced in which of the following sociodemographic dimensions of difference? a. race b. culture c. gender d. sexual orientation e. all of the above f. only a & b
e all of the above a. race b. culture c. gender d. sexual orientation
Cultural adaptations can include factors such as a. matching language, racial, or ethnic backgrounds of client and therapist b. incorporating cultural values in the specific treatment strategies c. utilizing cultural sayings or metaphors in treatment d. considering the impact of environmental variables, such as acculturation conflicts, discrimination, and income status e. All of the above
e. All of the above a. matching language, racial, or ethnic backgrounds of client and therapist b. incorporating cultural values in the specific treatment strategies c. utilizing cultural sayings or metaphors in treatment d. considering the impact of environmental variables, such as acculturation conflicts, discrimination, and income status
Which of the following may be affected by race or culture a. proxemics b. kinesics c. paralanguage d. high- and low-context communication e. All of the above
e. All of the above a. proxemics b. kinesics c. paralanguage d. high- and low-context communication
Microaggressions can a. have a detrimental impact upon marginalized groups b. make clients feel uncomfortable and assail their identity c. make clients feel they are not accepted unless they conform to others' standards d. invalidate the client's experiential reality e. All of the choices are correct.
e. All of the choices are correct. a. have a detrimental impact upon marginalized groups b. make clients feel uncomfortable and assail their identity c. make clients feel they are not accepted unless they conform to others' standards d. invalidate the client's experiential reality
Which of the following are well-established empirically supported treatments? a. Cognitive therapy for depression b. Emotionally focused couples therapy c. Exposure/guided mastery for specific phobias d. Exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) e. a & c
e. a & c a. Cognitive therapy for depression c. Exposure/guided mastery for specific phobias
What components of content should multicultural curriculum include? a. a consciousness-raising component b. an experiential component c. a knowledgeable component d. a skills component e. all of the above
e. all of the above a. a consciousness-raising component b. an experiential component c. a knowledgeable component d. a skills component
Identify some of the ways a culturally competent counselor may supplement the conventional role of therapy. a. having a more active helping style b. being focused on changing environmental conditions rather than focus on changing the client c. serving as a consultant d. serving as a change agent e. serving as a teacher or advocate f. all of the above
f. all of the above a. having a more active helping style b. being focused on changing environmental conditions rather than focus on changing the client c. serving as a consultant d. serving as a change agent e. serving as a teacher or advocate
What might be some characteristics of cultural incompetence? a. insensitivity to needs of culturally diverse clients b. demonstrate arrogant or contemptuous attitudes c. have little understanding of their own cultural biases and prejudices d. do not accept or respect cultural differences e. discriminatory practices f. all of the above
f. all of the above a. insensitivity to needs of culturally diverse clients b. demonstrate arrogant or contemptuous attitudes c. have little understanding of their own cultural biases and prejudices d. do not accept or respect cultural differences e. discriminatory practices
In the arena of cultural knowledge, which areas of competencies are important to have to be a culturally competent counselor? a. knowledgeable and informed on a number of culturally diverse groups b. knowledgeable about diverse groups one might work with c. specific knowledge and understanding of generic characteristics of counseling and therapy d. knowledge about sociopolitical background of clients e. knowledge about institutional barriers that prevent some diverse clients from utilizing services f. all of the above
f. all of the above a. knowledgeable and informed on a number of culturally diverse groups b. knowledgeable about diverse groups one might work with c. specific knowledge and understanding of generic characteristics of counseling and therapy d. knowledge about sociopolitical background of clients e. knowledge about institutional barriers that prevent some diverse clients from utilizing services
Which of the following are examples of cultural syndromes? a. amok b. ataque de nervios c. brain fag d. koro e. ghost sickness f. all of the above
f. all of the above. a. amok b. ataque de nervios c. brain fag d. koro e. ghost sickness
The authors state that in multicultural counseling, best practice dimensions operate at which of the following levels? a. individual b. familial c. group d. institutional e. societal f. all of the above
f. all of the above; a. individual b. familial c. group d. institutional e. societal
Because of the importance of spirituality in many cultures, religious beliefs systems are considered harmless.
false
What are some of the attitudinal components of respect for others? a. egalitarian stance b. diminished superiority c. ethnocentricism d. other orientation e. self focus f. b, e g. a,b,d
g. a,b,d a. egalitarian stance b. diminished superiority d. other orientation
At each level of racial identity, which are the corresponding beliefs and attitudes? a. How a person views the self b. How the person views others of the same minority c. How the person views society d. How the person views others of another minority e. How the person views majority society f. a,b,c g. a,b,d,e
g. a,b,d,e a. How a person views the self b. How the person views others of the same minority d. How the person views others of another minority e. How the person views majority society
Identify some of the competencies needed in competent multicultural counseling. a. therapist awareness of one's own assumptions, values, and biases b. understanding the worldviews of culturally diverse clients c. developing culturally appropriate intervention strategies and techniques d. being "color blind" and diminishing the effect of culture e. all of the above f. none of the above g. a, b of the above h. a,b,c of the above
h. a,b,c of the above a. therapist awareness of one's own assumptions, values, and biases b. understanding the worldviews of culturally diverse clients c. developing culturally appropriate intervention strategies and techniques
Most of the articles in the field of psychology that focus on interracial interactions between Asian, Black, Native, and Latino/a Americans concentrate mainly on a. interracial romantic relationships b. historical interracial conflict c. interracial therapeutic relationships d. a and b
historical interracial conflict Most articles in the field of psychology that focus on interracial interactions between counselors and clients of different racial/ethnic minority groups with a focus on historical interracial conflict. This may falsely convey that there is limited tension between groups of color and that discrimination and stereotyping does not occur between these groups.
The client becomes a symbol of the inherent mistrust that exists in majority-minority relationships is a characteristic of which challenge associated with counseling White clients? a. dealing with expressions of racist attitudes/beliefs/behaviors b. transferring racial animosity to White clients c. having the competency of the counselor of color challenged d. unrealistically viewing the therapist of color as a Super Minority therapist
transferring racial animosity to White clients
Culturally adapted ESTs have been successfully used with Asian Americans experiencing phobias.
true
Low-context cultures tend to be more opportunistic and individual oriented.
true
Most non-Western indigenous forms of healing take a holistic outlook on well-being.
true
A traditional Native American client may a. prefer talk therapy b. be more comfortable with a therapist that emphasizes Western practices c. value spiritual healing or indigenous practices d. none of the choices is correct.
value spiritual healing or indigenous practices
Shame is an emotion felt at the group level, whereas guilt is an individual emotion.
True
The authors contend that there is a denial associated with being White, and it is related to the denial of White privilege.
True
The inferior status of minorities is constantly reinforced and perpetuated by the media (or mass media).
True
The myth of the "model minority" has often played into major misunderstandings between Black and Asian communities.
True
There are typically higher levels of racism among those least aware of their White identity.
True
There is a difference between being nonracist and antiracist.
True
When counselors remain unaware of their own biases, their nonverbal behaviors are likely to reveal their true feelings.
True
While a Black American therapist may value sitting close to an Asian American client in therapy, this client may feel the close conversing distance to be an intrusion of personal space.
True
The statement "There is only one race: the human race" is an example of a. Ascription of Intelligence b. Colorblindness c. Alien in Own Land d. Assumption of Criminality
Colorblindness
The Latin expression "ataque de nervios," or attack of the nerves, is basically the same as the American expression of a panic attack and should be treated similarly.
False
The R/CID model can be considered a global personality theory, which provides fixed and identifiable phases that serve to identify where clients fit on a spectrum.
False
Research suggests that it is possible for people to avoid inheriting the racial biases, prejudices, misinformation, deficit portrayals, and stereotypes of their forebears if they are exposed to various and diverse cultures before entering formal schooling.
FALSE Solution: The authors point out that research suggests that it is nearly impossible for anyone to avoid inheriting the racial biases, prejudices, misinformation, deficit portrayals, and stereotypes of their forebears.
"Be your own person" will be welcome counsel for individuals from collectivistic cultures allowing them to finally meet their goals to gain independence.
False
"Minority standard time" refers to the poor people's tendency to disregard punctuality due to a conflict with their past-focused time orientation.
False
Anger is the primary subjective emotion encountered by White trainees exposed to multicultural content and its implications.
False
Beliefs such as "we are all part of the human race" and "I do not see color" are most helpful in establishing empathy between the therapist and clients of color.
False
Cognitive behavioral therapy, but not psychodynamic therapy, includes many components of White culture.
False
Differences in communication style are most strongly manifested in verbal communication.
False
Due to the increased awareness and progress in race relations, racism, prejudice, and discriminatory practices are largely a thing of the past.
False
Effectiveness is most likely enhanced when the therapist uses therapeutic modalities and defines goals that are consistent with the life experiences and cultural values familiar to the counselor.
False
Graduate programs tend to shy away from teaching about antiracism because there is a limited amount of literature on the topic.
False
In Asian psychology, the shamanic drumming circle is the most widely used form of therapy to reach enlightenment and liberation.
False
In order to be a culturally competent therapist, one should avoid personal feelings and previous experiences with race, culture and gender and therefore be free to explore the client's experience with prejudices or racism.
False
Minority clients most likely terminate prematurely from therapy sessions because they realize they actually do not need the help.
False
Modern homonegativity refers to an antigay sentiment that is based on religious or moral condemnation.
False
Most of the mental health disorders in the DSM-5 are transcultural, meaning the symptoms manifest with similar presentations across cultures, making diagnosing more systematic.
False
Most therapists are concerned with whether communication appropriate rather than accurate.
False
Nonverbal cues are important because they often reflect our conscious biases.
False
Some African Americans tend to feel it is more important to listen to what a White person has to say than to pay attention to nonverbal behavior.
False
The authors assert that more and more people of color are coming to hold which worldview? a. IC-IR b. IC-ER c. EC-IR d. EC-ER
IC-ER more people of color are developing an IC-ER worldview that is positive because to realize that you are not responsible for racism is good and that one is control of one's fate is empowering.
Which quadrant is associated with "I'm okay and have control over myself" and "Society is okay, and I can make it in this system"? a. IC-IR b. IC-ER c. EC-IR d. EC-ER
IC-IR
During which ego status is an individual likely to state, "I don't even know if my ancestors owned slaves, but I know that because I am White, I continue to benefit from a racist system that stems from the slavery era"? a. Immersion/emersion b. Contact c. Disintegration d. Pseudo-independence
Immersion/emersion is the correct response because during the immersion/emersion status, the White person understands the system of oppression and can admit his/her role.
With regard to cultural competence, greater emphasis has been placed on the education of White trainees because a. There are more mental health professionals of color than White. b. Most theories and practices in psychology arise from a White, Western perspective. c. Increasing numbers of minority members are controlling the gateways to the delivery of mental health services to socially devalued client populations. d. None of the choices is correct.
Most theories and practices in psychology arise from a White, Western perspective.
People are more likely to deny racism or sexism than transphobia.
True
A culturally effective counselor is open to viewing problems as stemming from survival mechanisms.
True
Almost all racial/ethnic minority groups are collateral compared with White Americans in their relationships with people.
True
An egalitarian stance and encouragement of sharing and self-disclosure facilitates the development of empathy.
True
As can be seen from the students' reactions to the text, many marginalized group members react equally strongly as their White counterparts when issues of oppression are raised.
True
Asian psychologies focus on enlightenment and ideal mental health rather than psychopathology.
True
Assertiveness training represents the White cultural value of emotional and behavioral expressiveness.
True
Being White may serve as a barrier to an effective therapeutic process.
True
During the resistance and immersion stage, the three most active types of affective feelings are guilt, shame, and anger.
True
High-context cues and situations are common in traditional Asian societal communication styles.
True
It is easier to integrate multicultural sensitivity with evidence-based practice than with empirically supported treatments.
True
Some researchers have argued that minority-group individuals underutilize and prematurely terminate counseling/therapy because a. of the biased nature of the services themselves b. they do not know where to locate services c. services are too accommodating d. mental health professionals are too culturally competent
a. of the biased nature of the services themselves
Familismo refers to a. a high value placed on the role of the paternal caregiver b. focus on the individualism of each family member c. a high value placed on the family and individual roles d. a high value placed on family loyalty and unity
a high value placed on family loyalty and unity
The stage of Integrative Awareness is exemplified by which of the following? a. a full understanding of how racism operates in society and a hatred toward Whites b. group-deprecating attitudes c. selective trust and distrust according to the dominant group's demonstrated attitudes d. a strong sense of self-worth
a strong sense of self-worth
Which gesture or body movement type in the culture indicated is INCORRECT? a. A French person who lifts her chin when speaking is seen as poised and polite. b. Mayan tribe members say no by jerking the head to the right. c. Asians may consider being shown the bottom of the feet as a sign of rudeness and arrogance. d. Muslim consider it an obscenity to touch anyone with the left hand.
a. A French person who lifts her chin when speaking is seen as poised and polite.
The Autonomy ego status is represented by which of the following? a. A person is knowledgeable about racial differences, values diversity, and no longer fearful of the experiential reality of race. b. A person sees people as people and autonomously decides if he/she sees race or not. c. A person has the belief that the White way is the right way. d. A person intellectually understands race but sees Whites as being superior to people of color.
a. A person is knowledgeable about racial differences, values diversity, and no longer fearful of the experiential reality of race.
In which stage does an individual experience conflict in terms of responsibility and allegiance to one's own group versus notions of personal independence and autonomy? a. Introspection Stage b. Conformity Stage c. Integrative Awareness Stage d. Resistance and Immersion Stage
a. Introspection Stage
Which of the following refers to the Native Hawaiian termination ritual in which food is offered to the gods and the participants? a. Pule weke b. Oia'i'o c. Mahiki d. Pani
a. Pani
What happens to a White person who is in Sue and Sue's (1990, as cited in Sue 8th edition) Dissonance Stage? a. Realizations occur that one is biased and that EuroAmerican society does play a part in oppressing people of color. b. One is comfortable with the concept of race and works towards a nonracist identity. c. A person does not recognize race and believes that people are people. d. None of the choices is correct.
a. Realizations occur that one is biased and that EuroAmerican society does play a part in oppressing people of color.
Which of the following is likely to be a perspective of a culturally competent helping professional? a. The role of counselor should be broadened to include teaching, consulting, and advocacy. b. Providing advice and suggestions are not effective forms of helping with people of color. c. The problems that people of color experience with discrimination and racism are beyond the scope of counseling practice. d. An individualistic counseling approach is the most effective form of meeting the needs of people of color.
a. The role of counselor should be broadened to include teaching, consulting, and advocacy.
The statement that clients are responsible for their own actions and predicaments represents a. White male middle-class values b. collectivistic cultural values c. an Afro-centric perspective d. a multicultural perspective
a. White male middle-class values
Which statement about the differences between Black and White styles of communication is INACCURATE? a. White middle-class individuals tend to be advocates rather than mere spokespersons of ideas. b. African Americans are often high-keyed, emotional, and confrontational in presenting their ideas. c. White middle-class individuals believe that emotion and reason work against one another. d. African Americans tend to believe that ideas are to be tested in the crucible of argument.
a. White middle-class individuals tend to be advocates rather than mere spokespersons of ideas.
The three types of resistance that are often encountered by students studying diversity training are: _______________, __________________, ________________. a. cognitive; emotional; behavioral b. psychological; physiological; emotional c. dissonance; isolation; invalidation d. physical; emotional; spiritual
a. cognitive; emotional; behavioral
Marginalized group members often sense _______________ from the dominant culture. a. emotional invalidation b. emotional isolation c. emotional dissonance d. emotional affirmation
a. emotional invalidation
Counselors' acceptance of potential benefits of spirituality as a means of coping with hopelessness, powerlessness, and identity issues is a. increasing b. decreasing c. staying the same d. not known
a. increasing
U.S. society is characterized by which philosophy? a. internal control (IC)-internal responsibility (IR) b. internal control (IC)-external responsibility (ER) c. external control (EC)-internal responsibility (IR) d. external control (EC)-external responsibility (ER)
a. internal control (IC)-internal responsibility (IR)
Social justice counseling/therapy has which of the following goals? a. aims to produce conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity b. reduces or eliminates disparities in education, health care, employment, and other areas that lower the quality of life for affected populations c. encourages mental health professionals to consider micro, meso, and macro levels in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of clients and client systems d. broadens the role of the helping professional to include not only counselor/therapist but advocate, consultant, psychoeducator, change agent, community worker, and so on. e. All of the above
e. all of the above a. aims to produce conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity b. reduces or eliminates disparities in education, health care, employment, and other areas that lower the quality of life for affected populations c. encourages mental health professionals to consider micro, meso, and macro levels in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of clients and client systems d. broadens the role of the helping professional to include not only counselor/therapist but advocate, consultant, psychoeducator, change agent, community worker, and so on.
Which of the following are components of White culture? a. rugged individualism b. individual has primary responsibility for self c. independence and autonomy highly valued d. individual can control the environments e. all of the above
e. all of the above a. rugged individualism b. individual has primary responsibility for self c. independence and autonomy highly valued d. individual can control the environments
Which culture(s)' communication styles change depending on the varying levels of authority between two people: a. African American b. Native American c. Latino American d. White American e. b and c
e. b and c b. Native American c. Latino American
The author states as a "people of color" he directs his anger not at White Americans or the country but rather at a. White supremacy b. the government, which imposes inequality in its practices c. White Western society d. ethnocentrism e. White privilege f. a and d g. all of the above
f. a and d ;a. White supremacy ;d. ethnocentrism
A culturally competent counselor should be able to a. generate a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal helping responses b. communicate (send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages) accurately and appropriately. c. exercise institutional intervention skills on behalf of clients when appropriate d. anticipate the impact of their helping styles and of their limitations on culturally diverse clients e. play helping roles characterized by an active systemic focus, which leads to environmental interventions f. all of the above
f. all of the above a. generate a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal helping responses b. communicate (send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages) accurately and appropriately. c. exercise institutional intervention skills on behalf of clients when appropriate d. anticipate the impact of their helping styles and of their limitations on culturally diverse clients e. play helping roles characterized by an active systemic focus, which leads to environmental interventions
Homo sapiens share many similarities such as a. biological factors b. physical similarities c. common life experiences such as birth, death, love, sadness d. self-awareness e. the ability to use symbols such as language f. all of the above
f. all of the above a. biological factors b. physical similarities c. common life experiences such as birth, death, love, sadness d. self-awareness e. the ability to use symbols such as language
Which are stages of the Sue 8th edition) descriptive model of White racial identity development? a. naiveté phase b. conformity phase c. dissonance phase d. resistance and immersion phase e. denial phase f. introspective phase g. integrative awareness phase h. acceptance phase i. commitment to antiracist action phase j. all of the above k. a,b,c, l. a, b, c, d, f, g and i m. none of the above
l. a, b, c, d, f, g and i The seven-step model includes naiveté, conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspective, integrative awareness, and commitment to antiracist action.
