Euro Ch 21

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,

men were made responsible for managing families' finances.

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the

establishment of limited liability investment.

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

In Germany, Fritz Harkort

sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that

the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century.

Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. they had to follow the pace and work schedule of the machines. B. they had to be at work every day and follow a strict schedule. C. they were under the constant, demanding supervision of overseers. D. they received substantially lower wages than cottage work. E. they were consistently punished if they broke work rule

they had to follow the pace and work schedule of the machines.

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

Class-consciousness formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines?

They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers.

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued

as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that

population always grew faster than the food supply.

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following EXCEPT: A. the low prices of British mass-produced goods. B. the complexity and expense of the new technology. C. the resistance of landowning elites. D. the scarcity of human capital. E. the devastation left by the Napoleonic Wars.

C. the resistance of landowning elites.

The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the

Combination Acts of 1799.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

Industrialists increasingly emerged from the migrant communities, who carried new technologies across borders.

Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was

Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine.

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?

Workers worked many more days per year.

The key demand of the Chartist movement was that

all men be given the right to vote.

Railroad construction on the continent

generally followed the British pattern.

The Factory Act of 1833

limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.

To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following EXCEPT: A. skilled workers. B. precision parts. C. a single, distinct industrial use. D. a large base of capital. E. skills of salesmanship.

C. a single, distinct industrial use.

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

How did the expansion in cotton clothing affect Western dress?

Most people began to wear underwear.

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?

The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels.

William Cockerill was

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers.

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe EXCEPT: A. Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production. B. Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production. C. Germany began a spectacular rise in industrialization after 1860. D. The United States began a spectacular rise in industrialization after 1860. E. Eastern and Southern Europe were the slowest regions to industrialize, with the process occurring after 1880.

B. Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work