Ethno Final!!
What significance does the ancient Khmer Empire have to popular Cambodian artists today, i.e., what does it represent to them?
A more peaceful and prideful time, music acting as a mediator between generations
What musical influences from outside the African continent helped to shape West African highlife music?
Christian hymns and military band music, further enriched during World War II by elements of swing and jazz, introduced by British and American servicemen.
In what ways do popular musicians today most commonly reference or symbolize the culture of the Khmer Empire?
Classical dance, hand gestures, musical instruments
What is hiplife? What genres does it blend?
Combination of Highlife and hip hop. Africanizing American hip hop. Local versions of hip hop, dancehall, and rap.
What about the circumstances of Rocky Dawuni's upbringing enabled him to become well versed both in local Ghanaian cultures and international popular culture?
From Northern part of Ghana. Studied Ghanaian traditional music, and was exposed to various styles of local and international pop music by soldiers in the military barracks, where his father worked. Ghana- foundation of African music.
What about Umm Kulthum's life story, musical talents, self-presentation, and social position led to her acceptance as a national figure - as a singer who was "as Egyptian as the pyramids"?
From the countryside, uncultured, father was a priest, very religious. She had amazing vocals, blues style, included the Quran and other Arab influences into the music. Not too fancy, more traditional and conservative. After colonialism and corrupt leadership, she became a symbol everyone could rally around. o Emotional power of religious language o Doing new things o Women weren't supposed to be singing o Product of society that values the voice
EGYPT:
Genres: Arab orchestral (classical) music Arab Pop Independent Folk Mahragan Independent/Alternative Rock
SOUTH ASIA: BOLLYWOOD AND BHANGRA
Genres: Bollywood Bollywood-remix Bhangra Bhangra-remix Bhangra-muffin Asian Underground Hindustani Rock Instruments: Tumbi, Dhol, Tabla
CAMBODIA:
Genres: Cambodian/ Khmer Pop Hip-Hop Electronic Music
Who was E.T. Mensah and what was his contribution to West African popular music?
Known as the King of dance-band highlife. Popularized Afro-latin and Caribbean songs and brought a new level of professionalism to African dance music and popularized it throughout West Africa in the 1950s.
How did James Brown's style of soul/funk influence West African popular music?
Major influence on Fela Kuti's mature afrobeat style and Afro-funk in the 1970s , funky guitars and horns, and faster tempo/vocal stuff. Black power movement/radical politics.
Who is the band Alaap and why are they important?
Popularized and professionalized Bhangra in the UK • Introduced electrical western sound. • 1980s • Many different instruments • New and exciting to those in diaspora • More complex arrangements o Among the pioneering diasporic exponents of bhangra o Helped to modernize and popularize bhangra in the UK and beyod
What are the defining musical characteristics of Fela Kuti's Afrobeat genre as shown in your listening example "Zombie"?
Sings in pidgin English, a hybrid vernacular speech style common in urban Nigeria. Long intro of instruments. The layering of short melodic-rhythmic phrases (layered ostinato). Focus on construction of a groove within a single tonality. Use of contrastive rhythm guitar techniques (single-line and scratching). "Off-beat" phrasing of the drums counterbalanced by emphasis on the first beat of every four. Staggered entrances, in which the instrumental lines are introduced sequentially at the beginning of the song.
Who were (by name) the "big three" of 1960s-70s Cambodian pop/rock?
Sinn Sisamouth, Ros Sereysothea, and Pen Ran
The Hindu deity Krishna is associated with what musical instrument?
The flute
Who was Sayyid Darwish and how did his music and poetry influence the protest music of the Egyptian uprising of 2011?
o Celebrated for having modernized Egyptian song in the early twentieth century and is especially remembered for tune he wrote during the 1919 revolution against British occupation, as well as other songs expressing nationalist themes. o Egypt's national anthem o His song "Ahu Da Illi Sar" is associated with revolutionary times and traditions of resistance. See the Ted Swedenburg article
What is mento music & what are its primary cultural sources?
o Derived from Afro-European rural dance o Draws from several of Jamaica's folk styles o Superficially resembles calypso o Shuffling strum, maracas, guitars, & banjos o Rural dance club music Thump Piano box First popular music in Jamaica Flute, hand drum, drums, marimba Called themselves calypso bands Lyrics lighthearted and sexual double-entendres common Sparked craze in America for this music
Why were the "B-sides" of reggae records important to the development of dub?
o Dub - remixed version of a record w/ vocal either entirely/partly removed & usually w/ foregrounding of bass & drums o Starting point for a dub record was the instrumental flip side of a record, which sound systems would play for deejays
Who was Desmond Dekker & why was he important to the development of Jamaican popular music?
o Jamaican Ska, rocksteady, & reggae singer-songwriter musician o Disc, 007, was the most enduring rudeboy album & 1st brought word about rudie phenomenon to the world o First reggae tune- Israelites
What is the name commonly given to Rastafarian drumming & chanting?
o Nyabinghi
What is the name of the band that claims to be the originator of ska?
o The Skatalites
List the name, date, and composer of the first commercially recorded samba.
•"Pelo Telefone" 1917 Ernesto dos Santos
How does the music/video of Bally Sagoo's remix "Aap ki Nazron ne Samjha" represent elements of new and old India? For what film was the original song composed?
1962 film Andpadh (Illiterate) • Video juxtaposes the new world sounds with the "old world" splendor of classic Indian cinema
What was actor/singer/composer Muhammad 'Abd al-Wahhab's contribution to Egyptian popular music?
Abd al-Wahhab is considered to be one of the most innovative Egyptian musicians of all time, laying the foundation for a new era of Egyptian music with his use of non-Arabic rhythms and refined oud playing. Despite the fact that 'Abd al-Wahhab composed many songs and musical pieces of classical Arab music, he was always criticized for his orientation to Western music. In fact, he introduced Western rhythms to Arab songs in a way appropriate to the known forms of Arab songs. Abd al-Wahhab was fundamental in establishing a new Era of Egyptian music in his homeland and across the Arab world. He also left a mark on the Western world by exposing Egyptian music to Western classical and popular traditions.
How did the decision to market film songs as independent product change the role of music in Indian film during the late 90s/early 2000s?
Became their own products, and Music became more commercialized o Music became more important than video o Music video in the middle of the film o Song designed for sale independent of film o Updating for new audience **During this time, musical episodes in film became more like music videos. In fact, they were music videos - detachable from the film's main narrative and usually featuring performers who do not appear anywhere else in the film. This enabled the music/video to be marketed as a separate product. Formerly, the musical numbers were more integrated into the main narrative.
The music features in the film Sant Tukaram reflects what Indian religion and what musical genre?
Bhakti (reflected in genre of Bhajan) - Sant Tukaram was a Bhakti saint
Who is Apache Indian and what is his contribution to South Asian popular music?
Bhangra-muffin - blends bhangra and dancehall reggae rhythms • Verses changed in afro-caribbean patois reminiscent of dancehall • Choruses sung in pop r&b • Juxtaposes sound and images of traditional India with those of urban British life • Unique bland of bhangra and 1990s dancehall reggae rhythms- bhangra-muffin
Bollywood refers to the film industry of what city?
Bombay (Mumbai)
Who is Sheila Chandra and what does she view as her biggest challenges as a British pop artist of Indian descent?
British pop singer of Indian descent. •Bridging traditional Indian music and western pop influences in innovative ways, Indian classical gestures, experimental music. • Blending Indian classical music with synth pop • Cultural pride • Use exotic images to create uniquely marketable pop music • Cosmopolitan, citizen of world • Indian filter, not seen as individual
Who is A.R. Rahman and why is he important?
Composer who incorporates contemporary western musical styles with traditional styles of north Indian music for Bollywood films Arziyaan" from Delhi-6, 2009 o "Barso Re" from Guru, 2007 o "Jai Ho" from Slumdog Millionaire, 2008 o 300 million recordings sold o Keyboard, sings, tours with Indian classical artists
What is palmwine music, where did it develop, and who introduced its characteristic guitar picking technique?
Developed from Liberian Kru sailors who traveled across the West African coast. Involves two-finger plucking (picking pattern with 2 fingers). In Ghana, evolved from Fanti osibisaba music and cross-fingering guitar techniques introduced by visiting Liberian Kru sailors. Combined local West African instruments with portable ones of visiting sailors: the concertina, harmonica, and guitar.
What is mahragan (festival) music?
Electronic, highly autotuned urban popular music associated with lower classes in Egypt. o Developed in the early 2000s from the urban working class practice of street wedding celebrations
Why did filmi (popular film songs) become so important with the advent of talkies/sound films?
Filmi became so important to advent of talkies/sound films introducing sound into film o One problem was the mutual incomprehensibility of languages. Solution was the film song o They could pull in crowd who barely go the gist of the scratchy dialogue o Wipe out linguistic, caste, and religious difference **Because India was a diverse society, music was a way of reaching audiences beyond the boundaries of language
Why was the Indian silent film modeled after the folk theater? What qualities/elements of folk drama were incorporated into early Indian film?
Folk drama companies entertained the poor with mythology and melodrama. these were the upstanding moral tales of piety, and wonderment from the Hindu scriptures, and early Indian films concentrated on this genre. (silent films). Live music accompanied the silent film, common instruments: Tabla and Harmonium. *Yes, the first audiences for film in India were generally non-literate people accustomed to a folk theater tradition steeped in myth and history that used music and dance to convey moral instruction. In order reach this audience, early films followed suit.*
BRAZIL
Genres: Candomblé Religious Music Samba Bossa Nova Tropicalia Samba-Reggae Choro Instruments: Pandiero, Guitar
WEST AFRICA: NIGERIA AND GHANA
Genres: Highlife: 1. Palmwine and 2. Dance-band Afrobeat Afro-funk Afro-Roots Ethio-jazz Hiplife Important Instruments: Guitar
JAMAICA AND U.K.
Genres: Mento Ska Rocksteady Roots Reggae Dub & Dub Poetry
Who is Ramy Essam and what was his role in the Egyptian uprising of 2011?
He was one of the leaders during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 because his song, "Irhal," urged the president to resign from his position and it became internationally known to the world. The song became the anthem of the revolution. o Independent o Famous for playing music to raise the morale of demonstrators during the 2011 Tahrir Square protests o He was later arrested and tortured by the police for this action.
What is maqam?
In Arab music, maqam is a melodic-modal system of set of notes with defined relationships between them, habitual patterns, and melodic development. The main organizational system for melody in Arab music. o Microtones/ quartertones o Starts below root note
Who is Lata Mangeshkar and why is she important?
Indian playback singer, and occasional music-composer. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India. Songs depict love and Hinduism
How did Rocky Dawuni discover reggae music and why did he decide to devote his career to that genre of music?
Inspired by African reggae artists like Lucky Dube and Alpha Blondy, and liberation themes of Jamaican reggae. Bob Marley.
Who is Muhammad Ayub and how is he significant to the development of bhangra in the U.K.
Involved in music industry, responsible for helping popularize Bhangra in the UK • Created huge record company • Blended traditional music with synthesizers • Wanted to keep culture alive • Didn't think it needed to be authentic
What was Mzbel's "16 years" about and why was it controversial? What message do you think she was trying to convey with the song and video?
Issues of gender and hip hop. Attracted criticism for its sexual themes and message. An affirmation that women have the right to dress and express themselves however they wish without being the victims of harassment.
What are the defining musical characteristics of Gyedu Blay Ambolley's style of Afro-funk as shown in the listening example "Simigwa do"?
Known for blend of highlife, funk, Afrobeat, and local Ghanaian music. Influence of James Brown evident in his raspy vocal timbre, the emphasis on verbal dexterity over lyrical content, and the technique of rapping/speaking in a stylized manner over the music. Layers bell and shaker pattern of kpanlogo (neotraditional dance of Ghana ethnic group) over a hard-driving funk groove, which emphasizes the second and fourth beat of every four-beat measure. Also Uses English.
What are the key musical and social differences between mainstream and independent Arab pop music?
MAINSTREAM: Individual singers, Arab rhythms, Traditional and electric instruments, Lyrics about love, Chorus-refrain form, Music is highly censored. INDIE: Do-it-yourself (DIY), Avoid censorship, Controversial political topics, Hardships of everyday life; reality of Egyptian life. Band Formation, rather than individual singers (electric instruments) Many genres (rock, metal, electronic, hip-hop, jazz, fusion, etc.) Occasional use of English lyrics. • Use of Facebook, YouTube, MySpace • Hundreds of bands from many genres (rock, metal, electronic, rap, jazz, fusion, etc.) • Didn't have access to mainstream media • Experimentation
How does Suhael Yusuf Khan approach the blending of Indian classical music with rock and electronic music?
Makes us of Hindustani vocal techniques, including is characteristic glides and ornaments with the context of a rock song • Harmony functions like a drone during the verses, adding to the song's Indian classical flavor
What is hybridity/hybridization?
Mixing of cultures and modern and traditional styles to create something new o Involves making sense of information from globalization o Music develops sense of identity o Who we choose to associate with o Not happening in a vacuum
Who was Norodom Sihanouk and what role did he play in the birth of Cambodian popular music?
Musician and King of Cambodia, used media to promote art and used that to promote Cambodian culture
How does Reggie Rockstone's "Keep Your Eyes on the Road" incorporate elements of old and new, local and global?
On of the earliest Hiplife songs, Rockstone samples a 1970s highlife song and combines it with a heavy bass line and hip hop beat. He raps in English, but makes reference to things that are locally identifiable as Ghanaian. Uses repetition at the beginning to establish his credibility as a speaker
How do mahragan artists differ from the uprising's independent artists in their social critique and in their attitude towards the uprising of 2011?
Opposed to the optimistic protest music, mahragan was more cynical, profane, dark, and ironic.
Koo Nimo and Kwaa Mensah are associated with what genre of music?
Palmwine Music. Daniel "Koo Nimo" Amponsah- revitalized highlife guitar. After absorbing his finger picking, palm wine guitar style, he learnt classical guitar and brought in all kinds of European classical and American jazz influences.
To what kinds of music did West African palmwine and military band music respectively give birth?
Palmwine gave birth to juju in Nigeria and guitar-band highlife in Ghana. Guitar-band highlife gave birth to afrofunk, afrorock, and eventually hiplife. Military brass bands gave birth to brass band/dance band highlife, which later influenced Fela Kuti's afrobeat.
What Hindu and Sufi devotional genres are used in Indian film?
Qawali and Bhajan • Bhajan • Bhakti movement • Tabla, harmonium, kartal (finger symbols) • Repeated phrases, simple • Not a lot of virtuosity • About getting everyone involved, lifting everyone higher • A: Parvati Nandana Gahanna • Lord Ganesha, son of mother Parvati and Lord Shiva • B: Pashupati Nandana Niranjana • You are ever pure • C: Pahi Prabho Mam Pahi Prasanna • Protect me, O Blissful Lord. You confer auspiciousness. • Form: AABBAACC o Devotional music- Qawwali • Qual (Arabic, to speak/say) • Sufi poems in Urdu • Sufism- mystical, charismatic branch of Islam o Individual and divine mediated by performance • Voice, harmonium, table, handicapping • A lot of virtuosity • Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Allah Hoo • Free introduction • Pre-composed and improvised melodies • Vocal improvisation • Group refrains • Social message • Opportunities for participation during chorus • Prayerful poetic part
How does Obrafour da Executioner differ from Rockstone and other emcees in his approach to hiplife?
Raps in the Ghanaian language Twi. New generation of hiplife in which artists turned to older traditions for inspiration, in this case the poetic traditions of the Akan people. Uses verbal formulations similar to those of libation prayers.
What is tarab and what techniques did Umm Kulthum use to generate tarab in her musical performances?
Roughly translated as "ecstasy" or "enchantment," Tarab is an experiential concept central to Arab music. Erases boundaries between listeners and performers. See Kulthum's pronunciation and treatment of language.
What were Umm Kulthum's primary contributions to Egyptian popular music and culture?
She embodied the spirit of Egypt, a symbol of Arab culture and Pan-Arabism.
What is a "playback singer"?
Singer whose singing is prerecorded for use in movies. Playback singers record songs for soundtracks, and actors or actresses lip-sync the songs for cameras, while the actual singer does not appear on screen o Fewer and fewer actors sang their own songs • Open secret but they still went unmentioned when the credits rolled
What is the difference, other than size, between a takht (small ensemble) and firqa (orchestra) like the one Umm Kulthum used?
Takht: Smaller (2 to 5 musicians), used more traditional Egyptian instruments. Firqa: Much larger, incorporated more European/Western instruments (like violins)
What role have British Jamaicans played in the global diffusion of reggae?
The community has been vocal about articulating their evolving identity, especially in music. When Jamaicans arrived, record labels to cater to them established themselves in the UK. Dub poets. Lovers' rock. Jungle.
How do the film East and West (Purab and Pachhim) and the band Rhythm Dhol Bass (RDB) represent, respectively, "anxious" versus "optimistic" attitudes towards cultural mixing in the South Asian diaspora?
The film is critical of a Westernized Indian woman living Europe Submission. Hip-Hop group RDB think it's positive integration. o East and West • 1970 • Ambivalent narrative about hybridity • Young Indian women goes to UK, starts smoking and drinking • Dangers of assimilation and loss of tradition • Goes to former colonial power • Indian person brings her back home, goes back to role as traditional women • Zero sum game o Siq rap group • Optimistic narrative • Blend siq dress with late 1980s NYC hip hop • Cosmopolitan but not hiding siq identity • Allowed more flexibility because men? • Have to do with racial solidarity? Marginalized community? • More about identifying of global culture? ****The film East and West is the about a young Indian woman who relocates to the UK and appears to become European in her dress and mannerisms much to the chagrin of her traditional family. It reflects an anxiety about the loss of Indian culture in the post WWII diaspora. RDB, however, in their music and dress reflect the more optimistic view that one can be both Indian and British, that one can follow tradition and take part in modern culture without losing their identities.
What is iqa' ?
The rhythmic counterpart of maqam: rhythmic modes or patterns with specific lengths and organizations of beats.
What historical factors, as discussed in lecture, helped shape West African popular music?
Trade and Migration, Trans-Atlantic Slavery, Islam + Christianity, European Colonialism (Scramble for Africa), Urbanization, Growth of Mass Media, Trans-Atlantic black diasporic feedback.
What are the defining musical characteristics of Rocky Dawuni's Afro-roots style as shown in your listening example "African Thriller"?
Unique afroroots sound- a funky blend of soul, pop, afrobeat, and reggae grooves. Single line guitar ostinato (repetitive melodic-rhythmic pattern) evokes sound of Afrobeat, while drum pattern is modeled on the dembow rhythm of Jamaican dancehall. Sung in English.
What is the difference between dub music & dub poetry?
o Dub music - predominantly instrumental remixes of existing recordings & is achieved by manipulating recordings, usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece, & emphasizing drum & bass parts o Dub poetry - form of performance poetry; performance normally prepared, rather than the chat of the dancehall deejay • Dub poet usually appears on stage w/ band performing music specifically written to accompany each poem rather than simply performing over the top of dub plates or riddims • Overtly political & social
What musical technologies & techniques were used to transform reggae music into dub?
o Dynamically adding extensive echo, reverb, panoramic delay, & occasional dubbing of vocal/instrumental snippets from original version/other works o Done through a mixing board
What sets roots reggae apart - musically, politically, & spiritually - from earlier forms of Jamaican popular music?
o Emphasis on liberation theology, struggle of urban masses, resistance to government, social oppression, & Rastafari ideology o Musically - mostly drum, guitar, & bass based with a "one drop," slower rhythm • Incorporates old-time mento shuffle w/ rocksteady o Melody and harmony influenced by Afro Christian hyms and American blues, R&B, soul o Emphasizes lyrics o Rastafarian o Social justice o Pan-African o Black liberation, struggle
Who are Marcus Garvey & Emperor Haile Selassie & why are they significant to Rastafarianism & reggae music?
o Marcus Garvey - forceful campaigner for black unity, pan-Africanism, & return to Africa; seen as prophet • Urged Africans of New World to look to Africa for a prince to emerge (Selassie) o Emperor Haile Selassie - claimed descent from Solomon; seen as messiah, Emperor of Ethiopia • His battles in 1937 against Mussolini were taken as fulfilling Revelation, worshipped as reincarnate Christ, fulfilled Garvey's prophecy o Significant b/c contributed to liberation theology heard in reggae music
What is a Jamaican "sound system"? What was the role of the Jamaican deejay?
o Mobile dance club to spread reggae that wasn't being played on the radio o Deejays moved around with their equipment o Important because artists/club owners were looking for ways to distinguish themselves o Go there to hear exclusive music by and for Jamaicans o Led to birth of studio system o DJs/Toasting • U-Roy • Rastafarian tradition • Founder of Zulu nation credits him • Verbal art form
Why is the Jimmy Cliff film The Harder They Come culturally significant?
o Naturalistic portrayal of black Jamaicans in real locations & use of local patois o "Black people seeing themselves on the screen for the 1st time created an unbelievable audience reaction" o Soundtrack was also said to have brought reggae to the world o Jamaica was not shown as a vacation destination but as a place w/ very little money & ghetto o Important to Jamaicans living abroad in the UK to learn about the culture of their homeland - inspired many great UK reggae artists ***
What are the key elements & tenants of the Rastafarian religious movement?
o Non-doctrinal - holds no one church as powerful enough to impose its religion o 1 person's views are valid as long as he/she is possessed of the Spirit of Jah o Unity is essential if Rastas are to stand strong vs. forces of Babylon o Awaiting repatriation to Africa & regard themselves as living "slavery days" in bondage o Jamaica- place of struggle o Zion- actual location (Jerusalem, Ethiopia?) • Promised land • Moral arc bending toward justice o Reasoning sessions in which matters religious, social, political and livital are discussed collectively. Larger and more protracted reasoning are called grounations. • Feature Bible reading, hymns, foot stamping and drumming o Rasta drumming is slower
Who is Lee "Scratch" Perry & what were his contributions to Jamaican pop music?
o Played critical role in development of Jamaican music since late 1950s o Best known as innovative producer o Showed genius for use of bizarre sound effects o One of the pioneers of dub music w/ early adoption of effects & remixing to create new instrumental/vocal versions of existing reggae tracks o Produced the Wailers, Marley's vocals improved to an incredible extend under his supervision o One of the first producers to King Tubby, dub maestro. o Excelled with dub o Quirky and unique nature of his output that makes him memorable Dub!
How did Jamaican sound systems & the practice of deejaying & "toasting" contribute to the birth of hip-hop in NYC? ***
o Practice that people & sound systems rapped over the instrumental B side o Spontaneous & improvised
Why is the British reggae band Steel Pulse significant?
o Prominent British reggae band that emerged in the 1970s
What are the defining elements of Jamaican "rudeboy" culture? With what genre of Jamaican popular music is it most closely associated?
o Rudeboys were young men who gave voice to their disaffection o Over the rocksteady beat, rudeboys sang of their problems, fears, & "rude" attitude o Known for flashy clothes & bad-boy persona o Rocksteady o Jamaican gangsterism o Tough street cultures o Young men who gave voice to their disaffection, establishing a reputation for ruthlessly defending their corner and hustling their way to their neat meal or dance entrance fee.
What is "liberation theology" & what part does it play in Rastafarianism & reggae music?
o School of thought that explores relationship between Christian theology & political activism, particularly in areas of social justice, poverty, & human rights o Rastafari theology developed from ideas of Marcus Garvey (political activist) who wanted to improve the status of fellow blacks o Rastafarians use reggae music to express cultural & religious liberation o Reading of biblical scripture through lens of current social struggles • Ex. Present day people in African diaspora with Israelites in Egypt
In general terms, how did ska music develop out of American rhythm n blues (R&B)? What are the dominant musical characteristics of ska as discussed in your listening examples?
o Ska musicians used fast R&B as basis o Cut out half the shuffle, leaving an abrupt series of off-beats o Features a displacement of shuffle rhythm onto upbeats o Beats 2 & 4 given added weight through placement of bass drum o Direct relation to mento o No singing o Improvised horn solos Head-solos-head Fast o Instruments- guitar, upright bass, piano, trumpets, trombones, and saxophones o Follows a format typical of jazz, in which the thematic tune or head is played by the horns, instrumentalists take improvised solos, and then the ensemble concludes by repeating the head. o Using fast R&B as their music's basis, they cut out half the shuffle, leaving an abrupt series of off beats. o Bands had same instruments as R&B, with a piano, electric guitar, stand up bass, drums, and brass o Most musicians come from jazz background
Who was Bob Marley & what were his contributions to Jamaican popular music?
o Social worker for change o Rastafarian o Used music as weapon of change o Recognized his underdog status of the Jamaican people o Asserted that we're powerful & can stand up to oppression o Idealization of reggae music *what does this mean* o From rural parish in Jamaica o Father was European o Mother was African o Moved to Kingston o Started group with Peter Tosh- The Wailers o Signed to record company o Commodification of reggae music • Organic place, packages as symbol, different meanings o One Love Peace Concert- 1978 Placed reggae and Jamaica on the world map o Symbol of rebellion all over the world o Popularized reggae worldwide **
Who was King Tubby & what were his contributions to Jamaican pop music?
o Stripped vocal discs in their instrumental basics o Transferred traditional reggae into dub w/ new music technology o Popular sound system owner and master engineer. o Central role in recording studio and dance hall
Around what time period and where did samba schools come into being? What types of instruments do they feature and what social and musical purposes do they serve?
• 1920s • samba schools teach the students about samba and create competition • samba schools have a strong community basis and are often associated with a particular neighborhood • feature drums such as surdo bass drum and tambourin get ready for carnival
Who is Suhail Yusuf Khan, what instrument does he play, and what in what genres/styles of music does he perform?
• 8th generation sarangi player and vocalist who hails from renowned family of north Indian classical musicians • Plays Hindustani rock, Fusion, and Classical
What is afoxe?
• Afoxe is a blend of popular and African religious music, it is secular Candomblé music. o Religious music used in secular context, specifically Carnival **Performed in carnival parade o Characterized by bell rhythm ljexá
What genres does Panjabi MC blend in "Mundian to Bach Ke"?
• Bhangra + hip hop
Who was Carmen Miranda, in what historical context did she emerge, and what did she represent to Americans and Brazilians, respectively?
• Carmen Miranda emerged during the advent of radio, the spread of mass media, and favorable relations with the U.S. (Good Neighbor Policy) • to Americans she represented a stereotypical (whitewashed version) of Brazil as the face of Samba. Wore a colorful fruit hat • to Brazilians, she was an ambassador to U.S. and way to gain their favor (foster ties and trade), but was criticized by Brazilians for being too whitewashed and not accurately representing Brazil
What is Bollywood-remix? What genres of music does it blend?
• Electronic remixes of classic Bollywood songs o Take Bollywood music and remix with R&B hip hop styles
According to Sunaina Maira, in what ways does participation in the culture of Bhangra-remix pose opportunities for and challenges to South Asian identity formation in the diaspora? How does this differ for men and women?
• Immigrant parents and expectations vs mainstream American culture • Gender, hip hop, and machismo • Issues about Race, appropriation, and "model minorities"
What is Bhangra-remix? What genres of music does it blend?
• Influences from Techno, rap, and reggae, associated with dance parties in the U.S. (New York City) attended by first South Asian immigrants (as discussed in the article by Maira).
Who were Ismael Silva and Noel Rosa and why was their relationship important?
• Ismael Silva was a samba composer that consolidated samba as a genre, adding to its musical complexity; created samba schools • Noel Rosa was a Brazilian songwriter/composer that influenced samba by combining its Afro-Brazilian roots with a more urban, witty language and making it a vehicle for ironic social commentary
What is samba-reggae and who created it?
• Samba reggae is a mix of samba and reggae o emerged to protest idea of "racial democracy" • created by the groups Ile-Aiye and Olodum o Groups of African descent in 70s o Black power movement o Inspired by themes in Bob Marley's music
What is Asian Underground and who is credited with inventing and naming this genre?
• Talvin Singh • Indian classical music and EDM like drum-and bass
What social and cultural factors led to samba's transformation from a regional to a national music?
• advent of radio • Vargas's Estado Novo (era under dictatorship of Vargas) o nationalism o Good Neighbor Policy: non intervention in domestic affairs of Latin America led to favorable relations with U.S., wanted to share with US • star composers and singers such as Ary Barroso and Carmen Miranda and singers emerge
What social and musical factors led to the emergence of blocos-afros (Afro-blocks/black carnival groups) like Ile-Aiye and Olodum?
• blocos-afros emerged out of the idea of heightened consciousness of black diaspora in post-civil rights era Bahia, Brazil.
In what context and for what purpose is Candomble music performed?
• candomble is Afro-brazilian religious music used during religious ceremonies or in devotional praise of the gods • also used in secular contexts such as Carnival
What is capoeira and why is it important to black Brazilian identity?
• capoeira is a martial-arts like dance that eventually influences samba • it was important to black Brazilian identity because it pays homage to those who escaped slavery and those who helped them o prohibited from celebrating their cultural customs and strictly forbidden from practicing any martial arts, capoeira is thought to have emerged as a way to bypass these two imposing laws o capoeira became a survival tool, not only for self-defense, but also of cultural identity
What is the myth of "racial democracy" and what has been its impact on music in Brazil?
• idea that racism/racial discrimination didn't exist in Brazil due to cultural mixing (i.e. we are all one people) o created by scholars in the 1920s-30s • music such as samba reggae emerged to protest this idea •Through mixture of Europeans, Africans, Indigenous people, saying there is no racism • Race boundaries not as clear • Didn't draw attention to African roots ***Racial democracy refers to the false idea that all racial groups in Brazil had equal rights, when in fact there was a lot of racial inequality. Likewise in music, samba was supposedly representative of Brazil's diversity, but it actually marginalized people of African descent and their culture. The "whitened" or Europeanized samba that emerged with Carmen Miranda in the 1930s is a good example of this.
What was the contribution of Oswald de Andrade's "Cannibalist Manifesto" to artistic modernism in Brazil?
• introduced idea of cultural cannibalism: borrowing from other cultures (European/African) and making it part of their own • this piece highlights Brazil's ability to resist its encounter with colonists; it tells that cultural cannibalism was a result of the anti-colonial struggle, the resistance to the culture, and the desire to absorb the colonists' power o Manifesto- a blueprint for Brazilian cultural production in which European high culture, especially the avant-garde, would be critically devoured without effacing local specificity. o Cannibalizes both local and foreign styles and technologies in a process of ironic appropriation and recycling
What were the key characteristics of the Tropicalia movement? On what musical and cultural sources did it draw?
• political protest movement that questioned Brazilian modernity and the government's motives (criticizing the coup) • musically, it drew on Afro-Brazilian and rock and roll music, bossa nova, also on indigenous and folk music of northeastern Brazil • drew on the idea of cultural cannibalism and how Brazilians should absorb outside influences
What is samba de roda and what are its key characteristics?
• samba de roda is "call and response" type samba accompanied by a circle dance • lays foundation for modern samba o Circle dance o Derived from central African dances o Usually performed by Women o Bump stomachs with another person when done dancing o Blending African instruments with European instruments
Who are Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil and what are their contributions to Brazilian popular music?
• two musicians that were founders of the Tropicalia movement • In addition, Veloso wrote a piece called Tropicalia about Brazilian modernity, challenging what the city of Brasilia actually stands for • they combined rock with Brazilian instruments and genres of music to make tropicalismo
Where did bhangra music come from, what was its original function, and what are the names of its three key musical instruments?
•Originated as a Punjabi harvest dance in India •Original function was to celebrate harvest • Instruments include Dohl and tumbi, Sitar. • Increased in popularity with in the Indian diaspora in Britain in the 1980s o Dance mimics agricultural activities o Bhang = hemp
What is the name of the Euro-Brazilian two-step dance that preceded samba as the country's national dance?
•maxixe (the music played for this dance was Choro)
