Final Exam
Chondrichthian fishes never invaded freshwater
- they have high levels of urea which stops water from diffusing out.
2, Decrease conductance
- thick fur, fat layer, vasoconstriction
Terrestrial waste is
- urea, less toxic
jejunum and ileum
-absorption of nutrients: folds, villi, and microvilli
Nuchal organs
-chemo
Motor unit -
1 motor neuron + muscle fibers , some are small while others are large
synapsid skull
1 temporal opening, attachment of differnt muscles, mammals
Stages of development
1. Fertilized egg (zygote), 2. Cleavage stage - zygote divides repeatedly by mitosis - no increase in size, 3. Blastula - hollow chamber develops in the center of the morula - blastoceol. 4. Gastrulation - invagination of cells forms the primitive gut (archenteron) 5. Neurogenesis - (only in Chordata) nerve cord develops 6. Organogenesis - formation of the organs of the body
Advantages of sexual reproduction:
1. Genetic recombination - offspring genetically unique
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction:
1. No recombination of genes
Advantages of asexual reproduction:
1. Only need one individual to reproduce, 2. No genetic change - good if environment is stable, 3. All individuals are producing offspring 4. More efficient at passing on genes
What are the levels of organization?
1. Protoplasmic grade 2. Cellular Grade 3. Cell-tissue grade 4. Tissue-organ grade 5. Organ-system grade
What is a hypostome?
A conical protuberance upon which the mouth is situated, found in hydras
Cnidoblast
A developing cnidocyte
Select all of the external features of the echinoderm class Asteroidea
A flattened body with five or more tapered rays emanating from a central disc, Open ambulacral grooves, each lined by tube feet, Papulae for respiration
characteristics of a typical cnidarian polyp
A gastrovascular cavity, Attachment to the substratum by a pedal disc or similar structure, Asexual reproduction through budding, fission, or pedal laceration, A mouth surrounded by tentacles at the oral end of the body
True bloodsuckers stay on their hosts for
A limited time
Fission :
A polyp divides in half and one side of the polyp pulls away from the other side
Animals possess a variety of physical barriers to infection including which of the following?
A sclerotized exoskeleton, Tough and cornified skin, A layer of mucus
Cnidocil
A triggerlike structure that causes the specialized organelles of cnidocytes to discharge
deep (hyponeural system)
A unit of the nervous system that lies aboral to the oral system
Nocturnal
Active at night
What kind of habitats do they live in
Adaptive radiation - live in a variety of habitats marine, freshwater, terrestrial (snails)
The barbs of a contour feather run parallel to each other at an angle relative to the shaft
Adjacent barbs interlock together to form the flat surface of the feather, also known as the. vane.
Which schistosome individual is broader and heavier?
Adult male
Which of the following statements are true about sponges?
Adult sponges do not have distinct cell layers, Sponges are not diploblastic.
Flow of air:
Air enters nose - nasal chambers - pharynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
What extraembryonic membrane of the amniotic egg forms a sac where metabolic wastes are stored?
Allantois
Epitheliomuscular cells:
Allowing the body to contract and expand, similarly to true muscular cells
Are Cnidarias and ctenophoras sister taxa?
Although cnidarians and ctenophorans share many ancestral traits, they are probably not sister taxa.
When is the clitellum visible in earthworms and leeches?
Always in earthworms; during breeding season in leeches.
In sea stars, the area on the oral side of the organism that runs from the mouth to the tip of each arm is called the
Ambulacra
Which of the following can be found in the mesohyl of sponges?
Ameboid cells
What statement accurately compares the lungs of amniotes with those of amphibians?
Amniote lungs have much more surface area and are ventilated by a different mechanism.
The two major extant branches of tetrapods are called the __________________and the ________________
Amphibians, amniote
In nematodes, which of the following are a pair of complex sensory organs that open on each side of the head?
Amphids
The term metazoan would be used to describe which type of organism?
Animal
Select all foods which comprise the diet of hagfishes
Annelids, Dead fishes, Crustaceans, Molluscs
characteristics of members of class Anthozoa
Many forms produce a skeleton for support., They can be solitary or colonial., The gastrovascular cavity is partitioned by septa.
What are tracts used for
Many use tracts of cilia for feeding or locomotion (cilia helps move through muscus or feeding)
What type of platyhelminthes have a reduced or absent osmoregulatory system?
Marine turbellarians.
If the sponge has spicules that are straight or with 3 or 4 rays that typically surround the osculum, it is in the Class
Calcarea
What are examples materials of Sclerocytes
Calcium carbonate, silica(deposited in extracellular matrix)
What are examples materials of mineral spicules
Calcium carbonate, silica(deposited in extracellular matrix)
When was the first good fossil record for sponges seen?
Cambrian 500 mya
Select all of the following that are used to entrap food in polychaetes that are sedentary tube and burrow dwellers
Cilia, Tentacles
The Phylum Rotifera is named after what characteristic feature?
Ciliated crown
Class Polychaeta:
Clam worms, 10,000 species, marine worms
oral (ectoneural) system
Comprised of a nerve ring around the mouth and a main radial nerve in each arm; coordinates the podia
aboral system
Comprised of a ring around the anus and radial nerves along the roof of each arm
organisms that belong to Class Gastropoda
Conchs, Slugs, Snails, Limpets
What is the dermis made of?
Connective and adipose
What are the three primary germ layers (tissues) in developing embryos of animals
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
A flatworm egg is said to be ______________ if yolk is contained within an egg, as it is other animal phyla
Ectolecithal
__________ may cope with external temperature changes through behavioral modification, such as basking in the sun
Ectotherms
In addition to providing a place of retreat, a spider's silk threads play a role in which of the following?
Egg sac construction, Prey capture, Nest lining
What life stage of the blood fluke causes the main problems in the human host?
Eggs
Holothuroidea
Elongated oral-aboral axis; reduced ossicles
Phylum Echinodermata skeletal type?
Endoskeleton of mesodermal origin
Phylum Chordata other characteristics
Endoskeleton, Segmented muscles, Complete digestive system, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, eucoelomate, closed circulatory system
Select all of the characteristics of the the class Mammalia
Endothermic, Very diverse in size, shape, and form
_________ and _______________ are the two classes found within Subphylum Hexapoda
Entognatha, Insecta
__________ are the main way food is chemically broken down
Enzymes
Cnidaria: What layer comes from the ectoderm?
Epidermis
Examples of analogy
Ex. Bats and birds. Bats are mammals while birds come from reptiles. They have no recent common ancestor.
Parts of a cestode include which of the following?
Mature proglottids, Germinative zone, Gravid proglottids (expel eggs or detach), Scolex
Structures found on the insect head may include which of the following?
Maxillae, Labium, Compound eyes, Antennae, Mandibles
Genetic variation comes from:
Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes during crossing over. Shuffling of homologous chromosomes in meiosis. Random fusion of gametes
Trematode
Excretory bladder leads to terminal pore
A biramous crustacean appendage consists of a lateral _______________, a basal ______________, and a medial ___________________
Exopod, Protopod, endopod
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment across a respiratory surface is termed ________________ respiration
External
Select all of the following that describe the cuticle of annelids, roundworms, and arthropods
External layer, Secreted by epidermis, Nonliving
True or false: Hagfishes are parasitic
False
True or false: Proteins are considered a principle extracellular electrolyte
False
True or false: Rotifers are most commonly found in marine environments
False
True or false: The head of an annelid is the first true segment
False
What is a single, unique feature that distinguishes birds from all other living animals?
Feathers
Filter Feeders
Feed on suspended particles in water. Phagocyte by choanocyte
Select all functions of a rotifer's corona
Feeding, Locomotion
The _______ _______ is the structure formed by an egg to move sperm head down toward the nucleus
Fertilization cone
The vertebrate kidney performs which of the following functions?
Filtration of blood, Secretion of end products, Reabsorption of selective ions
Gill-breathing aquatic vertebrates with fins are collectively known as
Fish
____________ is composed of pepsinogen, HCL and rennin (in ruminant mammals)
Gastric juice
Intermediate Host
Growth out of a snail.
Examples of homology
Human, bat, porpoise, horse, frog
Select all of the following that describe spiral cleavage
It forms cells that are offset from the cells in the layer below It occurs with mosaic development It occurs in most protostomes
Select all true statements about the hemal system of sea stars
It includes an axial complex for filtering blood vascular fluids. It is found within the perihemal channels. It is comprised of a system of tissue strands that enclose unlined sinuses.
Which of the following are true of catch collagen?
It is able to quickly change from a more liquid to a more solid form. It is under the control of the nervous system. It allows an animal to hold a particular position without the use of its muscles.
What describes the coelom in most leeches?
It is filled with connective tissue and lacunae.
members of Phylum Cnidaria
Jellyfishes, Sea whips, Sea anemones, Corals
Phylum Rotifera
- (Roto-wheel, fera-bearing), Mostly freshwater, few marine species, Lophotrochozoan Protostomes, Trochophore larvae, Have pseudocoelom
Class Scyphozoa
Jellyfishes, Tentacles are lined with cnidocytes and are used to capture prey, Swim by rhythmic pulsation of bell, Medusa form dominates life cycle
What features are distinctly present in cestodes?
Muscles, Nervous system, Sensory endings in the tegument, Excretory system
Which of the following are distinguishing characteristics of all Nematodes?
Muscular body wall, Cylindrical shape
In bivalves, a _________ _______ is attached to the __________ mass, which is suspended from the dorsal midline
Muscular, foot, visceral
What kind of Musculature?
Musculature with longitudinal and circular muscles, peristalsis contraction for movement and undulation.
Schwann Cells
Myelin sheath, action potential jumping, increase speed
Hexapoda and Crustacea most likely sister taxa with
Myriapoda less closely related
Select the two clades of living, jawless fishes
Myxini. Petromyzontida
Describe the characteristic of scientific names
Names are latin Always underlined or in italics Genus - 1st letter is capitalized, noun Species - all letters are lowercase, adjective
examples of cephalopods
Nautilus, Octopus, Squid
Cnidocytes contain what organelle?
Nematocyst
Members of the phylum ____________ inhabit tropical and polar climates, can be found in freshwater and salt water, and are parasitic to plants and animals, Although there are 25,000 named species within this phylum, it is estimated that nearly 500,000 species have not been named
Nematoda
Select the organisms that undergo holoblastic cleavage
Nemerteans Echinoderms Placental mammals
Phylum Hemichordata
- acornworms, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, hollow dorsal nerve cord, has 3 /5 chordata characteristics. Lacks a notochord - Buccal diverticulum (out pocket of gut)
Subphylum Trilobita
- all extinct. very successful from Pre-cambrian to Carboniferous (about 200my), body with head thorax and abdomen , two grooves running longitudinally
corpus callosum
- allows sharing of information between two sides. communicate right and left side
Axis
- allows side to side swiveling of skull, 5 other cervical (neck) vertebrae
Class Asteroidea Endoskeletal
- although calcareous plates (ossicles) of skeleton are covered by epidermis, spines protrude across surface
Class Holothuroidea tube feet
- ambulacral groove only found on the side the sea cucumber lays.
Pelvic
- associated with the hind limbs
Trichinella spiralis
- cause trichinellosis (very rare in U.S.)- enter through undercooked pork - young enter bloodstream and encyst in various tissues - especially muscle
Peripheral nervous system Sensory division
- cells carrying signal toward the brain
Spermatogonia (2n)
- cells found in semiferous tubles-diploid
Locomotion
- cephalopods move by using the mantle cavity to form a water jet. Octopuses usually walk
Oral cavity
- chemical and physical digestion
Infraclass: Metatheria
- marsupial mammals, kangaroos, koalas, opossum - young start out with placenta in uterus but are born and transferred to marsupium
Physical
- mastication by teeth breaks food into smaller particles and mixes in saliva
Abdomen
- may contain organs (esp. reprod) or be used in locomotion
Small intestine
- membrane enzymes
Schizocoelous
- mesoderm cells develop around the base of the archenteron. seen in Protostomes
Telson
- most posterior segment - tail spine, anus
Cortex
- outer most region
Epicuticle
- outermost layer
Wings
- outgrowth of cuticle, not a modified leg
Parapodia
- paired extensions on each segment, used in respiration and locomotion
Order Sphenisciformes
- penguins - web footed, use wings to swim
Class Asteroidea Tiedeman's bodies
- produce coelomocytes (cells in coelomic fluid) - get rid of waste, it is around the ring canal
Class Asteroidea Digestive glands (pyloric cecum)
- produce digestive enzymes and used for absorbing nutrients
Male: Testosterone
- produced in the Leydig cells found between the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Asexual reproduction
- production of individuals without gametes
Integument
- protective outer-covering of the body
Lorica
- protective plates or rings, from fibrous layer in epidermis
Cone snails
- radula modified into poisonous harpoon used to spear, subdue prey. inject toxin and quickly paralyzes it, brings the entire animal in mouth and eats it whole.
4, Light fur
- reflective
Gametogenesis
- the process of gamete production
Syngamy
- the union of two gametes to form a zygote.
Ectotherms may achieve temperature independence via _________
behavioral adjustment, metabolic adjustment
The special, hardened, form of keratin that is found in the epidermis of class Reptilia is called
beta keratin.
The hemal system of a sea cucumber is _______
better developed than that of a sea urchin
AV valves
between atria and ventricles
Turbellaria: Movement
bilateral symmetry cilia and muscular undulation
Order Falconiformes -
birds of prey, catch with talons
Food must be processed to release the nutrients and energy
breaking down to simpler forms for energy breaking chemical bonds
Inhalation
breathe in oxygen
Ophiuroidea
brittle stars, basket stars
Asexual reproduction:
budding and fragmentation
Juvenile cestodes reproduce asexually through
budding.
Burrow polychaetes
burrow in sediments - may use tube to set up water currents.
Excretion
by paired nephridia in each segment
How does a cestode reproduce?
can cross fertile (with another), or self fertilize.
Sperm are released through the osculum and are phagocytiozed by a ______________ of other sponge
choanocyte
Leuconoid
choanocytes line chambers scattered throughout body. No (or greatly reduced) spongocoel. Scattered chambers, increase surface area. Most efficient. Large.
A colonial aquatic eukaryote characterized by a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli best describes the
choanoflagellates
Nephrostome
ciliated funnel to process waste from one segment to another
Blood
circulatory fluid and associated cells
What happens to the prey after the gastrovascular cavity?
Nutrients and small food particles are then taken in by the gastrodermis and undigested material is egested through the mouth/anus.
Although digestion in hydras is mostly extracellular, food particles can be drawn into what type of gastrodermal cells for intracellular digestion?
Nutritive-muscular cells
_____ are light-sensitive eyespots common in turbellarians, monogeneans, and larval trematodes
Ocelli
Although ______ can move by spurting jets of water through their funnel, they are better adapted to crawling over rocks and coral using their arms
Octopuses
Class Reptilia
While amphibians had the adult characteristics to break free of the water - the amniotic egg allowed the reptiles to be truly terrestrial vertebrates
Which of the following explains why some mammalian coats are white during the winter season?
White coats are thought to provide camouflage.
Chromatophores:( all in dermis)
Xanthophores - yellow, orange, red. Iridophores - guanine crystals (reflective). Melanophores - dark pigment. green combination of xanthophores and iridophores. Cryptic coloration - cameoflage
Is there a Trochophore Larvae?
Yes
The ____________ is a sensory area at the base of the incurrent siphon that is chemosensory in some forms, mechanosensory in some and unknown in other gastropods
Osphradium
The endoskeleton of sea stars is comprised of calcareous plates called______________, which are connected to one another by a specialized connective tissue made of an unusual mutable collagen called _____________collagen
Ossicles, catch
There is no cochlea - How do they hear?.
Otoliths, ear bones of fish
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin. Stratified squamous epithelial
Budding
Outgrowth, will break up and make new hydra.
members of the mollusc class Bivalvia
Oysters, Scallops, Mussels, Clams
What is the "brain" of an oligochaete?
Pair of cerebral ganglia
___________ is composed of trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, lipase, amylase, nucleases and bicarbonate
Pancreatic juice
_______ includes only some, but not all of the descendants and the most recent common ancestor.
Paraphyletic
Class Trematoda
Parasitic flukes, anterior suckers, incomplete digestive tract present, often have vertebrate host/ mollusc intermediate host
Select all of the following that describe reproduction in nematodes
Parasitic forms may require an intermediate host, Internal fertilization, Four juvenile stages
Class Asteroidea Structures of epidermis:
Pedicellariae, Skin gills (papulae)
two parts of the annelid head
Peristomium, Prostomium
What structure in tubellarians can be simple, folded, or bulbous?
Pharynx
A bilateral pair of which of the following is located near the posterior end of parasitic nematodes?
Phasmids
What phyla is Segmentation (Metamerism) found in?
Phyla Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata
Example of Organ-system grade
Phyla Nematoda through Chordata
What is the lip-like structure that helps an earthworm to move its food into its mouth?
Prostomium
Select all of the major endocrine glands that are involved in insect development
Prothoracic gland Corpora allata
The segments that make up an insect's thorax are the __________ , __________ , and ______________
Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
What are two basic patterns of development?
Protostome, Deuterostome
Pinacocyte Function
Provide outer covering
What kind of symmetry does Cnidaria Have?
Radial Symmetry
Echinoidea
Radially symmetrical; compact skeleton with closely fitting plates
Systematics
a field of Biology concerned with classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships
Leeches differ from other annelids in that they possess
a fixed number of segments.
Examples of variations in the typical cnidarian life cycle (sessile polyp, free-swimming medusa) include:
a missing medusa stage in anthozoans., a floating colony of polyps in some hydrozoans., a missing medusa stage in Hydra.
Most leeches possess
a proboscis, a coelom.
The evolution of the shelled egg allowed reptiles to become fully independent from the aquatic environment because
a shelled egg encloses a small aquatic environment, where development of the embryo can occur.
Select all of the characteristics of early mammals of the late Triassic period
Redesigned jaws, Enlarged cranium
What kind of body cavity do they have
Reduced coelom: eucoelomate body cavity (true coelm)
Reduced digestive system:
Rely on the host, no need for digestive tract because already digested
Fossils
Reminants of life
_________ is a milk-curdling enzyme found in the stomachs of ruminants
Rennin
Gland cells:
Secreting substances that aid in flotation and attachment to surfaces
Collencyte Function
Secretion of collagen
The two large clades within the Pleistoannelida are the __________ and the ________________
Sedentaria, Errants
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron.
What describes reproduction in most amphibians?
Separate sexes; oviparous
Select all features that are found in beardworms
Sessile, Tentacles on forepart, Segmented opisthosoma
structures that can be found on a typical errant polychaete
Setae, Parapodia, Sensory organs
Put the life stages of a typical digenean in order, beginning at the top with the shelled embryo stage
Shelled embryo, miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, metacercaria.
Which of the following best characterize irregular echinoids?
Short spines Secondarily bilateral
Lateral
Sides of body
Class Hexactinellida
Silica Spicules, in the deep ocean, glass
Maxilliped (first, second, and third)
Similar to fingers, bring food in and used as a sensory organ
describe members of the Class Calcarea
Spicules of calcium carbonate All canal types represented
What is the protein fibers in the extracellular material?
Spongin
What is the protein fibers in the mesohyl?
Spongin
Sporocytes in a typical digenean life cycle reproduce asexually to form either_________ or _______________
Sporocysts, redia
Which group of nonavian reptiles exhibits viviparity?
Squamates
What are the three shapes of epithelium?
Squamous, cubodial, columnar
In bivalves, what organ contains a rotating crystalline rod that keeps food whirling and releases enzymes?
Stomach
structures in the digestive system of a polychaete in order, from anterior to posterior
Stomodeum, pharynx, anterior esophagus, midgut, hindgut
Select the stimuli that are likely to cause a negative response in an earthworm
Strong mechanical stimuli, Strong light
Analogy
Structures that appear similar but have different evolutionary origins
Taxonomy
Study of the principles of classification, the systematic ordering and naming of organisms
male reproductive organs in order, from the site of gamete production to the point where the gametes exit the body
Testes, Vasa efferentia, vas deferens, Seminal Vesicle, copulatory organ
How do barbules help form the vane of a feather?
The barbules of one barb overlap those of an adjacent barb and are held together by tiny hooks.
Select all of the following that describe members of class Echinoidea
The body is enclosed within a test comprised of closely fitting ossicles. Some species are secondarily bilateral with short spines. They are found in a wide diversity of marine habitats, from intertidal areas to deep oceans.
Cope's Law
There is a general tendency for body size to increase in a lineage overtime
If a bird is plucked, small, hair-like degenerate feathers can be seen; they are made of a short shaft with a tuft of barbs at the tip
These feather are called _______________ feathers and their function is not known. filoplume
The bones of modern birds are very light yet very strong
These properties are due to the fact that the bones are laced with cavities, which is why they are also called_____________ bones. pneumatized
describe archaeocytes
They are ameboid cells They are phagocytes They differentiate into more specialized cells.
Which of the following accurately describes the arrangement of the longitudinal muscles of nematodes?
They are arranged in four bands separated by four hypodermal cords. Each muscle cell has a contractile fibrillar portion and a noncontractile sarcoplasmic portion.
Which of the following accurately compares mammalian hairs and bird feathers?
They are both dead structures.
Members of Class Pauropoda are characterized by which of the following?
They are soft-bodied.They average 2 mm or less in size.
Select all that best characterize fish
They are the most ancient vertebrates. Thy are the most diverse vertebrates.
Choose all functions of pedicellariae in echinoids
They can have venom glands and inject toxins into small prey. They keep the body clean. They prevent marine larvae from settling on the body.
How do cestodes digest their food?
They rely on their host.
The lateral line system allows fish to sense which of the following?
Vibrations, Water currents
In mammals, whiskers are long, modified sensory hairs that are also known as
Vibrissae
Molluscs in the class Scaphopoda have a mantle that wraps around the _______ and fused to form a tube
Viscera
After slow or fast block
Water diffuses in, fertilization membrane, Pronuclei of egg and sperm fuse to form zygotic nucleus
There are ______ living species in the phylum Mollusca
about 90,000
Mandibles are usually _______ in adult butterflies and moths but are always _______ in larvae
absent; present
Rhodopsin -
absorbs light and initiates the nerve impulse. The reaction breaks down rhodopsin.
Oligochaeta what does the intestines do?
absorbs the organic material
Thin filaments -
actin
Contractile proteins
actin and myosin
frog reproduction:
aquatic: Males grab onto back of female - amplexus - gametes are released simultaneously - Indirect development. some frogs will protect young
Food engulfed by cells is passed to _____ for intracellular digestion occur in sponges
archaeocytes
Viviparous animals
are those that retain the zygote in the mother who provides nourishment to the developing young.
Organ systems of cephalopods
are well-developed.
The most primitive flatworm nervous system most closely resembles a
cnidarian nerve net.
Blood _________ prevents rapid loss of body fluid after injury
coagulation
Sounds with different wavelengths will stimulate hair cells in different regions along the
cochlea.
In earthworms, fertilization and embryonic development occur in the
cocoon.
Excretion and respiration in sea stars is facilitated by their spacious body__________, which is filled with fluid
coelom
The intracellular _________ is the term for all of the fluid inside the cells of an animal
compartment
Endoderm
composes the digestive tract
4, Counter current heat exchange:
extremities lose heat quickly
- Fibers are packaged into
fasicles
Crinoidea
feather stars, sea lilies
Coprophagy is the consumption of ______ by rabbits and many rodents to extract additional nutrients
feces
Spermatheca
female has special recepticalto hold sperm. occasionally will have enough fo life
Ancestral cephalopods shells
had straight shell which have been lost (octopi) or coiled (Nautilus - have a shell that has gas/water chambers to help with bouyancy). Squid only have a thin remnant of the shell
Support, air is less dense than water so animals have to support body off substrate
had to evolve limbs
The pronephros is the functional kidney found in adult _________
hagfish
Living jawless fishes include
hagfishes and lampreys.
Compact bone
hardened
The stomach is a muscular chamber where food is exposed to
harsh conditions
Mesolecithal eggs
have yolk concentrated at the vegetal pole.
What is the Body composed of
head (mouth), foot(locomotion & increase inside), mantle (and associated shell), visceral mass(internal organs, digestive tract, cardiovascular, gonads)
Why is multicellular better than unicellular?
increase in the SA : V ratio. Helps metabolism grow
In syconoid sponges, water moves in through the ______ and out through the ______
incurrent canals; osculum
Development in most crustaceans is ______, meaning their eggs produce larvae which must go through many stages to reach adult form
indirect
Intracellular digestion
individual cell digest food inside the cell, ex. paramecium, porifera, cant break down food out side of cell
Reproduction - fertilization
internal , oviparous
Copulatory organ for
internal fertilization
Squalene is a lipid stored in the.
liver of sharks to make them more buoyant, little advantage
Skeletal muscle (also called striated or voluntary muscle)
long, tapered multinucleated cells ,Multinucleated, Striated
Cnidaria: What kind of musculature?
longitudinal and circular
at low O2 partial pressures, hemoglobin has
low affinity for it
The earthworm belongs to the genus
lumbricus
The pneumostome is an external opening of the ______ in pulmonate gastropods
lung
Some fish already had lungs
lung fish, they use the swim bladder as respiratory surface
Air is brought into posterior air sacs and then flows through the
lung toward anterior air sacs.
Dermal scales.
made of connective tissue, arise from dermis. Scales in fish are from dermis, in reptiles is from epidermis
Female filarial worms live in the lymphatic system of its host where it releases live young called _________________ into the blood and lymphatic system
microfilariae
Regarding gender, leeches are
monoecious.
Some flatworms have sensory, motor, and association
neurons
The shell of cephalopods provides __________ buoyancy
neutral
In postecdysis (post molting)
new cuticle is stretched and unfolded, and endocuticle is secreted.
The epidermis of a rotifer is
next to bands of muscle., responsible for cuticle secretion., syncytial.
Antennae, compound eyes, and three are typically found on the insect head
ocelli
The life stage of the beef tapeworm that is swallowed by a cow is the
oncosphere.
Blood in veins is under low pressure
one way valves and pressure from muscles help drive it back to the heart.
Synchronous flight muscle control produces ______ wing stroke(s) per nerve impulse, while asynchronous flight muscle control produces ______ wing stroke(s) per nerve impulse
one; multiple
Why are neurons one way signal transmitters?
only goes one way, after depolarized, there is a refractory period (cant fire again)
Animals with diphyodont dentition replace their teeth
only once.
bilateral symmetry
only one plane along the main axis produces two identical halves - adaptive for motile animals, ex. lady bug
Osculum
opening for outflow of water
Ostium
opening in side for inflow of water. Thousands of pores to let water in
Turbellaria: Cephalization/ Sensory receptors
organs that collect information about the environment
The ____ is the opening through which water is able to exit the sponge.
osculum
As the fluid descends, water diffuses
out, salt diffuses in.
A unique feature of bird lungs is the presence of tubelike ______ instead of the sac-like alveoli found in the lungs of mammals
parabronchi
The chief respiratory structures of an errant polychaete are the
parapodia.
Definitive host
parasite can reproduce gamete
Parasites that always kill their hosts are termed
parasitoids
What is the advantage of metamerism?
parts of the body can be manipulated individually. help move through soil
In a syconoid sponge, small lateral openings called ______ let water into the radial canals from the incurrent canals
prosopyles
Anterior end of animal has a
prostomium - mouth, first segment
Fusion of vertebrae Humans
sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae
Reproduction:
sexual: usually cross-fertilize , asexual: may be parthenogenetic
Class Demospongiae
spicules of silica (if present) Spongin - extracellular matrix
Zooxanthellae
symbiotic dinoflagellates that live in the tissue of certain Cnidaria (especially stone corals), Fix carbond, provide nutrients, remove/recycle waste. Photosynthetic.
The ______ group of amniotes is characterized by a pair of temporal openings in the skull associated with jaw muscles
synapsid
End of dendrites
synaptic terminals, to release neurotransmitter
Lymphatic system
system of blind end tubes that eventually empty into veins in the neck, Return fluid that "leaks" out of circulatory system.
Classification
system of grouping things based on some type of characteristic
In a double circulatory system, the _________ circuit provides oxygenated blood to the capillary beds of the body
systemic
When conditions worsen,
females produce haploid mictic eggs- if not fertilized, eggs develops into haploid males, -if males fertilize the eggs then develop into diploid zygote called a dormant egg
During fertilization the discharge of cortical granules creates a(n) __________________ membrane
fertilzation
Striated muscle (cardiac and straited) cells are called
fibers. (same as cells)
Thrombin changes fibrinogen into
fibrin
Most bivalves are __________
filter feeders
Tracheae are the cuticle-lined tubes that are used for ______ in insects
gas exchange
Gills are used for
gas exchange and feeding. secrete mucus and trap food particles.
Protostome
gastrulation of blastophore into the mouth.
Class Reptilia - Paraphyletic group -
gave rise to mammals and dinosaurs (birds)
Mesohyl
gelatinous matrix containing spicules and protein fibers(spongin)
Asexual reproduction in sponges can occur by the formation of external buds or by the formation of internal buds called
gemmules or gemmulation
What are the parts of scientific names?
genus (noun) and specific epithet (adjective)
exhalation
get rid of carbon dioxide
Oligochaeta what does the rectum do?
gets rid of the inorganic material
Oligochaeta what does the gizzard do?
grounds up the soil.
In the pelage of a mammal, course and longer ______ is used for protection against wear and to provide coloration
guard hair
The name of the family that includes the lampreys of the northern hemisphere is derived from their
habit of grasping a stone with their mouth.
Siboglinids absorb nutrients through the pinnules and microvilli of their
tentacles.
Path of sperm - urogenital system
testes , epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, cloaca (birds, reptiles)
Fishes - paraphyletic group (gave rise to.
tetrapods)
Vibration of the oval window is transferred to the fluid inside
the cochlea.
Eucoelomate body plan
the coelomm is completely surrounded by mesoderm. True coelom (filled). Annelides.
Uropod
used for swimming
Adaptation
when a certain stimuli is applied for long periods of time, the sensor adapts and begins to ignore it.
An obstacle that lampreys must overcome to breed is
ascending a fresh water stream.
A small, tube shaped sponge with a single osculum, and the simplest organization is a(n)
asconoid sponge
In crustaceans, a pair of __________________ _______________________le make up the brain and supply nerves to the antennae and eyes
Supraesophageal, ganglia
______ glands are tubular, highly coiled and occur over much of the body surface of most mammals
Sweat
Evaporative cooling
Sweating or panting
species found in Class Calcarea
Sycon, Leucosolenia, Clathrina
The main components of a double circulation system are the_________________ circuit and the_________________ circuit
Systemic, pulmonary
What is the likely function of the free nerve endings in the epidermis of an earthworms?
Tactile
Delicate projections of cuticle that cover the crustacean body are termed
Tactile hairs
The ______ body type is the simplest of sponge body forms. The ____ body type has choanocytes that line canals throughout the sponge body
asconoid; syconoid
How does the phylum Placozoa reproduce?
asexually and sexually
Class Asteroidea System of tubes that open to sea water
at madreporite (sea water enters) on aboral surface. Madreporite has small openings, works like a sieve (only allows small particles)
Chemotrophs and phototrophs are types of __________ organisms
autotrophic
Simple squamous epithelial
aveoli of the lungs
Speed of action potential - increases with
axon diameter.
As the fluid ascends, salt is actively transported
back out.
Dorsal
back side of animal
Elongation of the bones that support the
base of fins
The ability to produce the enzyme _________ is rare in the natural world and herbivorous animals depend on microorganisms in their gut to digest plant material
cellulase
Centrolecithal means that the yolk is concentrated in the ____________ of the egg
center
Eggs that have a large mass of yolk at their center are called
centrolecithal.
2 Cell-mediated immunity -
certain cells will display antigens from engulfed cells, leading to an immune response
Atrium
chamber that collects blood returning to the heart minimal contraction power
Secretions
chemical barrier, lysozomes and tears
The majority of energy utilized by a siboglinid comes from a mutualistic relationship with
chemoautotrophic bacteria.
The tubes of beardworms are made of
chitin.
The class Polyplacophora contains molluscs called
chitons.
Cheliped
claws, first leg, used for defending territory
Functions of pedicellariae include
cleaning the body. protecting the papulae.
Orderly, early cell divisions of the zygote is called _______ and gives rise to smaller cells called blastomeres
cleavage
Meroblastic cleavage -
cleavage only occurs in the active cytoplasm - results in layers of cells
The fat band of secretory cells around an earthworm about one-third of the body length from the anterior end is called a(n) ____________________
clitellium
In ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬________________ circulatory systems, blood is confined to vessels
closed
Oligochaeta Circulatory system:
closed in most, respiratory pigments (hemoglobin) dissolved in blood fluid - also contains amoeboid cells. aortic arches (more than one heart)
Cephalopods have a(n) ______ circulatory system and branchial ______ that increase blood pressure in the gills, which occur at the end of the molluscan circulatory system
closed; hearts
Cnidocytes produce one of twenty different types of organelles called __________, one of which is a nematocyst
cnida
In leeches that lack traditional blood vessels, blood is the equivalent of
coelomic fluid.
The testis are composed of
coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules
The cuticle of nematodes is primarily composed of the structural protein
collagen
Phylum Ctenophora
comb jellies, all marine, less than 150 species, 8 rows of cilia parallel to main body axis, tissue level of organization, bioluminescence
What does an Oligochaeta do when there is a flood?
come out of the soil so it doesn't drown.
Order Gymnophiona: Caecilians
confused as snakes, fossorial which means underground, Small, snake-like Many vertebraeNo legs,Limited vision, some blind , burrow, Internal fertilization, Most are viviparous (grow within the body)
Direct muscles
connected to wings - down strokes
Body of a neuron
contains the nucleus and other various organelles
Yolk sac -
contains yolk rich in energy
True horns are not shed, are not branched, and grow
continuously.
Both the tracheal and excretory systems in spiders and insects are products of _________ evolution
convergent
The pelvic fins of males are called claspers which are modified for.
copulation
The ______ is a transparent area of cuticle which covers the surface of each eye and is divided into many ______
cornea: facets
The ciliated crown on the head of a rotifer is called a(n)
corona
Progesterone is produced by the
corpus luteum
The high osmotic concentration in the medulla is produced by ______________ in the loop of Henle
countercurrent multiplication
Spiders usually precede mating with some type of _____________ ritual
courtship
A cortical reaction
creates an osmotic gradient near the egg cell surface. begins once a single sperm penetrates the egg cell membrane. lifts away all sperm except the sperm that first fused with the egg cell membrane.
most ancestrial
crinoides
Bone strength is proportional to the
cross-sectional area As the size of an individual increases, the weight increases more rapidly than the strength of the bones, the bones need to be bigger proportionally to carry the weight.
Teeth of mammals:
crown( enamal, dentine) and root
Cattle rechew partial fermented balls of grass called ______ in order to crush the fiber and further extract nutrients
cud
A nonliving external layer secreted by the epidermis of many protostomes is called a
cuticle
A saprophagous insect feeds on ______________ tissue
dead
Flexor
decrease the angle, flex
Arctic mammals increase the thickness of their fur in the winter; this is an example of ____________ which is an adaptation for cold environments
decreased conductance
Cerebrum Paleocortex - part of the limbic system, controls behaviors important to feeding and sex
deep in the brain (cant see)
The host in which a trematode undergoes sexual reproduction is called the final or _____________________ host
definitive
Order Passeriformes -
derived group - very diverse (about 6000 species) finches, sparrows, warblers, etc.
In sponges, the openings of the invaginations of the body wall are called incurrent canals or
dermal pores
Incoming water enters a sponge through
dermal pores
Fever in mammals is thought to have a protective function by
destabilizing certain viruses and bacteria.
The neural tube
develops into the brain. develops into the spinal cord.
A period of winter dormancy within the life cycle of an insect is called ________
diapause
Small, platelike marine organisms that lack symmetry and organs are placed in the Phylum
placozoa
Most of the drifting microscopic particles in the ocean are made up of _________ and disintegrating remains of dead plants and animals
plankton
The ancestral form of gastropod shell coiling is the ______ shell, where the whorls stay in a single plane
planospiral
Insects that feed on _________ ingest and therefore excrete large quantities of fluid that contain residual sugars termed honeydew
plant fluids
Pinacocytes
plate-like cells that cover the outer surface of that sponge. The outside
Blood clotting
platelets adhere to areas where tissues have been damaged and stimulate activation of the enzyme Thrombin
The fibrin net captures a blood cells and forms a
plug
The skeleton of birds is made of
pneumatized bone( hollow, light weight, reduce body mass) - some cavities are continuous with respiratory system
The "lung" in pulmonate gastropods opens to the outside by a small opening called the
pneumostome.
Paraphyletic group
polycheate and oligochaete.
If a cnidarian colony is _________________, it is made up of polyps with a number of different morphologies
polymorphism
Stony Corals
polyps are embedded in a calcium carbonate substrate that they secrete as they grow. Create large coral reefs for protection.
Breathing is regulated by the
pons and medulla oblongata. The brain monitors CO2 and adjusts breathing accordingly.
Adaptations for parasitism:
reduced digestive system, Tough outer overing - tegument, Monoecious - large gonads
Pectoral
region near the forelimbs
Pelvic
region near the hindlimbs
If you remove a blastomere from the 2 cell stage and the result is two complete embryos, the type of development is called
regulative
In ______, each blastomere from the early embryo can develop into a complete embryo if separated from the others
regulative development
The trochophore larvae of mollusca indicate
relatedness with many other protostome Phyla. Rotifers, Annelids, Gastrotrichs
Excretion
release of nitrogenous waste
Oviparous animals
release their eggs into environment before fertilization or zygotes after fertilization.
Egestion
removal of undigested food (feces) from the body
Excretory system
removes nitrogenous waste and maintains water balance (osmoregulation) in body
Transport maximum is also known as the ________ threshold, which is the maximum about of substance that can be reabsorbed
renal
In the nephron, the fluid in the collecting duct drains into the
renal pelvis
The ___________ returns blood from the capillaries in the nephron to the posterior vena cava
renal vein
Parthenogenesis
reproduce from unfertilized eggs
Menstrual cycle:
reproductive cycle found in monkeys, apes, and humans. Females are receptive throughout cycle - Menstruation
Estrus cycle:
reproductive cycle of most mammals. Female only receptive to copulation during Estrus. Endometrium is absorbed if no pregnancy.
Class Aves Specialized for flight - evolved from
reptiles (dinosaur lineage)
Class Mammalia Evolved from
reptiles - lineage broke off early in reptile evolution
In molluscs, the mantle creates a space between itself and the visceral mass which houses the ______ organs
respiratory
The mollusc ctenidium is an organ than provides __________ function
respiratory
Water conservation is difficult, especially across
respiratory surfaces
Ovoviviparous animals
retain the fertilized egg (zygote) internally but do not supply any additional nutrients to the zygote.
Support System
retains the shape of the body, holds body off the ground.
Protective cells that can swell and form a protective sheath around a turbellarian are called
rhabdites.
Order Crocodilia - Crocodiles, alligators, Caiman
Teeth set in sockets - thecodont dentition, Four chambered heart - completely separates oxy and deoxy blood , Gender of young is dependent on the incubation temperature
Cerebrum Neocortex - Higher thought and muscle control - area of processing for mammals
Temporal lobe, occiptal love(vision) parietal love (functions)
A ________________, or dorsal cuticular plate and two lateral plates called ________________ cover segments not protected by the carapace
Tergum, pleurites
Vibration of the tympanic membrane is transferred through the bones of middle ear
(malleus, incus, and stapes) to the oval window.
Bile
(produced in liver, stored in Gall bladder) is released into the duodenum and emulsifies fats and lipids
premolars
(shearing, cutting)
Invertebrates - epidermis
(single layer) , sometimes covered by a non-cellular cuticle (secreted by epidermis)
What are known environments for rotifers?
Terrestrial, Freshwater, Brackish water
Class Cephalopoda
(squid, octopuses, cuttlefishes) All marine predators with highly developed nervous systems
Class Holothuroidea Can use Cuvierian tubules
(sticky web) or release of internal organs as self defense.
canines
(tearing)
Primary Oocyte (2n
) - undergo meiosis I. unequal cytokinesis - results in 1 secondary oocyte (n).
Osmotic conformers
- animals that allow the concentration of salts in the body to change as the salt concentration in the environment changes. spider crab, reflect sea
Stenohaline
- animals that can only survive in a narrow range of salinities - typical of animals living in the ocean
Euryhaline
- animals that can survive in a wide range of salinities - typical of animals in estuaries
Class Asteroidea Hemal system
- another system of fluid filled ducts - function unknown - no blood
Head
- appendages used as sensory and feeding structure
There is no difference in the action potential from the eye, ear, or skin
The brain interprets the signal as light, sound or touch depending on which nerve pathways carry the signal
Fusion of vertebrae
has occurred when a more solid structure is needed to support the weight of the animal or to act as a support for muscle attachment. fusion of clavicle and pectoral girdle, provides additional strength without having to add more bones
Which of the following are characteristics of the nematode Class Secernentea?
Three esophageal glands, Free-living and parasitic, Some have phasmids
The body plan of trilobites consisted of which of the following?
Three tagmata, Chitinous exoskeleton, Compound eyes
Class Asteroidea Accessory parts:
Tiedeman's bodies, Polian vesicles
Cnida
Tiny capsule containing a coiled thread or filament
Budding:
Tissue on the side of a polyp develops into another polyp that stays attached to the parent polyp
Pedal laceration:
Tissue torn from the basal disc develops into tiny new polyps
Which of the following are functions of the cuticle in nematodes?
To contain the high hydrostatic pressure in the pseudocoel, To allow for some longitudinal elasticity, To protect against hostile environmental conditions
Select all of the adaptations for feeding exhibited by hagfishes
Toothed plates on the tongue, Knotting of the body
Symphyla possess which of the following features?
Tracheal tubes. Pair of spinnerets
Interstitial cells:
Transforming into other cell types, such as cnidoblasts, sex cells, buds, nerve cells, etc.
platyhelminths that do not have a ciliated tegument
Trematodes, Cestodes, Monogeneans
In many molluscs, a free-swimming ______ larva emerges from the egg stage
Trochophore
In general, embryos of marine bivalves go through three larval stages: , __________, ___________, and young spat
Trochophore, veliger
True or false: Echinoderms rarely inhabit brackish waters
True
True or false: Insect hemolymph has little role in oxygen transport
True
True or false: Some leeches have a circulatory system like that of oligochaetes
True
True or false: Sponges have a blastula stage during development, similar to that seen in other animals.:
True
True or false: Studies have shown that earthworms have the capacity to learn
True
True or false: The absence of antagonistic muscles in nematodes results in a greater hydrostatic pressure in the pseudocoel than that found in other invertebrates with hydrostatic skeletons
True
True or false: While they have well-developed eyes, most cephalopods are color-blind
True
_________ are hollow sheaths of kertinized epidermis that embrace a core of bone arising from the skull
True horns
Echinoderms have a unique set of hydraulic canals, tube feet, and dermal ossicles that collectively form the_________________ _________________system
Water vascular
After a cnidarian nematocyst receives a stimulus to discharge, ____ rushes into the capsule, causing the ____________ open and the filament to be turned inside out, This exposes the barbs, which can then be used to inject toxin
Water, operculum
What kind of digestive system
Well developed complete digestive system - radula (rasping tongue away from hard surface, scrap up food)
head
Well developed head - eyes, jaws, tentacles
Attacked cells:
When body cells are attacked by a virus - they incorporate some foreign proteins (antigens) in their cell membrane (antigen presenting cell). Cytotoxic T cells respond to antigens by lysing the marked cell
Respiration
- aquatic gastropods have gills or mantle. Lungs (pulmonates)- modified mantle - cavity opens to outside through pneumostome. can change the volume of the lung through mantle contraction
1. Radial cleavage.
- as cells divide, the cells appear stacked parallel to a central axis, Found in amphibians and echinoderms - characteristic of deuterostomes
2. Spiral cleavage.
- as cells divide, the stacked layers lie in the furrows from the layer below, Found in annelids, mollusca, and arthropoda - characteristic of Protostomes
Hindbrain Medulla oblongata
- at the base of the brain (posterior). Controls many subconscious activities such as heartbeat and respiration.
Advantage of synchromy
- atoke is still safe in burrow while epitoke make perilous journey to surface to mate.
Atlas
- attaches to the skull
Physostomous .
- bladder connected to esophagus, gulping
Physoclistous.
- bladder not connected to esophagus, swim deeper, pressure increases while volume decreases.
Antennal gland
- blind end sacs attached to a bladder that opens to the ventral surface of head.
Malpighian tubules
- blind end sacs attached to the intestine.
Protonephridium
- blind end system of tubules, flame cells
Monoplacophora
- body covered by a single plate, pseudometamerism (looks like metamerism (segements) but not)
Freshwater animal
- body has higher salt concentration than the water around it. Water diffuses in, salts diffuse out. Gills absorb salt, produce dilute urine
Saltwater animals
- body has lower salt concentration than the water around it. Water diffuses out, salts diffuse in. Gills secrete salt, produce concentrated urine
Ectothermic
- body heat from an outside source
Endothermic
- body heat generated from inside the body. Birds and mammals
Homeothermic
- body temperature held constant.
Poikilothermic
- body temperature varies with environ.
Appendicular skeleton
- bones of the limbs and supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles (where limbs attach to main body)
Webberian ossicles.
- bones which transmit vibrations from the swim bladder to the inner ear
Neopterygians.
- bowfin, gars, teleosts, homocercal caudal fin, Cycloid, Ctenoid scales
Class Holothuroidea Respiratory tree
- branching tube system off cloaca - respiration and excretion
Powder-down feathers
- breakdown to release waterproofing particles, ex. hawk beak down in life time. talc, water proof
3, Increase heat production
- brown fat, shivering
In warm environments
- burrows, noctural activity
Totipotent cell
- can develop into an embryo and eventually an individual
Ampullae of Lorenzini
- can pick up electric currents produced by muscle contractions and action potentials in a prey's body
Modified skeletons: Chondrichthian fishes
- cartilagenous
Class Chondrichthyes.
- cartilaginous fishes, no true bone, cartilagenous, evoluntionarily stable, 850 species, Primarily marine, sharks, skates, and rays, Heterocercal caudal fin - vertebral column continues into the upper lobe - lift , Skates and rays are dorso-ventrally flattened
Peripheral nervous system Motor division
- cells carrying signals away from brain
Dermal light receptors
- cells imbedded in tissue - can detect light levels but no image.
Contractile tissue
- cells that are specialized for contraction
Primordial germ cells
- cells that give rise to gametes through the process of meiosis and cytokinesis
Somatic cells
- cells that make up the body of an individual except gametes
Class Chilopoda
- centipedes - dorsoventrally flattened with many segments - one pair of legs per segment
Corona
- ciliated structure on anterior end used for generating water currents - feeding and locomotion
Class Bivalvia
- clams, mussels, oysters has two shells, no radula, little cephalization
Feathers
- complex modifications of the reptile keratin scales - epidermally derived
Central nervous system
- composed of brain and spinal cord - processes nervous stimuli and coordinates responses to stimuli.
Peripheral nervous system
- contains somatic n.s. and Autonomic n.s.
Paired fins.
- control of pitch, yaw, and roll, pectoral - front pair, pelvic - rear pair
Right side
- controls movement on the left side of the body - spatial, artistic, and musical activities.
Left side
- controls right side of body - language, mathematics, logic, and reasoning activities.
Endothermy
- convergent evolution with birds
Neural crest cells split off tube, develop into:
- cranial nerves, - pigment cells - bones of the skull - parts of endocrine glands
Bowman's capsule
- cup structure that surrounds the glomerulus
Holoblastic cleavage
- cytokinesis divides the cell in two. Found in isolecithal and mesolecithal eggs, In mesolecithal eggs, the vegetal pole divides slower resulting in fewer cells than in animal pole. The blastocoel is in the animal pole.
Meroblastic cleavage
- cytokinesis does not divide the yolk of the egg, just the active cytoplasm in the blastodisc. Found in telolecithal eggs
Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division
- decrease heart rate and breathing increase digestion. Acetylcholine, Vagus (cranial nerve). rest and digest
Filoplumes feathers
- degenerate, few barbs at tip, sensory structure
Rods - 125 million per human eye
- detect light of any visible wavelength - black and white vision
Photoreception
- detection of light
Hearing
- detection of vibrations in the air.
Neurogenesis (Chordata)
- development of the nerve cord from ectoderm tissue
Specific immunity
- develops after 1st experience with a microbe - response to second invasion is swift and strong. Involved lymphocytes and antibodies . requires previous exposure.
Specificity
- different B Cells respond to specific molecules on the surface of antigens.
Reproduction
- dioecious - sexual dimorphism
Class Asteroidea Reproduction
- dioecious, fertilization external- synchronized reproduction; Asexual by fragmentation/ regeneration
Reproduction
- dioecious, sperm packaged in a structure called a spermatophore.
Polar bodies
- disregarded daughter cells
Ureter
- duct that transports urine to bladder
Behavioral thermoregulation
- ectotherms can adjust temp. by moving within their habitat.
Stimulus
- energy from the environment in the form of light, heat, electrical, mechanical, chemical.
Hookworm
- enter through skin and migrate to intestine where they feed on hosts blood
Hair
- epidermal structure made of keratin, thermoregulation function, signaling (color), and sensory function
pseudocoelom
have a cavity but cavity is not entirely lined with mesoderm, incomplete digestion
Ruminates (mammals)
have a four-chambered stomach filled with bacteria that help digest cellulose, cecum plays a similar role in non-ruminant mammals
The ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬____________ is found inside the pericardium
heart
Double circulation.:
heart - gills - heart - tissues
Hepatic Portal System:
heart - vessel - capillary - vessel - capillary - vessel - heart
The principal difference in the blood-vascular systems is the gradual separation of the ________ into two separate ________ as vertebrates evolved from gill to lung breathing
heart; pumps
A gradual or partial insect development with stages called nymphs is termed
hemimetabolous metamorphosis.
Schwann cells
- epithelial cells that wrap around axon and insulate membrane from action potential - Myelin sheath - speeds up signal transduction. saltatory conduction
Glial cells
- epithelial, support cells
In earthworms, the blood contains a respiratory pigment called
hemoglobin.
Browsers, grazer, and gnawers are all types of
herbivores.
Sponges are monoecious
hermaphrodite
Mammals have ______ teeth, meaning that teeth are differentiated and capable of performing specialized functions
heterodont
Animals that are __________ must consume already synthesized organic compounds from other organisms
heterotrophic
When mammals enter a prolonged state of dormancy due to scarcity of food and low temperatures it is termed _________
hibernation
- at high O2 partial pressures, hemoglobin has
high affinity for it
The glomerulus acts as a mechanical filter that works as a result of _____________ across the capillary walls
high blood pressure
Slow fibers
high density of mitochondria, good supply of myoglobin, tissue has good blood supply, operates aerobically
Stronger stimuli cause impulses to be sent with
higher frequency.
1, temperature fluctuation
higher temperature to be hot
Small mammals have _________ metabolic rates and therefore must consume ________ food relative to body size when compared to larger mammals
higher; more
Inner Ear
- evolved as a balance organ called the labyrinth - used to determine orientation of body and detect sound.
Neurotransmitters
- ex. dopamine, glutamine, ACH, NE, GABA, Glycine, seratonine. (exocytosized from axon)
Metanephridia
- excretory system with a tube that takes in coelomic fluid and releases waste outside the body through a nephridiopore ex. Annelida
Protonephridia
- excretory system with tubes ending at flame cells. ex. platyhelminthes
Metanephridia
- excretory tube is open on both ends - out the nephridiopore
Class Asteroidea Tube feet
- extend out of ambulacral groove - tipped with sucker used to grasp substrate or prey.
Class Asteroidea Skin gills (papulae)
- extensions of coelom - aid in respiration and excretion (as do tube feet)
Class Ostracodermata.
- extinct , body covered with bony plates, bottom feeders.
Cholecystokinin
- fats + proteins in duodenum ->
Sliding Filament Model of contraction
- filaments do not shorten.
Vaccines
- first exposure, If infection occur later, secondary immune - response will reduce severity and duration of the infection.
Deuterostomes
- first opening to digestive tract (blastopore) develops into the anus
Semi-circular canals
- fluid filled tubes oriented in three perpendicular planes
Collecting duct
- fluid will travel back through the medulla and into the renal pelvis.
Order Chiroptera (bats)
- forelimbs modified as wings - echolocation
Oogenesis
- formation of the ovum occurs in the ovary
neuromasts
- found at intervals in a canal that runs the length of the fish just under the skin.
Sperm (n)
- found in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
Gastrin
- full stomach, parasympathetic nerves ->
synaptic cleft
- gap
Nephridia
- generalized term for excretory systems that empty outside the organism
Primative streak
- groove down central axis of blstodisc
Tapetum lucidum
- guanine
Class Myxini.
- hagfishes jawless, no vertebral column, no scales, multiple gills, feed on dead things on the bottom of the ocean, ex. whale carcasses. Use mouth and keratinized teeth to feed. specialized niche, can exude copious amounts of slime, to prevent predators from grabbing on to them, knotting, to ripe away flesh.
Gametes
- haploid sex cells (usually called sperm and egg)
Cephalothorax
- head and thorax fused; 2 simple, 2 compound eyes
vegetal pole
- hemisphere of the egg with the most yolk
animal pole
- hemisphere with the least yolk
They eat other organisms
- heterotrophs
In lungs - O2 diffuses into plasma
- high O2 - hemoglobin loads up
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- hormone produced by the developing embryo
Subphylum Chelicerata
- horseshoe crab, spiders, First pair of appendages modified into Chelicerae which are used to grasp food or inject poison, Four or five pairs of walking legs, No mandibles or antennae
Class Merostomata
- horseshoe crabs, Living fossils - have changed little through time, Synchronize mating by moon/ tides
Autoimmune diseases
- immune system responds to self cells, MS, Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis
pH
- important for enzyme activity - isozymes
Sertoli cells
- in seminiferous tubules, nourish sperm cells
Heterodont teeth
- incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic division
- increase heart rate and breathing decrease digestion. Norepinephrine. Fight or Flight response
Bones from jaw articulation in reptiles modified
- incus, malleus
Sequential hermaphroditism
- individual changes sex during life.
Vary from simple sacs in lung fishes and amphibians to
highly subdivided structures in mammals and birds
The brain in higher vertebrates:
hindbrain( meets spinal cord), midbrain, forebrain (complex thoughts)
The body's balancing of physiological processes to maintain the stability of pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, nutrients, and other variables is termed
homeostasis
The coordinated physiological activities of the body to maintain internal constancy is called
homeostasis.
In terms of body temperature regulation, animals that can maintain a constant body temperature despite environmental variability are called
homeothermic
Structures that are similar because they are derived from the same ancestral structure are serially
homologous or homology
Bird feathers and reptilian scales are
homologous structures.
An animal that is infected by a pathogen or parasite is its
host
Filarial worms
- infect lymphatic system - associated with growth of connective tissue and swelling of extremities - Elephantiasis, river blindness, dog heartworm (45%)
Procuticle
- inner most - contains chitin (nitrogenous polysaccharide) proteins, and calcium salts - increase rigidity, made of two layers
Medulla
- inner region, high salt conc.
Reflexes
- interneurons connect the sensory and motor nerves before signal is sent to brain - signal to muscle can be sent out from spine
Typhlosole
- invagination of dorsal surface of digestive tract, increases surface area
Evolution of physiological traits that allow survival at a greater range of temperatures
- isozymes
Human Kidneys
- it filters 2000 liters of blood a day, - blood enters through renal artery and leaves through the renal vein, - only 10% of plasma is actually cleaned as blood flows through the kidney
Class Echinoidea Aristotle's lantern
- jaw like apparatus for masticating food - 5 sharp teeth, grab and masticate food from substrate. control the muscle.
Gnathostomata.
- jawed vertebrates, exploit new niches
Superclass Agnathans .
- jawless vertebrates
Layers of the outer covering of mature egg (sea urchin)
- jelly layer, vitelline envelope, plasma membrane
Hindbrain Cerebellum
- just dorsal to the medulla and is involved with coordination, posture, and equilibrium.
Class Petromyzontida.
- lampreys, jawless, vertebrae, no scales, no paired appendages, 7 gill arches, very good at latching on to prey. mouth adapted for suction. use keratinized teeth to rip skin, connective tissue and muscle. leave gapping wounds, parasitic. larvae no eyes, llike amphixous filter feeders, get larger grow eyes and suction cup.
Subphylum Cephalochordata
- lancelets, small, benthic, marine, some in freshwater - also called Amphioxus, 25 species, Very simple animals with all 5 chordate characteristics in a free-living adults
Notochord
- large cells within a fibrous sheath covered by an elastic sheath (replaced by vertebral column) flexible rod found in vertebrates ex. lamprey
Renal pelvis
- large duct in medulla
Class Malacostraca
- largest (and most diverse) taxa of Crustacea (20k species), includes crabs, crayfish, shrimps - mostly marine but some freshwater and terrestrial
Epidermis
- layer of cells of ectodermal origin
Dermis
- layer of cells of mesodermal origin
Freshwater fish are ______ because they keep the salt concentrations of their fluids higher than that of the water in which they live
hyperosmotic regulators
Most of the family Perilampidae is a group of wasps that parasitize the larvae of flies and wasps that are moth parasites These Perilampid wasps are
hyperparasites.
Bone - Osteocytes
imbedded in a matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate salts. good blood flow so fast healing
The young of the earliest mammals probably hatched from eggs in a(n) _________ condition
immature
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
immune response, phagocytize dead cells and invading cells
In order to maintain balance, birds replace their flight and tail feathers ________
in exact pairs
Vision - Lens is moved forward to focus on close objects
in mammals to focus shape of lens changes, in amphibians lens moves forward, position of lens
Fasciola hepatica adults live
in the bile duct of the host.
A paedomorphic organism is one
in which the adult form resembles the juvenile form of an ancestral species.
In mammals ________ are used for biting, cutting and striping
incisors
Phylum Hemichordata Development
includes a free-swimming bilateral larvae very similar to that seen in Echinodermata
Contour feathers
includes flight feathers
Fluid feeders:
ingest matter rich fluids - spiders (liquify insides), lampreys (suck blood), leeches (suck blood)
Deposit feeders:
ingest sediment or collect matter as it settles from water. not eating dirt, absorbing organic materials found in dirt
Schizocoelous coelom formation occurs when ___________ of cells from the lip of the blastopore form mesoderm
ingression
What happens when the cnidocyte is triggered?
injects neurotoxin into prey.
To utilize embryonic stem cells, a biologist would need to collect cells from the
inner cell mass.
Underhair and guard hairs make up a mammal's fur coat, which is also called their
pelage.
Phylum Echinodermata symmetry
pentaradial symmetry - 5 limbs
chief cells:
pepsinogen - converted to pepsin (protease) by HCl
The _________ is a tough fibrous sac that houses the heart
pericardium
The ______ of an errant polychaete surrounds the mouth and can bear setae, palps, or jaws
peristomium
Freshwater turbellarians can reproduce asexually by constricting behind the __________ and splitting in two
pharynx
In siboglinids, what light-sensing structures are similar to those found in clitellates?
photoreceptors
Skin
physical barrier, has a lower pH
Coral bleaching
pigments or zooxanthellae are lost from animals so they appear white. due to global warming, the water gets to warm the zooxanthellae dies or gets kicked out.
The ______ are cells that form an epithelial-like outer covering of the sponge.:
pinacocytes, pinacocyte, or pinacoderm
The _________ is the outer layer of cells of a sponge.
pinacoderm
Platelets (mammals)
pinched off of white blood cells - involved in clotting
The most common worm parasite in the United States is the
pinworm.
- Stratum Corneum
- layer of cells that have undergone keratinization, resistant to water. very top die due to lack of blood supply. Before they die they produce a lot of keratin (protein) to create tough and water proof barrier.
glucose levels
- liver/ insulin
Class Sarcopterygii.
- lobe-finned fishes, 2 Coelocanth and 6 species of lungfish
guard hairs
- long tough - protection
What is the setae like for Aquatic worms
- longer flexible setae to help swim
Respiration
- mainly by diffusion across skin - gills and parapodia as accessory structures.
Osmotic regulators
- maintain the osmotic pressure in the bodies tissues by using active transport to take salt into the body or release it from the body. shore crab, tidal zone or estuaries
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
- makes 4 haploid sperm
Migration
- many birds travel great distances between winter feeding habitats in the south to summer breeding habitats in the north
Enterocoelous
- mesoderm forms as pouches off the archenteron - seen in Deuterostomes
Order Rodentia
- mice, rats- incisors specialized for gnawing, very successful group
Class Diplopoda
- millipedes - tubular, usually with many segments - two pair of legs per segment
Hormones
- molecules that are produced in one part of the body and stimulate a response in another part of the body (target or receptor cells)
Temperature
- more of a problem for terrestrial animals in water - ambient temperature does not vary much
Smell (olfaction)
- more sensitive than taste, can detect things at a distance. Noses, insect antennae
Distal convoluted tubule
- more water and salt are reabsorbed. substances (ions and drugs) can be secreted into the tubule.
Protostomes
- mosaic, with loss of one blastomere, can not develop, they depend on each other.
Pinworm
- most common nematode parasite (16% adults/ 30% children). Females migrate at night to lay eggs around anus. (tape test)
hormone levels
- negative feedbacks
Autonomic nervous system
- nerves of the motor division that control unconscious functions
Peripheral nervous system
- network of nervous tissues connecting all parts of the body to the central nervous system.
Class Asteroidea Nervous system
- no cephalization - simple ring with radial cords in each arm - light sensitive organs at tip of each arm - no brain, on central disc and radial cords.
polychaetes Reproduction
- no permanent sex orans - gonads develop in the wall of coelom and deposit eggs/ sperm into coelom.
Non-specific immunity
- no previous experience with invader required, broad defenses that are quickly activated. not specific to that foreign invader.
Nematoda Cuticle
- non-cellular, secreted by hypodermis (epidermis)
Camoflage
- octopuses can change their color and shape. Chromatophores
Communication
- octopuses used movements of the arms and color change to communicate
Synapsid
- one opening on skull for muscle attachment
Statocyst
- orientation
Accessory sex organs
- penis, vagina
Pinhole camera eye
- photoreceptive cells in a a pit - provides image
Infraclass Eutheria
- placental mammals - young develop in, placenta in uterus.
Modified skeletons: Birds
- pneumatizied bone - light but strong, hollow to reduce mass
oxygen levels
- pons/ medulla oblongata
Class AsteroideaPolian vesicles
- pouches off ring canal used for fluid storage
Order Struthioniformes
- primative group - flightless - ostriches, gotten bigger
Molting
- process of shedding old cuticle and secreting a new one
Molting
- process of shedding old cuticle and secreting a new one, to grow, they shed the hard exoskeleton.
Forebrain Thalamus
- processing of sensory information before it goes to the higher centers. relay or processing system
Tough dry skin, keratin scales
- protection, no water loss
Muscle can only contract
- pull - some muscle groups ave opposite movements
Class Actinopterygii.
- ray-finned fishes, over 25,000 species, Gills in common chamber - one operculum, gills covered by operculum, provides protection, more efficient flow of water, extract more oxygen out of water, Fins supported by dermal rays , swim bladder regulate buoyancy, neutral bouyancy don expend energy.
Sensory neurons
- receive a signal from a sensory receptor and send it to the brain.
receptors
- receive neurotransmitters, lock and key. only specific receptors.
Deuterostomes
- regulative, can live on and compensate for the loss of one blastomere
Gastric juices
- released by epithelium of stomach
Interferons
- released by virus infected cells - induce resistance in other cells
Pain receptors
- respond to chemicals released by damaged cells
Mechanoreceptors
- respond to motion (pressure),monitor internal and external stimuli, stretching of muscles gives brain info about body position
Endoskeleton (chordates and echinoderms)
- rigid, from mesoderm origins
Chemical
- saliva contains enzymes. Amylase breaks down starches and long chain carbohydrates. Saliva also lubricates food
Class Holothuroidea
- sea cucumbers, body elongate on the oral/aboral axis (different ends) - bilateral symmetry? Epidermis leathery- hydrostatic skeleton
Class Crinoidea
- sea lilies and feather stars, common fossils in midwest, attached to substrate aborally. feed on suspended materials
Class Asteroidea
- sea stars Central disk usually with five arms. Arms broad at base , Mouth on underside of animal (oral)
Class Echinoidea
- sea urchins, Body enclosed in hemispherical endoskeletonal test (incased body) dermal - some flattened and bilateral (sand dollars), Have tube feet and spines covering body, Has ambulacral groove, but it is wrapped upwards and around the body and is covered by the test. ,Has pedicellaria, Tests have spines with muscles that migrate around the body.
Endocuticle
- secreted after molting - forms tough durable shell
Exocuticle
- secreted prior to molting - temporary protection
Arthropods exhibit much more specialization of appendages , Functions
- sensory, feeding, locomotion, reproduction
What is the setae like for Terrestrial worms
- short hard setae for gripping soil
Proximal convoluted tubule
- short section of the nephron, 60% of the filtrate is reabsorbed including sugars, amino acids, and other valuable nutrients.
underhair
- shorter, soft - insulation
Class Placodermata.
- similar to ostracoderms but with Jaws, Vertebrate Jaws evolved from two gill arches
Saccule and Utricle
- small chambers containing stony particles (mineral deposits) and lined with hairs
Class Gastropoda
- snails and slugs - most diverse group . snails have torsion. used to expel waste. if there was no torsion they would not be able to expel waste. Down fall expelling near the head and gills.
Electric organs
- some fishes use modified muscle to create electric charges to stun fish or electrolocate structure in the environment
Facultative Endothermy
- some normally ectothermic organisms will use metabolic heat to warm bodies under certain conditions
Regional Endothermy
- some normally ectothermic organisms will use metabolic heat to warm regions of their body.
Cones - 6 million per human eye
- specialized for detect either red, green, or blue. Responsible for color vision.
Fast fibers
- specialized for quick response - fatigues easily, lower density of mitochondria, little myoglobin, little vascular tissue, operate anaerobically
Hermaphroditism
- species are Monoecious - each individual produces sperm and egg, individuals called hermaphrodites
Fertilization External
- sperm and egg are expelled from bodies
Cloacal kiss
- sperm transferred by pressing cloaca together, mlae invert cloacal and touch female cloacal, 1-2 seconds
Fertilization Internal
- sperm transferred from male and female - sperm may be stored in a spermatheca (seminal receptacle) for future use - common in invertebrates
Class Arachnida
- spiders, ticks, scorpions 80,000 species, 4 pr. walking legs, 1 pr. pedipalps, 1 pr. Chelicera (fangs), 4 pair of eyes
Coiling
- spiral winding of the snail as it grows - can be right handed or left handed
Memory cells
- stay in the blood stream for years. If the same antigen infects the body again the immune response will be rapid and overpowering.
Receptor potential
- stimuli changes the membrane potential
Myofibrils
- structure inside of cell, made of contractile proteins that are responsible for contraction
Pectoral
- structures associated with the forelimbs
Chondrosteans.
- sturgeon, paddlefishes, heterocercal caudal fin, Notocord persists in adults, not replaced by vertebral colum, spiral valve, series of partioning in the intestines of sharks, to increase surface area, called valves - but not valuves. Ganoid scales, diamond shaped, reflective
2, Evaporative cooling
- sweating, last resort
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- system of channels that surround the myofibrils and is continuous with the sarcolemma
Osteichthyes .
- taxonomically invalid term for bony fishes, referred to members of Classes Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii
6, Hibernation
- temperature decreases to ambient, respiration and circulation decrease. Bears and raccoons - prolonged sleep: temperature does not drop - they can wake up!
Prevention of Polyspermy
- the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm
Spermatogenesis
- the formation of spem occurs in the testis
Sarcomere
- the functional unit of a myofibril
Nephron
- the functional unit of the kidney - 1 million per kidney fluid enters the nephron from blood stream in the cortex.
Tagmosis
- the fusion of segments to form a larger specialized body sections: Head - Thorax - Abdomen
Neural plate forms a neural folds that form a tube
- the hollow nerve cord
Sarcolemma
- the plasma membrane of the fiber
Determined
- the point at which a cell has differentiated so it cannot be induced to become a different type of cell.
1 Humoral immunity
- the presence of antibodies in blood and lymph bind to antigens. antibodies are being produced
During gastrulation, cells start to Differentiate
- the process by which a cell becomes specialized.
Sexual reproduction
- the production of new individuals by the union of gametes, usually from two different parents. (haploid to form diploid)
Allometry
- the proportional sizes of structures compared to the body.
Stratified squamous epithelium
- the proximal layer undergoes mitosis
Axial skeleton
- the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum
Fertilization - syngamy
- the union of sperm and egg, - restores diploid state in zygote, - stimulate mitotic division
Cranial nerves
- there are a few ganglia (bundles of neurons) that come directly off of the brain. Fish and amphibians have 10 pairs, Reptiles, birds, and mammals have 12 pairs
Convergent evolution
- there are morphologically similar species of marsupials and placental mammals in Australia and other continents
Sensors found in nasal cavity
- they have cilia in a mucus covering. Molecules bind to the cilia stimulating the initiation of a nerve impulse. 1000 kinds of sensors known in humans.
2. Cortical reaction (slow block).
- time frame of 1 minute - vesicles (cortical granules) fuse with the egg membrane
Class Asteroidea Pedicellariae
- tiny pincers used to clean skin of debris and in some to collect food.
Arthropods have various adaptations for gas exchange
- tracheal system - branching system of tube that deliver atmospheric gases directly to cells
Arthropods have various adaptations for gas exchange
- tracheal system branching system of tube that deliver atmospheric gases directly to cells
Neuron
- transmit electrical impulses
Down feathers
- trap air for insulation, conserve heat
Class Scaphopoda
- tusk shells - have tubular shell - buries head end in sand, cycles water past mantle for respiration
Torsion
- twisting of body plan during development distorts bilateral symmetry - anus and mantle cavity swing around to be anterior
Antagonistic muscles
- two separate muscles are needed to move a bone in two directions (flexor and extensor)
Secondary Oocyte (n)
- undergo meiosis II. unequal cytokinesis resulting in 1 (n) ovum.
sexual reproduction: Bisexual reproduction
- union of gamete from male (spermatozoon) and female (Ovum),
Spinning gland produces webbing
- used in capture of prey, creating shelter, protecting eggs
Phylum Echinodermata Unique water-vascular system
- used in locomotion and feeding - tube feet
complex camera eye
- uses a lens to focus the image
Caudofoveata
- very ancestral - worm-like burrowers. Feed off of organic material in soil
4, Feces
- water added to digestive tract during digestion
Threshold stimuli
- weakest stimuli that results in an action potential
Order Cetacea
- whales, dolphins - fore limbs flippers for swimming, hind limbs lost in some
Negative pressure breathing
- when diaphragm contracts it enlarges the thoracic cavity and air is drawn into the lungs
Primary sex organs
- where gametes are produced - also called gonads (testis and ovary)
Solenogastres
- worm-like bottom dwellers - no radula. lost gills use mantle, reduced shell
Class Asteroidea Development
- zygote forms a ciliated bilateral larvae - metamorphosis ( when they find a substrate) into radial adult
Adaptive Radiation of the Amphibians during the
Carboniferous
Pacemaker cells are specialized ________________ muscle cells that establish regular contractions of the heart
Cardiac
Select all of the nutritional modes found in leeches
Carnivores, Temporary parasites
Class Asteroidea feeding
Carnivorous - feed on mollusca (clam and oysters) - they use tube feet to pry open the shell, when abductor muscles get tired, sea star will invert the cardiac stomach into the shell, slowly digest clam.
Who created binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
Who first added plants as well as animals to taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
Who is the grandfather of the Typological Species Concept?
Carolus Linnaeus
The class ____________ are mostly burrowers that orient themselves vertically, with the terminal mantle cavity and gills at the entrance of the burrow, They posses an oral shield as well as a radula and gills
Caudofoveata
What are the classes
Caudofoveata, Solenogastres, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda
Red and white blood cells are ________ components of blood
Cellular
Which statement correctly describes cellulose?
Cellulose is composed of long chains of glucose.
What molluscs have a closed circulatory system?
Cephalopods
______ have the most elaborate nervous and sensory system of all of the molluscs
Cephalopods
What area of the bird brain coordinates muscle position, equilibrium, and visual information used in movement and balance?
Cerebellum
apply to asexual reproduction in freshwater turbellarians
Chains of zooids, Regeneration, Fission
What sensory structures do earthworms possess?
Chemoreceptors, Free nerve endings, Single-celled sense organs, Photoreceptors
In most gastropods there is an area called the osphradium located at the base of the incurrent siphon that is _________ in some forms
Chemosensory
_________is another name for the collar cells in sponges.
Choanocyte
What are the sperm and egg produced from?
Choanocytes and archaeocytes
Asconoid description
Choanocytes line a large, central spongocoel with a single, large osculum
Syconoid
Choanocytes line radial canals that surround the spongocoel. extra surface area for more choanocytes Spongocoel is smaller, there is canals with choanocytes (filtering chambers)
Asconoid
Choanocytes line spongocoel, only food on the edge going to be filtered. Normally a small sponge. Not effective.
What is the outgroup
Choanoflagellates
Select the phyla that exhibit metamerism?
Chordata, Arthropoda, Annelida
In the polychaete nervous system, the dorsal cerebral ganglia connect to the subpharyngeal ganglion via a _____________ connective
Circumpharyngeal
common names associated with the Phylum Annelida
Clamworms, Oligochaetes, Parchment worms, Lugworms, Scaleworms
What are the two types of circulatory systems?
Closed and open
type of circulatory system
Closed circulatory system - blood leaving heart goes to body tissues, then to gills, accessory hearts increase blood pressure as blood enters gill
components that carry food wastes, and respiratory gases in an earthworm?
Closed vessels, Coelomic fluid
best characterize the circulatory system of a siboglinid
Closed, Well-developed
Proximal
Closer to the medial of body
Tiny organelles contained within cnidocytes are called ___________
Cnida
Sea whips, Hydra, corals, and sea anemones members of which phylum?
Cnidaria
A complex series of chemical reactions that result in a tangled network of fibers of plasma proteins is blood
Coagulation
Phylum Echinodermata Coelom?
Coelomic cavities extensive (extending out into arms)
____________ or spiral winding of the shell occurs in the larval stage and originated in ancestral gastropods earlier than torsion
Coiling
The cuticle of nematodes is primarily composed of what structural protein?
Collagen
characteristics of members of the phylum Ctenophora
Colloblasts, Biradial symmetry, Eight comblike rows of cilia
Codonsiga
Colonial flagella, trap food
When a ctenophore is swimming forward, the cilia on the ____________ plates beat in waves starting at the ____________ end of the animal and ending at the _____________ end
Comb, aboral, oral
What are the two layers of the placozoa called?
Dorsal Epithlium (top) Ventrial Layer (bottom)
The principal integrative center of birds controls complex behavior, such as singing, flying, reproduction Where is that center located?
Dorsal ventricular ridge
With the evolution of lungs between the heart and aorta, vertebrates were able to develop a high-pressure ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬________________ circulation that maintains pressure to the body tissues
Double
What is the name of the soft feathers (barbules lack hooks) that are especially abundant on the breast and abdomen of water birds and serve to conserve heat?
Down feathers
ostium
Draw water in
Epidermal cells enlarge considerably during which stage of molting?
During molting but before ecdysis
structures that are typically contained in each annelid segment
Excretory structures, Coelom, Nervous structures, Respiratory structures
Waste removal from the body is handled by a/an ____________ system, while __________ systems control water balance
Excretory, osmoregulatory
True or false: The large clades within the Pleistoannelida are the oligpchaetes, the polychaetes, and the hirudineans
False
True or false: True segmentation is an accepted feature of the cestodes
False
True or false: Semilunar valves are also known as tricuspid valves
False The tricuspid valve is also known as the left atrioventricular valve.
True or false: Gastropods all have similar feeding habits
False, Gastropod feeding habits are as varied as their shapes and habitats.
Immature life stages of the fish tapeworm develop in which of the following?
Fish, Crustaceans
What drives fluid through a flame cell?
Flagella
How does the excretory system work?
Flame cells have cilia that flicker like a flame, creates negative pressure that pushes the fluid through the tube out a pore on the side of the body. Network of tubes -freshwater have a hard time getting rid of water, but this way they can get rid of water and waste.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms, Lophotrocozoan Protostomes, Triploblastic, Acoelomate, Most parasitic but some are free-living aquatic, Bodies dorso-ventrally flattened, incomplete digestive tract, monoecious.
What kind of cuticle?
Flexible cuticle - secreted by epidermis , matrix
Crustaceans possess __________ muscles which pull body parts inward and _______________muscles which extend body parts outward
Flexors, extensors
The arrangement of nerve processes in nematodes differs from most animals
Which of the following accurately describes the arrangement of nerve processes in nematodes?. The muscle arm extends to the ventral or dorsal nerve.
Protoplasmic grade
all functions necessary for life are carried out in each individual cell. Simplistic
Ion pumps
allow K+ to be secreted and uric acid to become crystralized solid, to minimize water loss, same with having valves.
Ectothermy vs Endothermy -
allows for constant internal environment - more efficient metabolic pathways - expensive energetically
Lophotrochozoan
also platyhelminthes. Has lophophore (feeding structure) or trochophore larva.
parietal cells:
HCl (pH of 1.5)
Which of the following correctly characterizes hair in mammals?
Hair is composed of dead epidermal cells packed with keratin. Hair grows from epidermally derived hair follicles.
The Crustacea are named after which of the following characteristics?
Hard shell
First maxilla
Head, bringing food in
Mandible
Head, crush food
Second maxilla
Head, move water through gills
Antennule, antenna
Head, sensory organs
Characteristics of mature sperm
Head: Acrosome, Nucleus; Midpiece: Mitochondria ; Tail: Flagellum
While they typically have five arms, brittle stars have a distinct morphology that is very different from that of sea stars (Asteroidea) Select all of the following that are characteristic of brittle stars
Lack of papulae and pedicellariae Tube feet without suckers Ambulacral grooves closed and covered by ossicles
Navigation -
Landmarks( large bodies of water), Sun-azimuth (compass, sun on horizon), Magnetic fields ( north and south pole)
Adaptations:.
Jaws ( different modes to catch prey), Paired fins - Later, Modified as limbs (higher degree of mobility, evolve into limbs in tetrapods)
The hind legs for grasshoppers and crickets have enlarged femurs which allows them to
Jump
Which of the following structures make up the end sac?
Labyrinth, Saccule
Scorpion tagmata bear two to five pairs of small ___________________ eyes and one pair of larger __________________eyes
Lateral, median
What language is scientific names recorded in and why?
Latin. Because it is a dead language and can be used universally
features of the trematodes
Leaflike shape, Suckers, Adaptations for parasitism
Hirudinida
Leeches
Order Caudata: salamanders
Legs come off body parallel to ground, Larvae (when present) and adults are predators,Southern Appalachians Mnts are the center of salamander diversity, some adults retain gills
describe members of the Class Demospongiae
Leuconoid canal system Siliceous spicules Marine and freshwater forms
What statement correctly describes the skull of a modern bird?
Light and mostly fused; diapsid features not visible due to high specialization
What kind of system did Linnaeus devise?
Linnaeus devised a Hierarchical system with 7 (now 8) taxonomic levels
Fossorial
Living mainly in the ground
Nemertea: Proboscis?
Long tongue inverts out to catch prey, housed in the body. Separate hole from mouth. Feed on annelides. Some have a hook on the end to stab prey.
The function of a nematode hydrostatic skeleton differs from other invertebrates because the cuticle functions as an antagonist to the __________ muscles
Longitudinal
Nematoda muscles
Longitudinal muscles are used to make the body wiggle for locomotion.no circular muscle!
What are the 5 types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue, Dense (fibrous) connective tissue, blood, cartilage, bone.
Phylum Mollusca are the
Lophotrochozoan Protostome
Phylum Annelida
Lophotrochozoan Protostome, 15,000 Species, Trochophore Larvae
Molecules - Antimicrobial proteins:
Lysozyme - breaks down cell wall of bacteria, Complement system - series of proteins in blood that kill bacteria (cascade of proteins, pierce bacteria cell wall and make it leak.)
In echinoderms, the calcareous sieve-like structure that leads to the water vascular system is known as the
Madreporite
Class Asteroidea Flow of water through system:
Madreporite - stone canal - ring canal - radial canals - lateral canals - tube feet (ampulla) - water is constantly flowing, tube feet manipulate the water.
The principle intracellular electrolytes are _________
Magnesium, phosphate ions, potassium
Select all of the characteristics that can be used to distinguish male nematodes from female nematodes
Males possess a pair of copulatory spicules. Males are smaller than females.
In insects, urine is produced by the
Malpighean tubules.
The unique type of excretory system found in insects and spiders are called ___________
Malpighian tubules
In spiders and other taxa, structures called _______________ ________________ work in conjunction with rectal glands and function as an excretory organ to remove wastes
Malpighian, tubules
Which of the following is true concerning mammalian feeding habits?
Mammals are divided into four trophic categories.The feeding apparatus is adapted to the habitat.
Polychaetes
Marine worms
typical habitats of members belonging to the Phylum Sipuncula
Marine,Benthic
______ mammals exhibit brief gestation and prolonged lactation
Marsupial
Leuconoid
Masses with numerous oscula and flagellated chambers filled form incurrent canals and discharge into excurrent canals
Parts of cartilage
Matrix is rubbery, Chondrocyte inside lacuna, not a lot of blood flow so slow healing.
Examples of Extracellular structural components
Matrix of connective tissues (cartilage, bone) Cuticle (outer covering of insects)
Subphylum Urochordata
Members of Urochordata are small, sessile, marine animals called tunicates or sea squirts, 1600 species .A few are free-living, all have mobile tadpole larvae. larvae have all 5 characteristics - adults do not have only 2/5. adults sessile on substrate. incurrent and excurrent siphon
In cleavage the yolk does not divide completely, while in cleavage the yolk completely divides
Meroblastic, holoblastic
Cnidaria: What layer is non cellular?
Mesoglea
What does Cindaria have instead of mesohyl?
Mesoglea
Extracellular material
Mesohyl
Insect wings evolved from outgrowths of the body wall of the _______ and ________ segments of the thorax
Mesothoracic, metathoracic
Which stage is missing from the life cycle of a blood fluke?
Metacercaria
What kind of excretory system
Metanephridia - excretory system - filter fluid in coelom
Choanoflagelletes and ________ are sister groups
Metazoa
__________ are tiny processes in the intestine that increase the surface area
Microvilli
What are the two parts of fossils
Mineralization and Impressions
What habitat is preferred by earthworms?
Moist, rich soil
The mammalian dentition that is used for shearing, crushing or grinding are _____________
Molars, premolars
What is the phylogeny?
Molecular evidence (rRNA - component of ribosomes - highly conservative) indicates that Porifera differentiated from flagellated protistans
Ecdysozoans
Molting, Arthropoda (shedding the exoskeleton)
Oligochaeta Reproduction:
Monoecious (Hermaphroditic) but cross-fertilize with another worm. Oligochaeta align and will give sperm of one into sperm receptacle to receive it
Sexual reproduction
Monoecious or dioecious, Trochophore larvae
_______ include all descendants and most recent common ancestor.
Monophyletic
Serial repeated organs (such as gills and metanephridia) are characteristic of the molluscan class ________________
Monoplacophora
______ are small, have a low rounded shell, and a creeping foot, and until the 1950's, they were thought to be extinct
Monoplacophora
Radial Symmetry
More than two planes passing through the center of the body through the main axis produces two identical halves - Adaptive for sessile animals. Phyla Cnidaria
In what insects are mouthparts combined into a piercing, needlielike stylet and a food channel for sucking?
Mosquitoes
Select all of the following that describe the life cycle of human filarial worms
Mosquitos ingest microfilariae. Microfilariae enter human host through wound made by mosquitos. Females release microfilariae into the blood and lymphatic system.
Ophiuroidea
Most active echinoderms; jointed muscular arms used for locomotion
Phylum Echinodermata Dioecious or Monoecious?
Most dioecious
Order Anura: (without a tail) Frogs and toads
Most diverse group - about 5000 species, Adult body specialized for jumping and swimming, Long hind legs, Fused avertebrae near pelvis - stiff spine( muscle attachment) , Skin has epidermis and underlying dermis - many glands to keep skin moist. Red eft - aposematic coloration (red coloration, warning, deadly, neurotoxin on back
Order Squamata - lizards, snakes and worm lizards
Most diverse group of reptiles, Kinetic skull allows for more mobility of bones - snake skull , Snake sensory organs:Ears internal, Jacobson's organ, Pits of pit vipers( sense heat)
Amphibians did not completely leave the aquatic habitat
Most eggs are laid in water and the young go through an aquatic larval stage before metamorphosing into adults.
Domain
Most inclusive taxon - all living things are divided into 3 domains
Select all of the following that characterize insect wings
Most insects have two pairs. Insect wings are outgrowths of the cuticle.
What are tetrapod adaptations to air-breathing?
Routing of blood to lungs, Increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity
Organ-system grade
Organisms which have organs arranged so that they can work together to perform a function. e.g. digestive system
Discharge is powered by what?
Osmotic Pressure
In a typical cnidarian life cycle, a newly formed zygote develops into a motile ______________________ larva, which then settles onto a hard surface to develop into a _____________
Planula, polyp
What different varieties of respiration is there in other species?
Plasma membrane, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs
What is another name for the Phylum Placozoa?
Plate animals
3. Cell fragments
Platelets, Thrombocytes
Primitive (ancestral) traits
Plesimorphies - Being multicellular, mitochondria
Tusk shells and tooth shells are burrowing marine molluscs in the class _______
Scaphopoda
_________ cleavage results in blastomeres that sit on top of one another in an early embryo
Radial
The class Solenogastres is similar to the class Caudofoveata except that they usually lack _______ and ________
Radula, gills
Sensory cells:
Recepting chemical and tactile stimuli and transferring that information to nerve cells
In cephalopods, the ink sac directly empties into the ______, which can then release ink to confuse an enemy,
Rectum
Oligochaeta Respiration
Respiration: no specialized structures for gas exchange, Must keep cuticle moist for oxygen to diffuse into body
Hemoglobin -
Respiratory pigment found in all vertebrates, many invertebrates
Phylum Nemertea
Ribbon worms, About 1000 marine species, most small < 20 cm longSimilar to Planaria, but, dioecious, proboscis, complete digestive system, Simple circulatory system
Blood enters the pulmonary circuit from the
Right ventricle
The class ___________ is a small group of bottom-dwelling marine organisms that usually lack radula and gills
Solenogastres
Most bivalves have a unique developmental stage called a _______ which is a juvenile shelled form
Spat
What kind of respiratory organs
Special respiratory organs - lungs and gills
Cell-tissue grade
Specialized cells are organized to perform a specific function. Body is made up of tissues
Select all of the following that are arthropods
Spiders, Centipedes, Insects, Crustaceans
________ cleavage is characteristic of most protostomes and forms tightly packed cells
Spiral
______ mouthparts usually form a tube that can easily pierce animal or plant tissues
Sucking
Which of the following are disaccharidases?
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase
What is the function of the pair of supraesophageal ganglion in crustaceans?
Supply nerves to the eyes. Supply nerves to the antennae.
In the ______, horns consist of hairlike, keratinized filaments cemented together and not attached to the skull, while in the ______, horns are similar to antlers but maintain their skin covering and not shed
rhinoceros; giraffe
As a feather develops, the feather bud
rolls into a hollow cylinder.
Flatworm protonephridia
run the length of the tubellarian.
Thrombocytes (other vertebrates)
same role as platelets
Sharks can detect animals buried in the
sand.
What are the three types of symmetry?
spherical, radial, bilateral
describe Class Hexactinellida
spicules made of silica cylindrical or funnel-shaped body found only in marine habitats
A spider's abdominal silk gland is connected to a web-spinning organ called a
spinneret.
In terrestrial insects, air enters the tracheal system through the
spiracles.
A fruit fly possesses a ______ mouthpart, whereas a grasshopper possesses a ______ mouthpart
sponging; chewing
The ________ is the same as the central cavity of the sponge.
spongocoel
Cuboidal
square shaped
In cephalopods called ______, the shell has been lost leaving only a thin, proteinaceous strip called a pen
squids
Fertilization functions to
start the process of development. restore diploid number.
A saclike pore that bears sensory setae and is located on the basal segment of each first antenna of crayfishes is a(n) _______
statocyst
The basal segment of each first antenna of crayfishes houses a saclike ________________, or opening to the surface by a dorsal pore
statocyst
Oogonia (2n) -
stem cells
Allantois -
storage of metabolic waste - blood vessels in the membrane used for gas exchange
What is the epidermis made of?
stratified squamous epithelial
Fusion of vertebrae Birds
strength, to fly
Insects such as water ____________ can walk on the surface of water
striders
taenidia
string like, to provide support, so the trachae don't collapse.
Homology
structural similarity that stems from having a common ancestor
Organs
structure composed of more than one type of tissue
The _______ nerve plexus is the most primitive flatworm nervous system
subepidermal
There is a range of wavelengths that will stimulate each type of cone, By comparing the proportion of cones stimulated the brain interprets all
the colors visible
A zygote is formed when
the egg and sperm pronuclei merge.
In holoblastic cleavage
the egg divides completely. there is little yolk in the egg.
All mammal integumentary glands, such as sweat glands, mammary glands, and scent glands, are derivatives of
the epidermis.
Captured prey are ingested into what?
the gastrovascular cavity
Anterior
the head end of the animal
In paedomorphosis, __________, resulting in the retention of ancestral juvenile characters by descendant adults
the latest stages of development are deleted
At ecdysis (molting)
the old epicuticle and exocuticle are discarded
In bivalves, the umbo is
the oldest part of the shell.
Cephalization
the process by which specialization becomes localized in the head end of animals.
Temperature effects
the rate at which chemical reactions take place.
Posterior
the tail end of the animal
Indirect flight muscles are connected to
the thorax only.
Class Asteroidea Contraction of muscles in ampulla forces
the tube foot to extend - makes longer
Nonavian reptiles (except turtles) have polyphyodont teeth, which means that
their teeth are replaced many times.
Stratified
there are many layers of cells, multiple layers on top of each other
Immune response -
there are two responses to detection of invaders (antigens).
The living mammals are divided into the clades ________ and _______
therians, monotremes
Embryonic gill arches are important for terrestrial vertebrates because
they form structures like the tonsils and thymus gland.
What does an Oligochaeta do when there is a drought?
they go deeper in to the soil to reach moisture
Terrestrial animals are in a similar situation to saltwater fishes -
they need to conserve water.
Dendrites of a neuron
they receive stimuli from receptors or other neurons.
Lungs are housed in the
thoracic cavity - surrounded by ribs, diaphragm underneath
The body section of the insect that bears the wings and therefore powers flight is the
thorax.
More efficient circulation,
three chambered heart provides ability to shunt blood away from lungs while diving or estivation.
The ear of a bird consists of
three regions: external, middle, and inner ear.
Simple
tissue composed of a single layer of cells
The membrane is permeable
to K+ but not to Na+ and Cl- . K+ leaks out
bissel threads
to attach to substrate in fast flowing water
Hirudinida Leeches release Hirudin into wound when feeding for
to stop clotting, so the leech can keep feeding
Capillaries
very small vessels, come in close proximity to all cells in the body. Capillaries can be closed off with smooth muscle.
Veins
vessels that carry blood back to heart - venules flow into veins
Arteries
vessels that carry blood leaving the heart, arteries branch into smaller arterioles
Right side of reproductive system in female is
vestigial - reduced in size and non functional (ovary)
Placental mammals exhibit ______ reproduction
viviparous
Scorpions are ____________, meaning that their offspring develop within the female's reproductive tract
viviparous
Contractile vacuoles are an organ of balance used by freshwater unicellular eukaryotes to expel excess _______ gained by osmosis
water
The final functional region of the alimentary canal, or digestive tract, is ___________
water absorption an d concentration of solids
The colonization of land by spiders and insects is attributable to the retention of ______, made possible by their excretory system
water and potassium
Osmoregulation is the maintenance of internal ______ levels
water and salt
Gills do not function out of water
water has a lower concentration of oxygen that air. when gills are outside of water they collapse in on themselves
Evaporation
water on body, take energy into form of heat transfer to liquid to gas
How does the nematocyst come out?
water rushes into nematocyst and the organelle everts thrusting out the filament
Freshwater fish maintain lower internal osmotic concentrations than those of marine organisms to help keep excess ______ from moving into the body and to prevent the loss of ______
water; solutes
Spongocyte Function
Secretes spongin
Pelage
- fur
Indirect muscles
Changes the shape of the thorax - upstroke
Molluscs called chitons belong to the class
Polyplacophora.
Which body system is not present in the leech?
Respiratory
Scorpions are more common in _______ zones
Subtropical, tropical
Columnar
Taller than cuboidal
In terms of gastropod shell coiling, ______ shells are more compact
conispiral
Extensor
extending arm downwards
While placoderms were very successful during Devonian, the lineage went.
extinct closely related group gave rise to most extant vertebrates
In platyhelminthes with a digestive system, food is digested ______, and undigested food is egested through the ______
extracellularly and intracellularly; pharynx
Tracheoles
from trachea to tracheoles, smaller tubes that directly transfer gases to cells.
how many Sacral Vertebrae are there
5 fused together
how many Lumbar Vertebrae are there
5 lower back
Elasmobranchs usually have ______ pairs of gills slits
5 to 7
There are about ______ species of mammals
5,700
how many cervical vertebrae in humans and most mammals
7
Gastropoda is the largest class of molluscs with about ______ extant species and 15,000 extinct species described
70,000
How many marine species and freshwater species are there of Porifera
8600 marine species 150 freshwater species
Torsion is a two-step process where the shell and enclosed viscera rotate ______ degrees counterclockwise relative to the head
90
How many species are there
90,000
characteristics of members of class Scyphozoa
: A scalloped bell margin, with the number of notches ranging from 4 to 16, A medusa bell that typically ranges from 2 to 40 cm in diameter, Lappets and rhopalia occurring at marginal notches
Telolecithal egg
: large amount of yolk, unevenly distributed (fish, reptiles, birds), cytoplasm found in blastodisc
Isolecithal egg
: little yolk, yolk evenly distributed (echinoderms, mammals)
Mesolecithal egg
: moderate amount of yolk, unevenly distributed (amphibians)
Suspension feeders
: use mucus or hairs to collect matter from water.
Regenerative powers:
Planarians can survive fragmentation
In terms of gastropod coiling, a __________shell lays all whorls in a single plane and a ____________ shell lays each successive whorl to the side of the preceding whorl
Planospiral, conispiral
Hirudinida Digestive tract
modified for storage of large volumes of blood from host
Trematoda: Intermediate host is?
mollusc
As new exocuticle is secreted
molting fluid dissolves old endocuticle, and solution products are reabsorbed.
Hyperosmotic regulators maintain body fluids ______ the surrounding water
more concentrated than
Acid chyme( acidic component of the stomach, along witht he food)
passes through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, first section of the small intestine
Better nervous system - sensory organs eyes
pecten for nutrients and oxygen to retina, multiple foveae for higher density of cones
Thickening of the support structures for the pelvic and
pectoral fins
On the aboral surface, the pincerlike structures that occur around the bases of echinoderm spines and that function in keeping the body clean, protecting papulae, and capturing food are called
pedicellariae
In spiders a leglike structure called a ______ has sensory functions and also serves to transfer sperm in males
pedipalp
Class Asteroidea Contraction of muscles arranged longitudinally
shorten tube foot
What are the two types of layering?
simple and stratified, transitional stratified
Double circulation - also seen in lungfishes
single ventricle - aorta, rest of body, pulmonary artery, to lungs
The _________ node is often referred to as the heart's primary pacemaker because it regulates the heartbeat
sinoatrial
The surface area =
size of a tennis court
2, evaporation at body covering
skin
Slow fibers - specialized for sustained contractions -
slow to react but have holding power
How big is the Phylum Placozoa?
small 2-3mm
Scorpions have ______ chelicerae and ______ pedipalps, which are modified claws used for feeding
small:large
Horses millions of years ago
smaller, different feet and teeth. Feet: used to have 3 digits, now they only have 1 Teeth: they used to eat Bushes and trees, not they eat grass.
Vertebrae fused to provide
solid frame for flight (in digis and arm bones)
Fragmentation/Regeneration
somatic embryogenesis single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals
Kinds of Polychaetes
some are predatory (such as errant polycheate) while others are filter feeders (christmas tree worm) or deposit feeders (planktonic rain)
Certain Orthopterans have tympanal organs to aid in detecting _________
sound
Extracellular digestion
specialized cells in gastrodermis secrete digestive enzymes that break apart prey organisms
Great American Interchange
species from the north america went to the south and did well, while very little animals going from south to north did well
When a neuron at rest is stimulated,
the action potential is formed
Air is also used to cool
the birds body. During flight, heat production can be over 20 times that at rest.
In meroblastic cleavage
the cells sit on top the yolk. the yolk does not completely divide.
>30,000 species - more than all other.
vertebrates combined
Blood plasma
(but no cells or blood proteins) enters nephron.
incisors
(grasping cutting)
and molars
(grinding).
Thorax
- Contains many organs and legs used for locomotion
Setae
("hair")-hair-like spikes that can be used to grip sediment
Resting membrane potential
(-70 millivolts):
Lophotrochozoa
(1) the presence of a horseshoeshaped crown of ciliated tentacles (lophophores), and (2) a minute, translucent top-shaped ciliated larvae (trochophores).
Cuticle contains two layers
, Epicuticle, Procuticle
Colonial forms may show dimorphism in polyps
, Gonangium - reproductive, Hydranth - feeding, GVC's are connected, Polyp form dominates lifecycle
Hectocotylus
, a specialized tentacle transfers a spermatophore to the mantle cavity of the female.
When the sperm contact the vitelline envelope
, species specific proteins bind to receptors.
When neural stimulation stops
, the calcium is removed from the myofibril and the actin and myosin are no longer able to attach.
The food mass (bolus)
,Esophagus , cardiac sphincter, stomach. epiglottis covers trachea so food doesnt go under
Subphylum Hexapoda
- "6 foot", Over 1 million species described (250 k beetles), One pair of antennae, Appendages uniramous (contrast with crustacean biramous legs), Terrestrial adaptations: trachea and malpigian tubules, Mouth with mandibles, Three tagmata - head, thorax, abdomen, Typically 2 pair of wings
Phylum Arthropoda
- "jointed foot", about 1.1 million species described, Body composed repeated segments (metamerism) but septa have been lost, In contrast to annelids, much specialization of segments is seen
Subphylum Myriapoda
- "many footed", One pair of antennae, Appendages uniramous (contrast with crustaceans), Mandibles, Terrestrial adaptations: trachea and malpighian tubules
Subphylum Crustacea
- "shell", 70,000 species described, Most are marine but are important and abundant in freshwater- there are a few terrestrial species, Most mobile, some sessile, 2 pair of antennae, Pair of mandibles - bi-ramous legs modified for masticating food, Exoskeleton of crustaceans is very strong, fortified with calcium. Areas around joints are not calcified so flexibility is not lost.
Order Primates
- (chimps, apes, humans) - large brain - hands and feet specialized for grasping (arboreal)
Lateral line system
- (fish, aquatic amphibians) detects vibrations in the water.
Phylum Nematoda
- (nematos = thread), 25,000 species described, Have Pseudocoelom, Density of billions per acre, Ecdysozoan protostomes - molt as they grow, Many are parasitic - infect most plants and animals, Ascaris lumbricoides - large roundworm of humans - infect 25% of human population in some SE US areas, Often pass through stomach during life cycle
Electroreceptors
- (sharks) detect weak electric fields in the water.
Estivation.
- African lungfishes have reduced metabolism, breakdown protein, store urea
1, stout bodies
- Allen's rule, reduced surface area to volume ration, loss of heat is slower
Malpighian tubules
- An Arthropod adaptation for terrestrial life - excretory vessels that release waste into digestive tract.
Excretory system
- Antennal glands function mostly in osmoregulation (maintaining water balance) - ammonia diffuses across thin parts of cuticle
ADH
- Antidiuretic Hormone (pituitary gland) increases uptake of water from the collecting duct.
Taste buds
- Bitter, sour, salty, sweet, and umami
Class Ophiuroidea
- Brittle stars, similar shape to sea star but longer (usually) flexible arms that are narrow at the central disc. No epidermal structures, No ambulacral groove, Madreporite on oral surface, Incomplete digestive tract. still penta radial symmetry, narrower arms at the base, long, narrow, flexible arms.
Polyplacophora
- Chitons - body covered by multiple plates - can be large (30cm)
Cartilage
- Chondrocytes imbedded in a protein gel with strands of collagen (another protein) ex. sharks, rays, skates
Organogenesis
- Development of the organs of the body. embryo (2 weeks to 2 months) - organ systems are developing
Skeletal Systems Hydrostatic support
- Exoskeleton - Endoskeleton
Forebrain Hypothalamus
- Important in the maintenance of homeostasis. Produces hormones that target the pituitary gland - important for endocrine system, hunger, thirst, temperature
Dioecious species
- Individuals either male or female
Vertebrate Eye
- Light stimulates photoreceptors in the retina
Specific immunity
- Lymphocytes ( T-cells and B-cells) respond to specific foreign material (antigens - specific induce immunce response) with antibodies.
Homeostasis
- Maintenance of an internal steady state by means of self-regulation. Keeps the internal environment of the body constant.
In tissues - O2 used in cell respiration
- O2 diffuses into tissues - plasma level drops and hemoglobin unloads
Subclass Prototheria
- Order Monotremata - lay amniotic eggs - ancestral condition, (platypus, echidna)
Endocuticle
- Secreted after molting - forms tough durable shell
Exoskeleton
- The cuticle of Arthropods is greatly modified - more durable, specialized for molting
Patterns of cleavage
- The differences in the amount and distribution of yolk will affect how cleavage proceeds.
Antibodies
- Y shaped molecules that bind to specific antigens
Glomerulus
- a ball of capillaries, small blood vessels
Loop of Henle
- a long, thin section of the tube takes the filtrate into the medulla and then back into the cortex.
Fovea centralis
- a pit in the center of retina - contains only cones and is the region of sharpest vision.
Immunity
- ability to resist invading organisms and the process by which an organism defends itself
Secretin
- acid chyme in duodenum ->
Aquatic waste is
- ammonia , dissipates quickly in water
Hindbrain Pons
- an area connecting the two sides of the cerebellum - above medulla
5, Daily torpor
- animals cool down at night
Plasma cells
-release antibodies into the blood.
Q10
-the multiple by which a reaction will increase with a 10C increase in temperature.
Members of what cnidarian class are solitary or colonial marine polyps that lack a medusa stage?
Anthozoa
1. Fast block
. - time frame of seconds - a change in the electrical potential of the plasma membrane prevents any other sperm from fusing with it.
More efficient jaws
. Temporal openings on skull provide attachment sites for powerful jaw muscles
Swim bladder for respiration
., when on land.
A beef tapeworm has a scolex that is characterized by
0 hooks and 4 suckers.
Monoestrus mammals have _________ estrus per breeding season
1
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction:
1. Need two parents - must expend energy to find, identify (court), and copulate with mate. 2. Genetic recombination is counter productive if conditions are stable. 3. Only half the individuals are producing offspring. Males use resources and contribute little energy to producing new members of the population. 4. Less efficient at passing on genes - offspring are only half your genes - a clone is 100% your offspring
Water is gained by:
1. drinking, eating, 2. metabolic water -O2 accepts the electron at the ETS and binds to H's.
Characteristics of Animal Bodies
1. Symmetry 2. Cephalization 3. Anatomy of Bilateral animals 4. Patterns of Development 5. Protostomes Ecdysozoan vs Lophotrochozoa 6. Body Cavity 7. Segementation 8. Digestive Tract 9. Circulatory System 10. Respiration 11. Organs for excretion 12. Support System
how many Thoracic Vertebrae are there
12. ribs
The class Caudofoveata contains about ________ species
120
The soft-bodied Symphyla consists of _______ segments
14
Scorpions make up approximately ______ species and are distributed worldwide
1400
How many species are there in annelida?
15,000 Species
Crayfishes and their counterparts possess ____ different but serially _____ appendage types
17: homologous
Vertebrate integument
2 basic layers. Epidermis, Dermis
How many layers of cells does the Phylum Placozoa have?
2 cell layers
Fishes
2 chambered heart heart - gills - body - heart
diapsid skull
2 temporal openings, all amniotes except mammals
How many segments can be found in the body of Nereis?
200
Class Asteroidea Sucker at end of tube foot can exert
25-30 grams of force, allow sea star to live in very turbulent areas.
Amphibians, Reptiles
3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle), double circulation heart - lung - heart - body - heart Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit
spinal nerves?
31 spinal nerves come off the spine - one per vertebrae
Ruminants use a _______ chambered stomach to ferment vegetation and digest cellulose
4
how many Caudal vertebrae are there
4 coccyx
Amniotic egg contains
4 membranes:
The life cycle of a typical cnidarian includes both a medusa and polyp stage, However, members of class ___________________ lack a medusa stage due to likely separating from an ancestor before the medusa evolved
Anthozoans
Phylogenetic Species Concept
A basal grouping of organisms diagnosibly distinct from other such groupings with a shared pattern of ancestry. How organisms relate to each other and shared characteristics
Which of the following species of Ascaris is a human parasite?
A. lumbricoides
Sodium potassium pump:
Active transport (ATP) is used to move Na+ out of cell and K+ inside.
______ are comprised of bone and are shed after the breeding season
Antlers
Derived traits
Apomorphies - changed through evolution
Cnidaria: Are they normally aquatic or freshwater?
Aquatic
Amniotes with skulls that have no openings in the temporal area (behind the opening for the eye) are known as
Anapsid
What type of skull has a temporal region with no fenestrae and that is completely roofed by dermal bones?
Anapsid
truly segmented phyla include which of the following?
Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata
Select all of the following that are found in the group Lophotrochozoa
Annelids Molluscs
earthworm locomotion in order, beginning with the anterior end of the earthworm at the top
Anterior circular muscles contract, body lengthens and pushes forward; sea anchor, longitudinal muscles in anterior contract, posterior part of body is pulled forward.
Trematoda: Suckers or hooks?
Anterior suckers.
Salamander reproduction:
Aquatic: release egg and sperm into water. larval stage with gills - indirect development, Terrestrial: spermatophore passed from male to female. Young hatch out as miniature adults (no larval aquatic phase) - direct development
Who created the Typological Species Concept?
Aristotle and Linneaus
Crinoidea
Arms with open grooves for planktonic and suspension feeding
Capillaries are the blood vessels that connect ________________ to ________________
Arteries, veins
Arthropodization (tagmosis) may have happened a few times in evolutionary history -
Arthropoda may be polyphyletic
Cell Fates
As cells divide and the number of cells in the body increase, the cells are induced to use different genes. During this process, called differentiation, the cells turn into one of the mature cell types.
Lymphocytes:
As lymphocytes (macrophages and B cells) attack an antigen - they incorporate foreign proteins (antigens) in their cell membrane. Helper T cells respond to antigens by stimulating the immune response
What are the three basic body plans?
Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid
The members of what taxon have a flattened body composed of a central disc connected to tapering rays and is covered by a ciliated, often brightly colored epidermis?
Asteroidea
Where does the mouth open in trematodes and monogeneans?
At or near the anterior end.
When does a clitellum develop on an earthworm?
At sexual maturation
As it develops, a bipinnaria will grow three adhesive arms and a sucker at its anterior end
At this point, the sea star larva is called a ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_________ and it attaches to a substratum, where it undergoes metamorphosis. brachiolaria
polychaetes specialized reproductive segments posteriorly
Atoke - anterior section, Epitoke - posterior reproduction section
How do sea stars exchange gases with the outside and excrete their wastes?
Both gases and wastes can leave the body by diffusion through papulae and tube feet.
Species
Basic unit of taxonomy
Select all of the following that are wingless insects
Bedbugs Lice Fleas
Examples of Plesimorphies
Being multicellular, mitochondria
What kind of symmetry
Bilateral symmetry - well developed nervous system in some
What kind of symmetry does Ctenophora have?
Biradial symmetry, paired tentacles.
Select the organisms that undergo meroblastic cleavage
Birds Monotreme mammals Cephalopod molluscs
What is a separate monophyletic group within the reptiles (as defined by modern cladistics)?
Birds and crocodilian
Which of the following comparisons between birds and other vertebrates is NOT correct?
Birds have a lower jaw made of a single bone, while that of mammals is made of 5 or 6 bones.
Mollusks called ______ are mostly sedentary filter feeders and have two shells, no head, and no radula
Bivalves
Select all of the following spiders that render harmful and sometimes fatal bites
Black widow, Brown recluse
A silverfish whose juveniles and adults look the same undergo __________ metamorphosis/development, while a butterfly whose juveniles and adults look completely different undergo __________ metamorphosis
Blank 1: direct, ametabolous, incomplete, or hemimetabolous Blank 2: complete or holometabolous
Right atrium
Blood enters the heart from the systemic circuit
Right ventricle
Blood enters the pulmonary circuit
Systemic Circuit
Blood flows through smaller vessels to capillary beds were O2 is released and CO2 is absorbed, Blood flows into larger vessels (venules and veins) and flows in the vena cave back to the heart (right atrium)
Left ventricle
Blood leaves the heart to the systemic circuit
Left atrium
Blood returns from the pulmonary circuit
Circulatory system
Blood travels throughout body delivering oxygen and nutrients, collecting nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide
Coelom
Body cavity (usually filled with water)
What do oligochaetes use for osmoregulation?
Body surface, Nephridia, Gut, Dorsal pores
What are 3 main parts to a neuron?
Body, Dendrites, axon
Diffusion of CO2 into plasma changes the pH resulting in hemoglobin dumping more O2 - called the
Bohr effect
Mineralization
Bones
Cestoda: Suckers or hooks?
Both
In the liver fluke Clonorchis, miracidia pass out in feces
Both ______ and _______ stages develop if ingested by water snails, and free-swimming cercariae emerge. sporocyst and redia
_______________ houses the glomerulus and is where filtration occurs
Bowman's capsule
What are the three types of asexual reproduction?
Budding, Fragmentation/Regeneration, Gemmules
The asexual reproductive process involving tissue on the side of a polyp developing into another functioning polyp is known as ________________; if the new polyp stays attached to the parent polyp, a(n) _____________ is formed
Budding, colony
Budding
Buds can break off and form their own sponge
Select all features that are characteristic of the Echiurans
Burrow in mud, Vary in length, Cylindrical body shape
How did Aristotle classify organisms?
By splitting up physical characteristics
Nemertea: Complete or incomplete digestive system:
Complete
Oligochaeta, what kind of digestive system and the parts?
Complete digestive system: mouth - pharynx - esophagus - crop - gizzard - intestine - rectum - anus
Phylum Echinodermata digestive tract?
Complete digestive tract with anus on aboral surface ( away from mouth)
Ctenophora: Complete or incomplete digestive system?
Complete digestive tract, but little linear specialization.
Complete or incomplete digestion?
Complete digestive tract, specialized organs for digestion
Ectoderm
Composes the outercovering of bodies, also the nervous system and skin
The nervous system of a planarian (a turbellarian) consists of which of the following?
Connecting nerves, Longitudinal nerve cords, Mass of ganglion cells
epidermal nerve plexus
Connects the other components of the nervous system to the body wall and related structures
Which of the following are common sources of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
Contaminated soil, Raw vegetables, Contaminated water
Sea stars can use their tube feet for locomotion by applying pressure to the liquid in the tube feet using various sets of muscles, Which of the following statements accurately describe those processes? Select all that apply
Contraction of longitudinal muscles in the tube foot retracts the podium. Contraction of muscles on one side of the tube foot causes the tube foot to bend toward that side. Contraction of muscles in the ampulla forces liquid into the podium of the tube foot, extending it.
Class Anthazoa
Corals, Sea Anemones, Sea Whips - no medusa stage, GVC partitioned by septa, Stony corals
The process of increasing the osmotic concentration of urine by opposite moving fluids within the loop of Henle is
Countercurrent multiplication
Operculum
Covers over the end of cnidae within cnidocytes
Choanocytes Function
Create a water current
Respiration in most gastropods is performed by a ________
Ctenidium
The majority of what group of organisms is bioluminescent?
Ctenophores
Fragmentation/Regeneration
Cut off a piece and regenerate
Respiration:
Cutaneous - most salamanders get at least some of their oxygen across skin. Skin must be kept moist,. Gills - larval forms often have feathery gills off of the neck. They are lost in species that metamorphose into terr. adults. Lungs - seen in many terrestrial forms. But not in Plethodontids - no gills or lungs
Nematodes are characterized as having a flexible, nonliving_____________________ , the presence of longitudinal _____________along their body wall, and no motile cilia or flagella
Cuticle, muscles
Bivalves are laterally compressed, with the two shells hinged at the _________margin
Dorsal
Phylum Echinodermata Larvae state?
Development includes a free-swimming bilateral larvae
Which features of leech reproduction are similar to oligochaete reproduction? Select all that apply
Developmental patterns, Cocoon secreted by clitellum, Hermaphroditism
Transition to land started in the
Devonian.
In terms of gastropod coiled shell formation, shells are classified as ________(right handed) or __________ (left handed)
Dextral, sinistral
Intracellular digestion
Digested in the cell
Cnidaria: What is the tissue level?
Diploblastic
Conduction
Direct contact to a cooler surface
An organism that displays ________ development has telolecithal eggs while an organism that displays ___________ development has mesolecithal eggs
Direct, indirect
In sea anemones, the mouth is in the center of a flat, oral _______, and the gastrovascular cavity is divided into radial chambers by pairs of primary _______
Disc, septa
Who created the Biological Species Concept?
Dobzhansky and Mayr
Kidney process
Each nephron begins with an expanded chamber, the Bowman's capsule, containing a ball of intertwined capillaries, the glomerulus (glo-mer′yoo-lus), which together form the renal corpuscle. Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces an almost protein-free filtrate into a Bowman's capsule and along a renal tubule, consisting of several segments that perform the functions of reabsorption and secretion in the process of urine formation. The filtrate passes first into a proximal convoluted tubule, then into a long, thin-walled loop of Henle, which may extend deep into the inner portion of the kidney (the medulla) before returning to the outer portion (the cortex) where it becomes a distal convoluted tubule. From the distal tubule the fluid empties into a collecting duct, which drains into the renal pelvis. Here the urine collects before being carried by the ureter to the urinary bladder.
Oligochaeteta
Earthworms
Heterotrophic
Eat other things to get energy
Members of what phylum are characterized by having a spiny calcareous endoskeleton, pentaradial symmetry, and a water-vascular system?
Echinodermata
Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies are all members of what phylum?
Echinodermata
The class Sedentaria includes which of the following?
Echiura, Clitellata
types of annelids that are contained in Class Sedentaria
Echiurids, Clitellates, Polychaetes, Oligochaetes
During gastrulation the three germ layers are generated
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
Subphylum Vertebrata Members of vertebrata are characterized by being chordates with:
Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone, includes vertebrae in axial skeleton, Well-developed nervous system with cephalization - brain, Paired limbs (appendages) - first used for stabilization in water, later support on land - pelvic and pectoral girdles. Well-developed respiratory system - pharyngeal gill arches become infused with capillary beds - as water filtered, oxygen is added to blood
Resting potential:
Enzymes in the membrane of a neuron create a difference in the ion concentration inside and outside of the cell, negative or positive ion concentration
Cuticle contains two layers
Epicuticle - outermost layer, Procuticle - inner most - contains chitin (nitrogenous polysaccharide), proteins, and calcium salts - increase rigidity, made of two layers. Cuticle secreted by the epidermis, cuticle secreted by the epidermis, nonliving layer, acellular
The cuticle consists of an outermost layer called a(n)______________ and several layers of _______________, which is composed of an exocuticle, an endocuticle, a principle layer, and a membranous layer
Epicuticle, procuticle
What are the types of tissue the skin has?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerves
What are the four types of tissue?
Epithelium, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
2. Blood cells
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes
Cells of follicle produce
Estrogen
What are some of the major threats to freshwater environments?
Evaporation, Depletion of oxygen
_______ feeding is characteristic of parasites, but is seen in free living animals as well
Fluid
Interstitial fluid
Fluid filled area between cells-the fluid is very similar to blood plasma
Hydroskeleton
Fluid filled chamber
Blood Plasma
Fluid portion of blood
Osmoregulation and excretion can be combined when these things are released together from the body,
Fluid, Waste
Pituitary gland of brain produces:
Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Extracellular digestion
Food that is being ingested, travel digestive tract and undergo digeston, broken down before absorbed. digestive tract stillout side of the body.
How is the foot modified in cephalopoda
Foot is modified for directing water as it is forced out of the mantle cavity and is fringed with tentacles (jet propulstion)
The longitudinal muscles of nematodes are arranged in _____________bands, separated by ______________ hypodermal cords, Each muscle cell has a contractile ____________portion and a noncontractile _____________portion
Four, four, fibrillar, sarcoplasmic
characteristics that can be found in members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes
Free-living forms, Ribbon-like body, Parasitic forms, Leaf-like body, Length varies
Lophotrocozoan Protostomes
From 1 mm to more than a meter. Blastopore in blastula forms the mouth.
Freshwater clams exhibit internal fertilization while most bivalves exhibit external fertilization discharging _________ via excurrent flow
Gametes
Cnidaria: What layer comes from the endoderm?
Gastrodermis
Snails, slugs, and limpets are examples of molluscs in the class ____________
Gastropoda
With over 70,000 living species, the Class ____________ is the largest class of molluscs
Gastropoda
Select all of the functions of the water vascular system in sea stars
Gathering food, Respiration, Excretion, Locomotion
Genus
Genus name is shared among closely related species
Select all of the characteristics of elasmobranchs called rays
Gill openings on underside of head, Large spiracles behind eyes, Prey on molluscs, crustaceans, and small fish
The mollusc ctenidia is also known as ______
Gills
What "excretory organ" is involved in excreting nitrogenous waste, mainly ammonia, from the body of crustaceans?
Gills
What structures in bivalves have cilia that direct water to flow over the gills?
Gills
Gametes leave the polychaete body through which of the following?
Gonoducts, The body wall, Metanephridia.
Lungs - internal - gas is pumped in and out
Good for terrestrial environments when O2 demands are high. Positive pressure in frogs
Echinoderms can be found living under what conditions?
Great ocean depths, Intertidal zones
Molting, the process of making a larger cuticle, affects which of the following processes?
Growth, Reproduction, Behavior
respiratory pigments that are utilized by polychaetes
Hemoglobin, Chlorocruorin, Hemerythrin
Many gastropods that are ______ use their rasping tongue to scape algae from hard surfaces
Herbivores
Broad classifications:
Herbivores ( only plants) , Carnivores ( only other animals) , Omnivores ( plants and animals), Saprophagous ( decayed organic material, carcasses in soil)
Six-rayed siliceous spicules are characteristic of the class
Hexactinellida
Nematoda pressure
High coelomic pressure
Echinoderms that have an elongated, cylindrical body with reduced ossicles and a leathery body wall are members of what class?
Holothuroidea
Select all of the parasitic nematodes that are common in humans in North America
Hookworm, Trichina worm, Pinworm
Select all of the following that are members of the subphylum Chelicerata
Horseshoe crabs, Ticks, Sea Spiders
Initially, the rachis and the barbs of a developing contour feather are soft
How are they transformed into hard structures?. By keratin deposition
Consider the quadrate bone in the skulls of reptiles
How is that bone modified in the kinetic skulls of snakes and lizards?. It has a joint at its dorsal end, instead of being fused to the skull as in other reptiles.
Comparing _______ genes provides evidence that pycnogonids belong to subphylum ________, rather than being considered the sister taxon to all other arthropods
Hox:Chelicerata
Class Hydrozoa
Hydra (freshwater, solitary), Typically marine and colonial
In hydrozoans, what feature lends support to the body and allows longitudinal extension of the body and tentacles?
Hydrostatic skeleton
What are the three types of support systems?
Hydrostatic skeleton, Exoskeleton, Endoskeleton
In hydrozoans, support and longitudinal extension of the body are achieved through the _____________ skeleton, created when the beating of cilia on the nutritive-muscular cells brings water into the ______________ cavity
Hydrostatic, gastrovascular
The cuticle of nematodes functions to contain the high ____________ pressure exerted by fluid in the ________________, and as protection against hostile environmental conditions
Hydrostatic, pseudocoel
What cnidarian class is characterized by an asexual polyp stage with a sexual medusa stage, and often occurs in marine habitats and in a colonial form?
Hydrozoa
In hydras, the mouth is located on a conical protuberance called the _______
Hypostome
What animals fall under Phylum Cnidaria?
Hyrda, Corals, Sea Anemones
Are Animals in a taxonomic groups more closely related to each other or to species in other groups
In taxonomic groups
A bat contracts white nose syndrome, expressing symptoms such as white fungal growth on the nose and abnormal behavior
In terms of its relationship with the pathogen, the bat was ________. susceptible
Tissue -organ grade
Organism consists of organs - aggregates of more than one type of tissue, they perform one (i.e., a common) function.
Cnidaria: Complete or incomplete digestive system?
Incomplete
Platyhelminthes: Complete or incomplete digestive tract?
Incomplete
Trematoda: Complete or incomplete digestive tract?
Incomplete
What are the two types of digestive tract?
Incomplete and complete
What digestive tract does cnidaria have?
Incomplete, it is not efficient
Trace the flow of water through a syconoid sponge, starting at the top of the list with the incurrent canals
Incurrent canals, Radial canals, apopyles, spongocoel, osculum
Which of the following statements best describes why Ascaris infection rates are higher in some areas than others?
Infection rates are higher in areas where contaminated soil and water is contaminated by improper disposal of human fecal material.
Subclass Theria -
Infraclass: Metatheria, Infraclass Eutheria
What is the function of the proboscis of a leech?
Ingest small invertebrates, Take blood from cold-blooded vertebrates
Stages of food processing:
Ingestion (swallowing), digestion (break down), absorption (nutrients diffuse into the blood stream), egestion (products not absorbed, expelled out the anus)
Syconoid description
Inner choanoderm is folded into canals that lead to a spongocoel with a single osculum
Hormones from pancreas regulate blood sugar:
Insulin allows tissues (liver) to stor most of the glucose as glycogen, Glucagon stimulates release of glucose from glycogen
Biological Species Concept
Interbreeding population of individuals that have a common descent - If they can breed together, they are the same species.
Gemmules
Internal buds, archaeocytes, aggregate and are surrounded by a spongin coat. Survive harsh conditions. Adults die in autumn, releash gemmule (little sacs) when conditions are better they can grow
The exploration of land by aquatic species was aided by the presence of these structures connected to the pharynx
Internal nares, An air-filled cavity
__________ digestion occurs when food particles are enclosed within a food vacuole by phagocytosis
Intracellular
Mesoderm
Is found between the ectoderm and endoderm, makes bone and muscle
What is the assumption of the typological species concept?
It is under the assumption that species aren't changing all the time
Select all of the following that are true of the madreporite of sea stars
It leads to the water vascular system. It is circular in shape. It is found on the body's exterior.
Select all of the following that describe the water vascular system
It often plays an important role in locomotion. It is only found in echinoderms. It includes the tube feet. It opens to the outside through pores in the madreporite.
The arthropod exoskeleton confers which of the following selective advantages?
It provides protection.,It provides a point of attachment for muscles.,It permits moveable joints.
Where is the mouth and pharynx?
Mouth on underside, extend out of the pharynx
Class Asteroidea Digestive system
Mouth(facing the ground) - esophagus - cardiac stomach (can invert outside of the body) - pyloric stomach - intestine - anus (aboral side)
____________ is secreted from the goblet cells of the stomach's tubular gland
Mucus
What does the parchment worm use to obtain food?
Mucus net
Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Eukaryotes
Example of Cellular grade
Multicellular: Phylum Porifera
What is the arrector pili muscle made of (make hair stand up)?
Muscle tissue
In nematodes, a ___________arm extends from each cell body to the _________ or ____________ nerve
Muscle, ventral, dorsal
A small song-bird has a keeled sternum and is a very good flier, This bird belongs to the
Neognathae
Planarian
Nephridiopore
Cnidaria: What type of nervous system do they have?
Nerve net, no cephalization
White blood cells will phagocytize invading bacteria
Neutrophils , Macrophages , Eosinophils ( allergy, break intracellular parasites) , NK cells( natural killer cells, lumphocytes killing viruses)
describe the life cycle of a typical colonial hydrozoan
New feeding polyps are produced through the process of budding, The zygote develops into a free-swimming planula larva.
Where are the new segments added?
New segments are added in front of the pygidium during growth
Acoelomate
No coelom ( no body cavity) all mesodermal tissue
Larval stage
No free-living larval stage.
What is asexual reproduction?
No gamete mixing
Nemertea: Simple circulatory system?
No heart, deliver nutrients and oxygen and get rid of waste products. Blood vessels of the worm.
Smooth muscle (also called non-striated or involuntary muscle)
No striations, uninucleate, Encircle blood vessels, the intestine and other ducts. Vessels and ducts regulate fluid flow.
Does cnidaria colonies have separate Gastrovascular cavities?
No they have a common gastrovascular cavity.
The signal jumps along gaps between Schwann cells,
Nodes of Ranvier.
The dorsal lobe of the parapodium in errant polychaetes is called the ________________, while the ventral lobe is called the ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬____________________
Notopodium, neuropodium
Eukaryote
Nuclear membrane, mitochondria
Smart octopuses
Octopuses are very smart, can learn quickly through positive and negative reinforcement, observational learning
What group of annelids lack parapodia?
Oligochaeta
Prosobranchs have ____ pair(s) of tentacles, and generally separate sexes
One
how many set of gills
One set of gills - use mantle to force water flow
How many temporal openings does a mammal have?
One, synapsid
What kind of circulatory system do they have?
Open circulatory system (blood sometimes opens into vessels but opening into sinuses. Not efficient. does not allow a high metabolism. Good for mollusca because they do not need a closed circulatory system)
Osculum
Opening where water exits, strong enough to push far so the water doesn't get sucked back in
Harvestmen belong to Order
Opiliones
____________ show partial or complete detorsion resulting in the anus and gill being displaced to the right side or rear of the body
Opisthobranchs
Midbrain
Optic lobes in lower verts- process optical, auditory information.
In a polyp, which side is the oral and aboral?
Oral is on the top near the tentacles, and aboral on the bottom near the substrate.
Subclass Diapsida: have two temporal openings in the side of skull
Order Testudines, Order Squamata, Order Sphenodonta, Order Crocodilia
As the vibrations travel in the cochlea, hairs of the
Organ of Corti are stimulated sending an impulse to the brain
What is considered to be the most species-rich and diverse phylum in the animal kingdom?
Phylum Arthropoda
Example of Cell-tissue grade
Phylum Cnidaria: Hydra, jellyfish, sea anenome
Example of Tissue -organ grade
Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms
The________________ condition is the more ancestral method of expelling air from the swim bladder
Physostomous
__________ insects feed on the fluids and/or tissues of plants
Phytophagous
Select all of the nutritional strategies common in insects
Phytophagy, Saprophagy
Some snakes can detect the heat emitted by a warm-bodied prey animal even in complete darkness a nd aim a highly effective strike at their prey, What structure allows them to do that?
Pit organs
What annelid groupings are now believed to be paraphyletic?
Polychaetes, Oligochaetes
Within certain cnidarian colonies, a polyp may be able to reproduce asexually to form new individuals with different morphologies, Such colonies are _______
Polymorphic
Unlike the medusa form, a typical cnidarian ___________________ has a body that is tubular in shape with a mouth surrounded by tentacles and a pedal disc or similar structure at the aboral end
Polyp
Cnidarians are dimorphic; the larval or __________________ is sessile and attached to the substrate with tentacles extended into the water column, and the adult or _______________ form is umbrella-shaped and adapted for a floating, free-swimming lifestyle
Polyp, medusa
Characteristics of the Phylum Porifera
Pore bearing, siphon water, sessile
_____ are tubular cells that form pores, while ______ are ameboid cells in the mesohyl with various functions
Porocytes; archaeocytes
Outgroup
Possess all of the ancestrial traits that the other species have. Does not have derived traits
________, _________ and ________ are some of the ions that are reabsorbed by ion pumps during tubular reabsorption
Potassium, Phosphate, Sodium
Select all features are found in the class Chondrichthyes
Predaceous habits, Well-developed sense organs, Powerful jaws
Health implications of the immune response
Pregnancy - baby = invader Rh factor - crosses placenta , Organ donation , AIDS - attack T-helper cells
Phylum Chordata Membership based on 5 main characteristics:
Presence of a notochord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and endostyle. all chordata larvae will have all 5.
Path of ovum
Produced in follicles (tissue surrounding the developing egg) in ovary, the release is called ovulation. Egg enters oviduct - a shell may be formed around the egg (zygote) (birds, reptiles). Zygote enters uterus.
______ horns are similar to true horns except the keratinized portion is forked and shed annually
Pronghorn
The sperm _________ fuses with the egg ________ to form a zygote
Pronucleus, pronucleus
The ______ contain most of the marine snails and some freshwater and terrestrial gastropods
Prosobranchs
The subclass ________ includes most terrestrial and freshwater snails and slugs
Pulmonata
Gastropods called ______ usually lack gills, but a vascularized mantle wall has become a lung
Pulmonates
What can archaeocytes turn into
Scleroctyes
Members of what cnidarian class have the following characteristics: a medusa stage ranging from 2 cm to 2 m in diameter, a bell that lacks a velum and can vary from a shallow saucer shape to a deep helmet or goblet shape, and sense organs called rhopalia?
Scyphozoa
What cnidarian often enters into mutualistic relationships with other organisms including dinoflagellates, hermit crabs, and damselfishes?
Sea anemones
Pedal Laceration
Sea anemones crawl across the ocean floor leaving pieces of cells that will grow into new cnidaria.
Select all of the following that are members of phylum Echinodermata
Sea cucumbers, Sea lilies, Sea urchins, Brittle stars
Polychaete tube-dwellers can construct their tubes from which of the following?
Seaweed, Sand, Mucus
Depolarization:
Sodium channels in membrane open - sodium diffuses in, K+ now diffuses out because of the reversed polarity. The sodium-potassium pumps kicks ion, restores resting potential. one way and all or none.
Lophocyte Function
Secretes large quantities of collagen
Sclerocyte Function
Secretes spicules
characteristics of an asconoid sponge
Simple choanocyte layer lining the spongoecoel, Slender individuals attached to a common stolon, Small and tube-shaped
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
What are Phylum Placozoa characteristics?
Small 2-3mm Body arranged in 2 cell layers Reproduce both asexually and sexually May be related to the diploblastic (containing 2 primary tissue types)
Sea stars can easily move up vertical surfaces, How do they generate the necessary suction force in their tube feet?
Small muscles lift the middle of the foot's disk-like end, which produces a suction force when the foot is applied to a hard surface.
Select the senses used by hagfishes to find food
Smell, Touch
Axon
The electrical impulse travels down the axon to synaptic terminals where the signal is passed to the next neuron.
ATP is used to separate the head of the myosin the actin molecule
The energized myosin reattaches and pulls on the actin (sliding the two filaments by each other)
What organ system of echinoderms plays a role in distributing digested nutrients throughout the body and includes the axial complex for pressure-filtering blood vascular fluids?
The hemal system
What is stereom in echinoderms?
The meshwork of spaces found in echinoderm ossicles that usually contains fibers and dermal cells.
Law of Priority
The person that discovered it first should be able to keep their name there
Terrestrial insects keep at least ____ of their six legs on the ground at all times for stability
Three
How is the person who discovered the species listed?
The person who gave that name is listed after the scientific name. If the name is in brackets it means the name has changed due to evidence of changing taxonomy, if there is not brackets it means it is in the right genus and species.
dimorphic nature of cnidarians
The polyp stage is sessile, while the medusa stage is free-swimming/floating
Select all features that characterize Branchiurans
The possess compound eyes. They are fish ectoparasites. They possess modified maxillae for sucking.
Radiate animals have which of the following characteristics?
The process of gastrulation during development, Two embryonic cell layers (endoderm and ectoderm), Presence of a gut cavity
Sometimes when tissue has been damaged and the inflammatory process has been more severe, localized areas of pus can appear
The pus in these areas is made of _______. spent leukocytes and tissue fluid
Signal transmission:
The signal travels along the neuron as an electrical impulse (action potential) and between cells as a chemical signal (neurotransmitter)
How is the metabolic rate of a bird related to its size? Metabolic rate is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed per gram of weight in a resting animal
The smaller the bird, the higher its metabolic rate.
Select all of the following that are true of the digestive system of sea stars
The stomach can be everted through the mouth to facilitate prey capture. The stomach is comprised of two parts.
What feature of the jaws in snakes allows them even greater flexibility when swallowing large prey?
The two parts of the lower jaw are only joined by muscle and skin.
What describes the flow of blood in the ventricle of reptiles (except crocodilians)?
The ventricle is incompletely partitioned, but flow patterns limit the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
In hydroid colonies, polyps may be _________, indicating that the perisarc creates a protective cup around the polyp and functions in protection, or ___________ when there is no such protective cup
Thecate, athecate
describe feeding in hydras
Their diet often consists of small crustaceans, insect larvae, and annelid worms. The mouth opens into the gastrovascular cavity.Nematocysts found in the tentacles are used to subdue prey.
characteristics of the turbellarians?
Their gut can be simple, branched, or absent. They can be up to 50 cm long. Most are free-living.
What can be said of lamprey larvae?
They are called ammocoete larvae. They are suspension feeders.
Which of the following are true of reproduction in sea stars?
They are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Gonads occur in pairs in each interradial space. Most species have separate sexes.
Select all of the following that describe members of Order Acari
They are free-living scavengers. They are ectoparasitic. They are vectors for disease.
true about leeches
They are hermaphrodites. They are cross-fertilizers.
What are typical characteristics of flatworm sexual reproduction?
They are monoecious individuals, Eggs are fertilized by a different individual (cross-fertilization).
describe errant polychaetes
They are motile, They may have bright coloration, They are marine.
How do flatworms increase their offspring production?
They fertilize another worm's eggs while allowing that worm to fertilize their eggs.
Until recently, the Homoscleromorphs were placed within the Class Demospongiae. What characteristic listed below required scientists to place them in their own class?
They have a true basement membrane
features that sponges share with other animals
They have same cell-signaling proteins as other animals They have a blastula stage during development.
How do modern turtles grip their food?
They have tough keratinized plates on their jaws.
Select all of the following that describe deuterostomes
They include vertebrates The blastopore becomes the anus
describe oligochaetes
They lack parapodia, Most are terrestrial or freshwater, Some are parasitic.
describe choanocytes
They maintain a current of water through the canals of the sponge They are flagellated collar cells They can trap and phagocytize food particles
In a vaned feather, how are the barbules of two adjacent barbs oriented?
They overlap in a herringbone pattern.
Select all of the following that are characteristics of the phylum Nematoda
They parasitize plants and animals. They live in topsoil. They inhabit saltwater and freshwater.
Select all of the characteristics of members of phylum Echinodermata
They possess a calcareous endoskeleton composed of plates or ossicles. They exhibit pentaradial symmetry. They possess a water-vascular system. They exhibit external spines and pedicellariae.
Choose all features of Paleognathae
They possess a flat sternum. They have poorly developed pectoral muscles. They are flightless birds.
Select all true statements about scorpion feeding
They seize prey with their pedipalps., They are nocturnal feeders.
Select all of the characteristics of hookworms
They suck more blood than they need for food which may cause anemia in the host. Mouth plates are used to cut into the intestines of the host. Heavy infections in children may retard mental and physical development.
characteristics of sea anemones
They use pedal discs to attach to submerged objects. A structure called a siphonoglyph draws water into the animal through the movement of cilia. They are relatively large polyps, especially compared to those of hydrozoans.
The earthworm has a pump, arterial distribution and venous return
This system also has a system of___________________ that interface with body cells. Capillaries
True or false: Direction of gastropod shell coiling is genetically controlled and dextral shells are far more common
True. Dexal is right side.
Triploblastic
True: Endoderm, Mesoderm (muscle) and Ectoderm
Asteroidea
Tube feet with suckers; many are star-shaped; 5 arms broadly connected to central disc
What modern group of nonavian reptiles lacks teeth?
Turtles
Opisthobranchs usually have _______ pair(s) of tentacles with the one pair often further modified for chemoreception
Two
Cestode
Two canals join to form excretory bladder that opens by a terminal pore.
Monogenean
Two lateral excretory pores open laterally
Order Sphenodonta - Tuatara
Two species in New Zealand - ancient morphology similar to that of many Mesozoic diapsids, Parietal eye - third eye under top of skull with cornea, lens and retina
What are the two concepts of Typological Species Concept?
Type Locality and Type Specimen
In bivalves the shell grows in concentric circles around the _________
Umbo
What is the assumption of the biological species concept?
Under the assumption of only reproducing sexually and not asexually
Examples of Protoplasmic grade
Unicellular : Kingdom Protista paramecium
Types of asexual reproduction:
Unicellular: Fission - mitosis; Multicellular organisms: mitosis, Budding (outgrowth), Gemmulation (survive harsh conditions) , Fragmentation/ regeneration (cutaway and grow new organisms) , Parthenogenesis (reproduce unisexually from unfertilized eggs)
Where does a cestode latch on to the host?
Upper intestine.
Urine is carried by the ________ to the bladder
Ureter
Chemoreception (taste, olfaction)
Used to detect food, mates, territories, etc.
Autotrophic
Uses energy from sunlight to make food. Fixation carbonation
Scallops swim with a jerky motion that creates jet propulsion by clapping their ______ together
Valves
A dense amount of yolk concentrated in the _________ pole describes telolecithal eggs
Vegetal
Which of the following is found in the circulatory system of the earthworm?
Ventral vessels delivering blood posteriorly, Dorsal vessels delivering blood anteriorly
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from arteries to
Ventricles
Trematoda: Definitive host is?
Vertebrate
Which of the following structures are termed homologous because they all developed from a common biramous appendage?
Walking legs Chelipeds Swimmerets
The components of plasma are dissolved proteins, dissolved gases and
Water
The largest component (by volume) of the blood plasma is _______
Water
Select the problems faced by a hyperosmotic regulator
Water tends to flow into the body. Solutes tend to diffuse out of the body.
Select the problems faced by a hypoosmotic regulator
Water tends to flow out of the body. Salts tend to diffuse into the body.
Do echinoids have tube feet, and if so, where are they located?
Yes, tube feet extend through pores in the five rows of ambulacral plates.
what makes the patterning
actin and myosin
Much of the reabsorption of valuable nutrients in the proximal convoluted tubule occurs by ___________
active transport
When a section of the membrane depolarizes, it stimulates depolarization in
adjacent sections - the signal (action potential) travels toward axon - until axon terminal
The juxatglomerular apparatus, that secretes renin, is located at the junction of the glomerulus and the __________
afferent arteriole
A scorpion mother carries her young on her back until
after their first molt.
Insects use hairs and
air chambers to detect sounds
Water is a much more stable in its physical characteristics than
air.
3, urine production
always lose some water
The ____________are a pair of sensory organs that open on each side of a nematode's head
amphids
Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics)
an approach to systematics that uses derived traits to produce phylogenies (evolutionary histories) of group
Anaphylaxis is best defined as
an immediate hypersensitivity that becomes widespread in the body.
Colon (large intestine)
and rectum remove water before defecation through the anus.
The sperm penetrates the vitelline membrane
and the sperm membrane fuses with the plasma membrane
Presence of _______ and __________ are important taxonomic characters
antenna, mandible
Antennal glands are excretory organs that open at the base of the ______ and maxillary glands are excretory organs that open at the base of the second _______
antennae: maxillae
Maxillary glands or _______________ glands consist of a pair of tubular excretory structures located in the ventral portion of a crustacean head anterior to the esophagus
antennal
The excretory organs or _________________ glands function to regulate osmotic balance in freshwater crustaceans by forming a dilute, low salt urine to counter the active intake of water
antennal
Nervous systems planaria
anterior ganglia, nerve trunks
Spherical Symmetry
any plane passing through the center of the body produces two identical halves - Protists
Gills - useful in
aquatic environment - counter current orientation allows for efficient transfer of oxygen
Sponge cells that can phagocytize food particles and differentiate into other cell types like spongocytes are called
archaeocytes
The ancestral form of the vertebrate kidney is called the _________
archinephros
Receptors
are cells that react to environmental stimuli and stimulate sensory neurons. (rods, cones, pressure receptors) - chemical
Gemmules
are surrounded by spongin., are an adaptation to harsh conditions., remain dormant for extended periods
Extracellular space
area not within the cells of an organism but inside the body
Intracellular space
area within the cells of an organism- cytoplasm and nucleus.
Symmetry
arrangement of body parts to the central axis of the body.
The vessels that transport blood away from the heart are termed ________
arteries
Ventral
belly side of animal
Intermolt condition
between molting
Nervous system:
bi-lobed brain - cephalization
Oligochaeta, Nervous system:
bi-lobed brain, ventral nerve cord, a pair of ganglia branch off in each segment. cerebral ganglia leads to ventral nerve cord. No eyes but simple photoreceptors in epidermis (sense changes in light and dark)
Nervous systems earthworm
bilateral brain, segmental ganglia
When metacercariae of the liver fluke Clonorchis are eaten in raw fish, the juveniles will migrate to the ______ and may survive there for 15 to 30 years
bile passages
Deuterostome
blastopore becomes anus
Protostome
blastopore becomes mouth
Tropomyosin
blocks binding site that myosin binds to relaxed state
The fertilization membrane
blocks entry of additional sperm to the egg.
Closed system
blood always inside of a vessel
Countercurrent orientation -
blood and water flow in opposite directions - more efficient transfer of genes
Open system
blood called hemolymph
Systemic circuit
blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta. Vessels come off aortic arch to supply the head and forelimbs
Pulmonary Circuit
blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries blood flows into the capillaries in the lung picks up O2 and releases CO2, Oxygenated blood flows into the pulmonary veins that lead back to the left atrium
Schistosomiasis is an infection with a
blood fluke.
Schistosoma
blood fluke/trematoda, 200 million people effected, Africa, south america, asia, veins of liver (portal system)
closed circulatory system
blood is always inside of a vessel.
open circulatory system
blood is released from vessels into the interstitial spaces and slowly flows back to the heart
Circulatory system
blood transports gases and nutrients throughout body
Segmentation (Metamerism)
body is composed of repeated units called metameres or somites.
Cutaneous respiration- gases diffuse across
body surface Not efficient - supplemental resp. for fishes, amphibians
Antlers found in animals of the family Cervidae are branched and comprised of solid ______ when mature
bone
endoskeleton of cartilage, later replaced by .
cellular bone, vertebral column - replaces the notochord
Female: Hormones
from the brain and ovaries function to control the release of gametes and the state of the uterus.
A metanephridium is an excretory system that is open at ______ ends
both
Reproduction:
both asexual and sexual, Parthenogenesis - Most of year, reproduction is asexual - population is composed of females that produce diploid amictic eggs
What are the types of asexual reproduction?
budding, fragmentation/ regeneration, pedal laceration, gonangium (release medusa)
A contour feather has a quill, or_________ and a shaft, or ___________ which is a continuation of the quill and supports numerous barbs
calamus, rachis
A tubular or vase-shaped sponge with spicules composed of calcium carbonate is a
calcareous sponge
Class Calcarea
calcium carbonate spicules. CaCO3
When stimulated by a motor neuron, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
calcium into the myofibril
Order Solpugida contains the
camel spiders.
Bladder
can be temporarily stored in bladder, will expand
In mammals, ________ are used for seizing, piercing and tearing
canines
Hep Port vein
capillary connect to another capillary
Rete mirabile, gas gland.
capillary network, counter multiplier network, can dump oxygen to make more buoyant.
Acarines are characterized by their ______, an anterior projection that contains their mouthparts
capitulum
When the dorsal cuticle extends posteriorly to cover all or most crustacean body parts, it is called a ________________
carapace
Spinal cord - hollow Ventral portion
carries information from the brain to the tissues - Motor
Spinal cord - hollow Dorsal portion
carries information from the tissues to the brain - Sensory
Levels of metabolic waste - ammonia is produced in protein
catabolism - ammonia is toxic.
Echinoderms have a unique kind of connective tissue called_____________collagen that is under neurological control, allowing it to change quickly from a looser, more liquid form to a solid form
catch
The cellular components of mammalian blood include ___________
cell fragments, erythrocytes, leukocytes
Bone
cells (Osteocytes) embedded in a hard calcified matrix
Cartilage
cells (chondrocytes) and fibers embedded in a spongy matrix
Blood
cells (erythrocytes{RBC/oxygen}, leukocytes{WBC/Infection}) and particles (platelets{clotting}) dispersed in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Loose connective tissue
cells and fibers are interspersed in matrix
Nervous Tissue
cells are specialized for communication.
Neurons
cells of nervous tissue, communicate impulses
Sclerocytes
cells that form mineral spicules
Porocytes
cells that form tubes through which water flows to enter the sponge
Archaeocytes
cells that travel through the body and are thought to distribute nutrients from chaonocytes to the rest of the cells.
In small aquatic animals ammonia simply
diffuses out.
Nematoda Sexual
dimorphism - copulatory spicules, sperm have no flagellum - ameboid movement, Females can release 200,000 eggs/day
In terms of reproduction, polychates are usually _______
dioecious
Nemertea: Monoecious or dioecious?
dioecious
Most molluscs are
dioecious.
Early mammals had_____________________ dentition, in which teeth are only replaced once
diphyodont
In reference to chromosome number, fertilization restores the ________ number of chromosomes
diploid
Radiation
directly from the sun
Asteroidea and ophiuroidea
diverged separately, to form a clade. still unknown.
The ocean is a highly stable environment, meaning that osmoconformers living in the open sea
do not experience osmotic fluctuations.
specific epithet
does not indicate relatedness
The mantle fold edges in bivalves are modified to form ______ excurrent and ______ incurrent openings
dorsal; ventral
Hookworms are so named because the anterior end of the hookworm curves _______ forming a hook shape
dorsally
The portion of the polychaete nervous system that runs the length of the body is the _________
double ventral nerve cord
3, Concentrated urine and feces
dry
Simple cubodial epithelial
ducts of body, kidney ducts
Polymorphism
during life-cycle, individuals may have different body shapes.
The Ecdysozoa are unique among protostome organisms in that they undergo a process of _______ in which the organism sheds its outer covering
ecdysis
Arthropods were once thought to have evolved from Annelids, current phylogenies place them with
ecdysozoans.
most derived
echinoidea and holothuroides
Trematodes, monogeneans, cestodes, and some turbellarians exhibit a derived condition called ______ development, in which female gametes contain little or no yolk, and yolk is contributed by cells that surround the zygote
ectolecithal
In terms of the source of heat used to regulate their body temperature, nonavian reptiles are ______
ectothermic
Spiders typically have ______ eyes, which are used to sense movement
eight, simple
The pores around the nostrils and mouth of shark detect ____________
electrical stimuli
Meiosis I begins in developing
embryo. meiosis II is not complete until after sperm enters the egg
Direct development occurs when
embryos develop into miniature adults. eggs are telolecithal.
In _________, the ___________ or gut cavity is formed from the inward bending of the blastula
enterocoely, archenteron
Freshwater animals - water
enters body
The epidermal layer of Hydra contains numerous different cell types with different functions, For example, most of the epidermis is comprised of __________ cells, which function to cover the body and for muscular contraction
epitheliomuscular
Motile polychaetes that are mostly marine and have parapodia are called
errant polychaetes.
In sea stars, the mouth connects to a stomach via a short
esophagus
Many female mammals are only receptive to copulation during a brief period called
estrus.
Sweating is an example of ____________ used by endotherms in order to adapt to hot environments
evaporative cooling
The clitellum of a leech is
evident only during the breeding season.
Respiration
exchange of gases, intake of O2 and release of CO2
All arthropods have a distinctive, lightweight __________ which is composed of chitin and proteins and provides protection while allowing efficient locomotion
exoskeleton
Sclerites are plates that form the __________
exoskeleton
Arteries are thicker than veins
exposed to higher blood pressure
How do Porifera feed?
filter feeders, intracellular digestion. Bring in large amounts of water to get food and oxygen and get rid of waste products. Singular flagellum that will beat and when it beats back and forth it will bring the water in from an area made of microvilli (act as a net)
Sessile
fixed in one place; immobile, on corals or ocean floor
Choanocytes (collar cells)
flagellated cells with a netlike structure for filtering food from water.
The protonephridia of most platyhelminthes end in specialized cells called
flame cells.
Squamous
flattened, form thin lining
Sternum modified for attachment of
flight muscles
The lymphatic system collects ___________ that is forced out of capillaries by blood pressure
fluid
Body cavity
fluid filled cavity in body that gives support and flexibility to the body -classification based on position in primary germ layers
Trematodes are known as ______, and almost all are ______ of vertebrates
flukes; endoparasites
Bivalves initiate movement by extending their muscular ___________ between the valves, pumping blood into it, and causing it to swell and act as an anchor in mud or sand
foot
Impressions
footprints
Swim bladder.
for buoyancy/respiration. gas filled
Swimmerets
for reproduction, male - transfer sperm, female - carry eggs
Class Holothuroidea Modified tube feet
form a ring of tentacles around mouth- cloaca at anus
Pinacocytes
form the outer layer of cells of a sponge can phagocytize food trapped on the surface of the sponge are similar to epithelial tissue but lack a basal membrane.
Select all of the following that describe radial cleavage
forms cells which lie directly on top of the lower layer, occurs with regulative development, found in echinoderms, chordates, and hemichordates
Intramembranous bone
forms directly into bone, face, skull and clavicle bone.
Being ___________ or active underground is an adaption for living in hot environments
fossioral
Birds and Mammals
four chambered heart - no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
An asexual form of reproduction where a sponge breaks into parts that go on to form new individuals is called
fragmentation
Distal
further from medial of body
Conduction
gained from the surface, touching earth or rock
Gas exchange often occurs through thin areas of cuticle in smaller crustaceans and via ______ in larger crustaceans
gills
Connective tissue
gives support or protection, Cells and associated extracellular materials, extracellular fibers (mainly collagen), ground substace (matrix)
With a few exceptions (for example, penguins), the feathers of birds are shed
gradually, as a highly ordered process.
Epidermis gives rise to
hair, feathers, scales and claws
Some insects, such as flies, have one wing pair, and the other pair is represented by greatly reduced structures termed
halteres.
When invaded by an intracellular parasite, for example, a virus, many different types of eukaryotic cells release low molecular weight glycoproteins, called ______
interferons
Trematodes undergo asexual reproduction in their
intermediate host
Neurons that transmit a signal from one neuron to another are called
interneuron. ,
Terrestrial oligochaetes increase surface area of their _________ with the typhlosole, an inward folding that runs the full length
intestine
Simple columnar epithelial
intestine ( small intestine) microvilli to speed up absorption.
Digestion in sponges takes place within individual cells rather than in a cavity. This type of digestion is referred to as
intracellular digestion
Non-specific immunity - no previous experience with
invader required.
Cardiac muscle
involuntary, uninucleated, striated muscle found only in the heart of vertebrates. , Branched, Intercalated discs, pacemaker
In sponges, the pinacoderm
is a layer of cells containing incurrent pores.
Fragmentation
is a type of asexual reproduction in sponges
Metamorphosis
is an adaptation seen in insect Arthropods that decreases competition between larvae and adults - the body form changes between larvae and adult
Mosaic development
is characteristic of most Lophotrochozoans. will cause a lack of a particular structure in the adult form if a blastomere is removed.
The trophoblast
is found only in placental mammals. is the outer blastocyst.
The cuticle of Arthropods
is greatly modified from that of annelids - more durable, specialized for molting
Cephalopod eye
is not homologous with vertebrate eye but is remarkable similarity - neural connections .has lens, retina, optic nerve like humans but their neural connections are different, we have a blind spot. ours is over the retina while their is connected to the back of the retina.
Enterocoely
is prevalent in deuterostomes. results from pouches that arise along the archenteron. is a type of coelom formation.
Pancreatic juice
is released into the duodenum, it neutralizes the acid (pH = 7). Pancreatic juice also contains proteases, nucleases, and lipases. as bicarbonate
synapsis
is the gap before the presynaptic cells (send ) and post synaptic cells (recieve)
Nervous system
is very well developed- largest brain of any invertebrate
If an egg had very little yolk and the yolk is evenly distributed throughout the egg, the egg would be
isolecithal.
Some of the disadvantages of aquatic breathing when compared to air breathing include _______ ___
it is energetically expensive, water can hold far less oxygen than air
Gill arches form the gills and their associated structures in fish, but in other vertebrates these embryological structures form
jaws and the inner ear.
The complex of cells located at the junction of the afferent arteriole and the glomerulus, called the ___________, produces the enzyme renin
juxtaglomerular apparatus
In the skin of amniotes, ______ provides protection from physical trauma, while ______ lipids limit the loss of water
keratin; hydrophobic
Most lizards and snakes have skulls that are modified from the ancestral diapsid condition by loss of dermal bone near the lower temporal opening, This has allowed the evolution in those animals of a(n) ______ skull that has movable joints
kinetic
The end sac is made up of a spongy mass called a
labyrinth
The Phylum Placozoa
lacks symmetry and organs has only one species represented.
Digestion
lacteals in the intestine absorb fats fig
In leeches, the coelomic cavity consists of a series of spaces called
lacunae
Osteocytes housed in the
lacunae
Spongocoel
large chamber in the middle
Monoecious:
large gonads, in proglottids, both eggs and sperm
sexual reproduction
male and female medusa produce egg and sperm, zygote settles to substrate and forms a polyp.
Glochidium larva
larva of mussels unique disperion either released, or use fish to disperse. using the fish they have a modified mantle that will look like a fish species that other predatory species might want to eat. And when the fish goes to take a bite, the larva will get stuck in the gills of the predatory fish and feed off the blood supply of the gills of the fish until they get big and fall off.
Phylum: Chordata sub phylum, Earliest fossil vertebrates appear similar to.
larvae of modern lampreys
The juvenile stages of holometabolous insects are known as
larvae.
Sensory organs need to be modified to work in air
lateral line lost in terrestrial forms (retained in larval forms ex. tadpoles) , development of ear - uses bones from the second gill arch, Eye lids to keep eyes moist
Basement membrane
layer of extracellular material that separates epithelium from the tissue it is covering. transitional epithelium ex. bladder
Marine animals - salt in environment - water
leaves body
Terrestrial animals - water
leaves body
Class Hirudinida:
leeches, Mostly freshwater but a few terrestrial and marine, Usually < 6 cm but up to 30 cm
Insects use organs on the ______ to detect vibrations of the substrate
legs
Hypoosmotic regulators maintain body fluids ______ the surrounding seawater
less concentrated than
the excretory system, often after being converted to
less toxic forms
Feathers may have first evolved as insulation and later were modified for
lift in flight (pre-adaptation/ex-adaptation).
Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
ligaments, tendons, fascia
Fusion of vertebrae Frogs
limbs, jumping
Mammalian kidneys are able to produce concentrated urine due to the interactions of the ____________ with the collecting ducts
loop of Henle
Mesohyl in sponges can be described as
loosely arranged cells and skeletal elements in a gelatinous matrix.
osmoregulation:
maintains water balance
Hearing - One bone (columella) in the middle ear
mammals have 3 ear bones, amphibians have only 1
The four classes of mammal integumentary glands are scent glands, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and ___________ glands
mammary
Endotherms may regulate their body temperature behaviorally by _________
managing exposure to solar radiation
In general, cephalopods move by forcefully expelling water from the _______ through the siphon
mantle cavity
Extracellular structural components
materials produced by cells and secreted into interstitial spaces (mesohyl, sponge)
The gizzard is used for the ________ breakdown of food
mechanical
The gelatinous, jelly-like layer that lies between the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians is called _________
mesoglea
The functional kidney of embryonic amniotes is the _______________
mesonephros
_______________ water is the water formed in cells by oxidation of fats, lipids, carbohydrates and other fuel molecules
metabolic
Water that is formed by the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats is termed ________
metabolic water
Body composed repeated segments (________) separated by septa - little specialization of segments (ancestral)
metamerism - true metamerism
The process in which a juvenile form changes into an adult form with different structure and characteristics is called
metamorphosis
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis
metamorphosis is more gradual: Egg, nymph, adult
Holometabolous metamorphosis
metamorphosis is rapid :egg, larva (specialized for feeding), pupa (larva undergoes drastic metamorphosis into adult), adult (specialized for dispersal and reproduction)
The microvili-like projections on the tegument of a cestode are called
microtriches
What is the tegument like on a cestode?
microvilli, microtriches
Medial
midline of body
The evolutionary transition to life on land took place over
millions of years.
Medusa
mobile, body plan with tentacles on bottom. Free floating, muscle cells to pulsate the bells to swim a little.
Class Asteroidea Water-vascular system -
modified coelom that functions as a hydraulic system to manipulate tube feet in ambulacral groove
The yolk of an egg contains components that direct activation in development called
morphogenetic determinants.
Biramous
most appendages are branches - two branches
specific epithet/ Species
most exclusive taxon
1. Plasma
mostly water with proteins, electrolytes (ions), glucose and dissolved gases
Are Porifera larvae sessile or motile?
motile, they swim around until they find a good place to grow
Contraction of the fiber is stimulated by a
motor neuron.
Neurons that transmit a signal to a gland or muscle fiber are called
motor neurons.
Taste - sensors found in the
mouth, and on skin in some species.
In bivalves, respiratory currents bring in both oxygen and organic particles to the gills, where ciliary action and mucous eventually take food to the
mouth.
The fertilization cone is produced to
move sperm nucleus toward the egg nucleus.
Metazoans
multicellular organisms and after animals and kingdom animalia
Cellular grade
multicellular, specialized cells, no tissues. More than one cell working together.
Transitional Stratified
multiple layers that allow stretching
Sperm competition
multiple males one female. will remove past sperm, or female will destroy some sperm. male can seal female reproductive tract from other males.
Polyspermy refers to
multiple sperm entering an egg.
diaphragm
muscle
Muscle
muscle cells are called fibers. They are elongated cells specialized to contract. actin and myosin
- Fasicles are packaged into
muscles
Thick filaments -
myosin
1, evaporation at respiratory surfaces
nasal cavities or lungs
Development is usually indirect with a larval form called a
nauplius
The crustacean larva is called a ______ and has an unsegmented body, a frontal eye, and three pairs of appendages
nauplius
mammary glands allow mother to supply
nutrients to young - allowing continued development to occur before young are independent
The parapodia of Nereis are controlled by
oblique muscles.
More efficient lungs,
negative pressure breathing, use of ribs in respiration, circulation, jaws, ...
The ________ is a tubular structure that maintains osmotic balance
nephridium
The most common type of invertebrate excretory organ is the
nephridium
In all vertebrate groups, the functional unit of the kidney is the _________
nephron
The end of the excretory organ that opens into a coelomic compartment in the polychaete body is the _______
nephrostome
The diffuse nervous system of cnidarians can best be described as a:
nerve net
Nervous systems hydra
nerve network
Vibrations rock the cupula and stimulate the
neuromast.
The brown recluse spider venom is hemolytic, whereas the black widow spider venom is ______ in nature
neurotoxic
Chemical transmission of signal between cells, When the action potential reaches the end of the axon,
neurotransmitters are released from the membrane
Acoelomate body plan
no body cavity
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain hemoglobin in mammals
no nucleus, other vertebrates have nucleated RBCs.
Class Asteroidea Excretion:
no specialized structures - diffusion across skin gills and tube feet
Order Testudines - turtles,
no temporal opening in skull (openings lost?), Body protected by shell of bone and keratin, Turtle jaw is composed of bony plates , All turtles bury their eggs in the ground, gender of young is temperature dependent
anapsid skull
no temporal opening, lead to synapsid and diapsid
Neuroglia
non-nervous cells that support the nerve cells. Glia cells provide substances needed by the neurons. schwann cells.
Is the Portuguese Man-of-War a jelly fish?
not a jellyfish
The single, unique feature that is shared by all members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes is
not present--there is no such feature.
Spongy bone
not rigided, spaced out. respond to different forces
Superficial cleavage
occurs in Drosophila. cleaves only within the cytoplasm. is a highly unusual form of cleavage.
Affinity
of hemoglobin for oxygen changes in a non-linear fashion. As hemoglobin attaches to additional O2, its affinity increases
In preecdysis (beginning of molting)
old procuticle separates from epidermis, which secretes new epicuticle.
Class Oligochaeta:
oligo = few, chaeta = long hairs , 3,000 species, mostly terrestrial and freshwater, normally small but Australian earthworm can be meters long
The tapering units that make up the compound eyes in many crustaceans are called ___________
ommatidia
Mammals that consume both plants and animals are called
omnivores.
The branches of the planarian intestine include
one anterior branch and two posterior branches.
uniramous
one branch
Better respiratory system - air runs through lung in
one direction
Mollusca is ______ animal phyla
one of the largest
incomplete digestive tract
one opening serves as mouth and anus
Mammals and their closest extinct relatives are synapsids, and their skull has
one pair of openings in the temporal region.
Dermal bone in the skull - Foramen magnum
opening in the skull to attach to the spine, attaches to the spine with: atlas, axis
Spiracles
openings to tubes
Most marine invertebrates are ______, meaning they are incapable of regulating the osmotic pressure of their body and are in osmotic equilibrium with their environment
osmoconformers
An organism's maintenance of internal water and salt concentrations using its own physiological methods is called
osmoregulation.
Osmotic pressure - created by
osmosis
The endoskeleton of sea stars and other echinoderms is comprised predominantly of
ossicles.
Dermal placoid scales, made same as.
our teeth
Oligochaeta, what kind of Excretory System:
pair of nephridia per segment . fluid from previous cavity goes into the cavity behind nephrostome goes through capillary networks and waste leaves nephridiopore.
Of the 3 types that make up the tubular glands of the stomach, ________ cells secrete hydrochloric acid
parietal
Taenia solium
pork tapeworm. juveniles (cysticerci) can encyst in human muscle and nervous tissue. can cause cysts in the brain.
Which cells form the ostia (pores)?
porocytes
Leeches may be
predaceous. parasitic.fluid feeders.
The principle advantage of a double circulation system is that blood _________ is not reduced to the body tissues as in a single circuit system
pressure
The suctorial ____________ of the sea spider enables it to siphon juices from cnidarians and other organisms
proboscis
The difference between thecate and athecate hydroid polyp forms is the presence of a:
protective cup formed by an extension of the perisarc.
A spider's silk is composed of _______, which hardens to form a silk thread
protein
Fleas have a unique ________ called resilin in their hind legs that allows them to jump great heights
protein
The cuticle which covers crustacean bodies is composed of
protein. calcareous salts. chitin.
In flatworms, excretion and osmoregulation can be handled by
protonephridia
A ____________ is a closed excretory system typically found in acoelomates
protonephridium
Pseudocoelomate body plan
pseudocoelom is between the endoderm and the mesoderm. Looks like a coelom but there is no coelom. EX. nematode
The body plan of a rotifer is
pseudocoelomate.
Birds have a four chambered heart separating the systemic and
pulmonary circuits higher blood pressure
Insects with holometabolous development are the only type to have a(n) ______ stage
pupal
The anus of an annelid is located in the terminal portion of the body, which is called the
pygidium
Posterior end of animal has a
pygidium - anusm last segment
The ________ sphincter regulates the flow of food into the intestines
pyloric
Amphibians can be described as ______ because they are adapted for terrestrial existence, but their life cycle is still tied to water
quasiterrestrial
Although mobile-they metamorphose into
radially symmetrical adults
Class Asteroidea Ambulacral grooves
radiating down each arm - part of water-vascular system - tube feet line ambulacral grooves - locomotion, feeding, grabbing substrate - water vascular system in central disc and extends through arms - manipulate tube feet.
The _______ is a rasping, protrusible, tongue-like organ that is found in almost all molluscs except bivalves
radula
The radula is a ______ tongue-like organ with rows of chitinous ______
rasping; teeth
Right atrium
receives blood from body low O2 high CO2
Left atrium
receives blood from lungs high O2 low CO2
Signal path:
receptor - sensory neuron - interneuron - motor neuron - muscles
In the United States, the black widow spider is characterized by a ______ on the underside of the abdomen, while the brown recluse has a ______ on the cephalothorax
red "hourglass"; violin-shaped dorsal stripe
The coelom develops by ______ in protostomes and by ______ in many deuterostomes
schizocoely; enterocoely
Holothuroidea
sea cucumbers
Asteroidea
sea stars
Echinoidea
sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins
Sebaceous glands secrete a greasy mixture called
sebum.
Primary immune response,
secondary immune response
Spongocytes
secrete spongin
Oligochaete Mucus band
secreted by clitellum accepts eggs and sperm, fertilization is external. clitellum forms slime tube (cocoon) to deposit sperm
A metamere is the same as a(n)
segment.
Nervous systems grasshopper
segmental ganglia.
The characteristic gut movement termed __________ is the alternate constriction of smooth muscle rings of the intestine that divide and squeeze contents back and forth
segmentation
In marine crustaceans, the salt composition of hemolymph is regulated by
selective adjustment of salt from urine.
distinguish between
self vs. non-self
Oligochaeta Sperm are transferred to the mates by
seminal recepticle
Highly developed brain and
sense organs
Mechanical stimuli such as touch and pressure are detected by ______ in the epidermis
sensilla
The central annulus of each segment of a leech contains a row of sense organs known as
sensilla
Sensory neurons transmit a signal from a
sensory receptor toward the brain,
Semilunar valves
separate the ventricles from the arteries
Are Porifera sessile or motile?
sessile
Larvae swim until they find a substrate they become ___________
sessile
Polyp
sessile body plan with tentacles (oral surface) on top, attached to substrate with aboral surface.
Mechanical stimuli are detected by a sensillum, which may be a ______or hairlike structure connected to a nerve cell
seta
In most earthworms, each segment bears pairs of ______ which anchor the body during locomotion
setae
A scorpion's pectines or tactile organs serve what function(s)?
sex recognition, ground exploration
How do sponges reproduce?
sexually and asexually
Epithelium
sheets of cells that cover an internal or external surface. Categories are based on shape and layering
As zygote travels down oviduct, Albumin (egg white) and then
shell is added to it, oviparous
The ______ of early amniotes allowed those animals to fully live on land because it provided an enclosed aquatic environment, in which an embryo can develop
shelled egg
The valves, or ______, of bivalves are drawn together by adductor muscles
shells
Because they are ineffective on soft substrates, many sand-dwelling sea stars don't have _________________on their tube feet
suckers
The scolex of a pork tapeworm has
suckers and hooks.
_________ cleavage is a specialized form of cleavage that occurs in Drosophilia where the cytoplasm will not divide until several nuclear divisions have occured
superficial
exoskeleton
support structures cover soft tissue
endoskeleton
support structures inside soft tissues
Organisms larger than 1mm diameter may still utilize cutaneous respiration by increasing the relative ___________ of their body
surface area
The more subdivisions the higher the
surface area for diffusion - human lung has 50 time SA of skin
Amnion -
surrounds the developing embryo
Chorion -
surrounds the other three membranes and exchanges gases with the environment
Water bugs and many beetles have paddle-shaped appendages for _______
swimming
Vibrissae are long, modified hairs in mammals that function in
tactile sensing of their physical environment.
The head, thorax and abdomen are the three ______ in Hexapoda
tagmata
Ventricle
takes blood from atrium contraction forcefully contracts sending blood throughout the body
Ovale.
takes gases from the swim bladder and put it back into circulation, sink more
Class Cestoda
tapeworms, endoparasites, Scolex and proglottids, no digestive tract(microtriches on tegument to increase absoption), hooks and suckers. Latch on to upper intestine. Cannot complete life cycle without a host.
Tough outer covering:
tegument, protective layer from the host - absorb through tegument
Tactile hairs, or delicate projections of cuticle are distributed across the crustacean body and are abundant on
telson. mouthparts. chelae.
A poikilotherm is an animal whose body __________ fluctuates with environmental temperature
temperature
Oligochaeta what does the crop do?
temporarily stores food
A typical echinoid test is made of _____________
ten sets of plates, which have many movable, stiff spines
Although Dipnoi is a very small group, it is of great interest because this lineage gave rise to the.
tetrapods.
In gastropods, during the veliger stage the relative positions of the shell, digestive tract, anus and mantle cavity all change in a process called ______
torsion
Pacinian corpuscles-
touch
keratin and lipids produce
tough waterproof barrier
The syncytial layer of the hexactinellid sponges is called the
trabecular reticulum
Adult terrestrial insects use ______ to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide while restricting water loss
tracheal systems
In some terrestrial invertebrates, spiracles eventually give rise to smaller branches called
tracheoles
The calcium binds to
troponin and troponin shifts over allowing the myosin to attach to the actin.
What structures are found within or bordering the ambulacral groove of sea stars? Select all that apply
tube feet, a radial nerve, spines
Insects have a _________ heart that moves hemolymph forward through the dorsal aorta
tubular
Foreign organic materials such as pharmaceutical drugs are removed from the body into urine by ______________
tubular secretion
Characteristics of sea daisies include
two concentric ring canals. either a velum or shallow, saclike stomach with no intestine. presence of a hydropore.
A pair of mating earthworms consists of
two hermaphrodites.
For excretory organs, most polychaetes have
two metanephridia per segment.
complete digestive tract
two openings (mouth and anus) allows for specialization
Sounds vibrate the
tympanic membrane (ear drum).
Insects may detect sound by hairlike sensilla or __________ organs that function by enclosing an airspace with a thin membrane
tympanic or tympanal
Chondrichthian fishes, Amphibians, and mammals convert the ammonia into
urea, which is non-toxic
Birds share many characteristics with reptiles
uric acid, one middle ear bone, lower jaw of multiple bones, similar early development, diapsid skull.
Reptiles, birds and many terrestrial insects convert urea to
uric acid. Uric acid is a solid and thus can be excreted with minimal water loss.
The kidney regulates internal fluid volume by producing _________
urine
Second walking leg
used for walking
Hearts
used to pump blood through system
Hirudinida Body plan:
usually 34 segments (may look like more due to superficial annuli), septa between segments lost, Sucker at both ends, Dorsoventrally flattened, No setae
Class Turbellaria
usually free-living, dorso-ventrally flattened body, Cephalization, bilateral symmetry cilia and muscular undulation
A contractile ________ is not a true excretory organs like nephridium and is found in unicellular eukaryotes and freshwater sponges
vacuole
Eyes
vary from simple photo sensors to image-resolving eyes with a lens for focusing
In oligochaetes, the setae
vary in shape, length, and arrangement.
An egg that has a moderate amount of yolk concentrated at the ___________ pole is a mesolecithal egg
vegetal
Capillaries drain into ________________, the less elastic and generally larger diameter blood vessel
veins
The blood vessels that returns blood to the heart are termed ______
veins
Ontogenetic torsion occurs in the gastropod
veliger.
Which layer of the Placozoa digests food?
ventral layer
Endochondral bone
when growing there is first cartilage model then replaced by bone, most human bones.
Nephridiopore
where nitrogenous waste exits
The lymphatic system also plays a role in: Immunity
white blood cells (lymphocytes) are produced in lymph nodes and macrophages protect the body from infection.
Convection
wind, hot wind, cold wind
In synchromy
with other members of the population, the epitokes separate from the atoke and swim to surface where they rupture releasing gametes.
Recruitment -
you can use more motor neurons, when you need more strength.
Egg and sperm unite to form a(n)
zygote
The first cell formed after the sperm penetrates the egg is the
zygote.