European History Chapter 2

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

P: Gallican church, with help from Charles VII of France, declared administrative independence from the Holy See. Forbade papal intervention in French prelates. R: Roman Catholic Church lost influence in France. I: Proposed a General Church Council to be held every decade, with authority higher than a pope's. Supported conciliar movement. Gallicanism prevalent - belief that a country's church should be jointly governed by monarch and pope. E: Suppressed payment of annates to Rome.

Nicholas of Cusa

P: Served in the Council of Basel. R: Ecclesiastical reformer. I: Argued to institutionalize consent ( people's will) in his book The Catholic Concordance.

Machiavelli (The Prince)

P: Written as an "application" to re-enter the Medici governing body after being ousted for a while. Happened in a time when the rest of Europe were growing powerful nations, while Italy remained scattered in city-states. Concerned that Italy lacked a standing army, and with Papal authority. R: First secular treatise on politics. I: Believed a ruler should pretend to have some characteristics, even if fake. T: Printing press helped spread his ideas.

Michelangelo

R: Like Da Vinci and Raphael, employed by popes. Helped design the Sistine Chapel ceiling. I: The genesis scene in the Sistine chapel, where humanity reaches heaven. Statue of David, which later became symbolic of the defense of civil liberties in Florence. T: Had some architectural and technological endeavors, none particularly renowned.

Conquest of Granada

S - Granada was defeated by Catholic forces, changing their whole structure of society - Granada was an Islamic Emirate, its defeat ended Islamic rule P - Granada was annexed into the Crown of Castille the war effort was a combined effort between the crowns of Castille and Aragon R - Granada's citizens were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled, specifically Jews Muslims were forced to either convert or become slaves I - Granada war was good training for Castille's participation in the Italian wars, it allowed them to practice tactics T - many advanced weapons were used such as bombards and cannons E - the war was a major triumph over Islam by Christianity, it gave Castille more rule, political and economic power

Marranos

S - Jews living in the Iberian peninsula who were forced to convert to Christianity or be killed P - Granada treaty in 1491 guaranteed their rights, along with those of Muslims the Alhambra decree in 1492 rescinded all rights and freedoms for Jews R - many Jews either left or were expelled, the ones left behind secretly practicing Judaism were known as Marranos I - T - E - huge amounts of Jews went to other parts of the world, mainly Italy and other parts of Europe, but even the Americas

Ultramontanism

S - a religious belief that places strong emphasis on a perogatives and powers of the Pope P - ultramontanist movement acted as a counterbalance to the growing power of the state in Europe R - along with other events and policies, the Pope ended up being reduced to the one square mile of Vatican City I - T - E -

Spiritual Exercises

S - an action or activity done to cultivate spiritual development. Jesuits, St. Ignatius Loyola P - R - the goal is to achieve salvation I - common actions can be praying, fasting, acts of mercy etc T - E -

Pluralism

S - an attitude allowing multiple religious belief systems to co exist in one society P - R - I - T - E -

Spanish Inquisition

S - established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy, especially those who converted from Judaism and Islam P - organization was under direct control of the Spanish monarchy and it gave them increased political authority organization kept people in check and could try and sentence people who committed "heresies" R - their job was to help keep religious conformity they oppressed various groups and people of different interests (gays, etc) T - they utilized many different pieces of equipment for torture E - the inquisition was at the service of the Monarchs, and confiscated huge amounts of wealth from the persecuted peoples

St Vincent De Paul

S - he was a priest that dedicated himself to serving the poor P - known for his compassion, humility, and generosity he is venerated as a saint R - "Vincentians" are followers who devote themselves to act like he did I - Many universities are founded after him (i.e DePaul University in Chicago) T - E -

Peasant's Revolt

S - major uprising across England because of issues created by the black death, Hundred years war, and instability within government P - people who spoke out such as John Wycliffe were considered heretics R - most rural serfs bonded together as rebels fighting the cause I - one of the major causes was parliament's attempt at collecting poll tax, which was a fee accounted for each person living T - E - serfs, the majority of the population wanted an end to serfdom, a system of unfree labor, reduced taxes, and the removal of the king's senior officials and law courts

Moriscos

S - they were Muslims living in the Iberian peninsula who were forced to convert to Christianity or be killed P - In 1491, Treaty of Granada guaranteed the rights and freedoms for Muslims King Charles V in 1526 changed the policies of that, forcing Muslims to convert or leave R - some Muslims converted, the ones that didn't were forced to leave or killed I - because of the history of the region, architectural styles were Islamic (Alhambra) T - E - many Muslims were forced to leave with none of their belongings, at times leaving whole villages abandoned about 300,000 Muslims were expelled

Imperial Knights

S - they were free nobles of the Roman Empire, direct overlord was the emperor P - they had power, and were often called to war R - I - Knights had power, but no access to the Imperial Diet (general assembly) T - E - the knights had significant influence in the military and in the administration of the empire

Anglican Church

S+R: Had a major social and religious impact because Henry VIII broke ties with Rome and the pope, creating the Anglican Church or Church of England as a separate entity. Pope Clement and Henry VIII had disputes between wives and ultimately Henry undertook the role of Supreme Head of the Church of England. Later on, Elizabeth the first made the Anglican church protestant, resembling a lutheran church. P: Relationships with the pope and Henry were strained of course when henry was excommunicated.

Transubstantiation

S: R: Doctrine practiced by Roman Catholic Church, but rejected by Lutherans and Calvinists. I: The idea that bread and wine used in Eucharist are actually transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ. T: Calvinists believe it is symbolic not literal.

Vulgate

S: A late fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible P: R: Became, during the 16th century, the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible I: Common ground of Protestant sects.

Index of Prohibited Books

S: A list of publications deemed heretical, anti-clerical or lascivious, and therefore banned by the Catholic Church P: R:Part of the Counter-Reformation I: Protestant books or books that criticized the Catholic Church. T: E:

Geert Groote

S: Among most prominent practitioners of mysticism and Modern Devotion. P: Teachings approved by Bishop of Utrecht. Preached against concubinage, and other corrupt church practices. R: Focused on instilling Christian character, meaning humility, tolerance and reverane. I: Believed in personal and direct connection to God.

John Huss

S: As many as 90% of Czechs were non-Catholics a century after Huss. Gained appproval for Moravian Church (still existing) P: His execution sparked a series of wars called Hussite wars, pitching his followers in Bohemia against the Papal States and Holy Roman Empire. R: Declared a heretic, burnt at a stake by the Council of Constance. I: Believed in Wycliff's ideas. T: Hussites used the Wagenburg military tactic.

Episcopal Movement

S: At Council of Trent - 1545-1563 (on and off) very low attendance, earlier council attempts had 500 prelates, at Trent they fell to 20-30. Raised old conciliar movement issue (council that had as much or more power than pope in Ecumenical council). P: Group of bishops felt that when assembled together from all parts of the world in a council, they carried more power than the pope. Duty of the cardinal legates was to stop the episcopal movement (keep power for the pope). Popes able to resist losing power. R: Pope gets final say on all religious matters, he decides. Papacy continued to be middle of unity for Catholic Church. Said justification made up of works and faith. Defined seven sacraments, priesthood stated to be separate from laity, transubstantiation and indulgences continued/brought back. I: Only version of bible to be taught was the Vulgate which is in Latin. Latin also made the language of religious worship. T: E:

Jacqueries

S: Based on "Jacques", nickname for a peasant. Long term, set a precedent for more favorable work conditions. P: Unemployed mercenaries from England's 100 Years War campaign roamed free in France. Peasants questioned nobility's ability to protect them. I: Often raised broader questions than immediate grievances. T: Peasants poorly organized and poorly armed. Crushed. E: French upper classes forced peasants to pay increasing taxes for protection.

Boniface VIII

S: Beginning of losing Church influence in France. P: Contributed accidentally to the corruption of church by allowing the sale of indulgences, which were abused by church officials. Issued the Unam Sanctum, a famous church bull. R: Pope from 1284-1303. I: Believed that there is no salvation outside the church, and every human being is subject to the Roman pontiff. E: Banned taxation of the clergy by civil rulers. Angered Phillip the Fair.

Copernicus

S: Book was in latin, hence most did not understood. P: Polish astronomer, book published after death so that the church could not prosecute him. I: Opposed a geocentric belief, typically practiced by the church. Heliocentric was the correct one. T: Discovered the world was revolving around the sun.

Michael Servetus

S: Calvinists, like any other sect, had little religious tolerance. Servetus initially came from Catholic Spain. P: Sought refuge in Calvin's Geneva stronghold. R: Burnt at the stake by Calvin for being a heretic. I: Did not believe in the holy Trinity.

Condottieri

S: Caused chaos as they often switched sides during hostilities. Mercenaries like these also sacked Rome in 1527. P: Italian city-states could not raise standing armies, so hired mercenaries. I:Condottieri chose to fight indirectly so as to minimize losses. T: Stilled used many Medieval tactics whereas the rest of European powers switched to pikemen and musketeers. E: Made big profits by raising their prices.

Indulgences

S: Caused outrage, including by Luther when Tezel sold indulgences in Wittenburg. P: Instituted by Boniface III R: Forgiveness of sins, with the exception of 4 major sins pardonable by the Holy See only. I: "Give up your money in exchange for salvation." E: Helped church raise money, but also incentivized corrupted.

Christine de Pisan

S: Championed women's rights via literature. Epistre au Dieu D'Amour explored women's status in society. P: Hired by aristocratic families and royals, like Louis I and Philip the Bold. I: Believed that the depiction of women in literature was unfair.

Schmalkaldic War

S: Civil struggle between Catholic and Protestant states within Germany. Eventually ended by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. P: Schmalkaldic League went to war with Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) in 1546. Schmalkaldic League composed of a group of Lutheran princes and free cities as well as France as the king of France, Francis I wanted to attain power against the Holy Roman Emperor. R: Charles V tried to sway pope to make a Europe-wide council so the concerns of Protestants could be heard and German and church unity could be restored. On the other hand the kings of France and England begged to pope to make national councils instead in hopes to settle religious questions on a national scale. Popes continuously delayed answering or making decisions. Papacy didn't want a council after bad experiences with them. War finally ended with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. I: T: E:

Wars of the Roses

S: Civil unrest between people P: Lancaster vs York, many nobles with private armies arose R: I: (Called Wars of roses because: White rose of York vs Red rose of Lancaster) T: E:

Annates

S: Contributed to lavish lifestyle of church officials and extravagant church properties. P: Angered many more secular monarchs, such as Edward I and Phillip the Fair. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges blocked flow of annates into church in R: Protestant reformists would later criticize and branch away from the Catholic church's lavish doctrine, claiming anyone can find salvation so long as he/she believes in God. E: Whole of a year's profit of a benefice given to the Papal Treasury.

Thirty-Nine Articles (1563)

S: Defined the church doctrine in a time where it was Catholic in organization but Protestant in practice. P: Legally binding as declared by Parliament. R: Composed by a group of bishops. Established doctrine for the Anglican church. I: Tracked back from more extreme Calvinist principles.

Martin V

S: Did not object to slavery, even sanctioning slave trades. P: Successfully ended the three-way schism of papacy. R: Dissolved the Council of Constance, which helped in re-establishing papal authority over councils. I: Believed that the conciliar movement needed to be ended. E: During church battle for jurisdiction, corruption ran rampant. Nepotism, simony, and fake "indulgences" were all prominent.

Petrarch

S: Discovery of Cicero's letters credited as spark to the Renaissance. P: Aspired to literary fame. Shifted from utilitatarian attitudes of literature. R: Trained to be a clergyman. I: One of the first to establish historical periodization. Called the father of "humanism".

Justification by Works and Faith

S: Encouraged (Catholic) public to not only believe in faith but also live holy and partake in religious actions and activities. People tried to earn grace from their works. P: Council of Trent said that it is made up by both works and faith. Confirmed importance of faith (as before) but still kept works. Power for church as people had to be more committed to the church and their everyday life to religion in order to complete not only faith but works. R: Works are sacraments, prayer, attending mass, holy living. From Council of Trent, restated many of its established doctrines - 7 Sacraments, Priesthood, confession, transubstantiation. Rejected Bible supremacy. I: T: E: Hurt some people economically in the sense that some would buy indulgences in order to be free from punishments of purgatory. Indulgences raised money by the pope in order to finance the building of St. Peter's in Rome.

Peace of Augsburg

S: Ended the Schmalkaldic War. Depending what state citizens lived in their religion would be greatly impacted. Germans close to evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant. P: Treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. Gave each German Prince right to determine religion of his state. Divided Germany fairly equally, step towards disintegrating Germany into a mosaic of separate states. R: Lutheranism was mainly in the north and in Wurteemberg (south), some detached islands. Catholicism continued in the south, in Rhine valley and to areas under direct possession of Habsburg. Considered a victory for Protestantism. Only two religious groups granted rights were Catholics and Lutherans, other revolutionary religions had no rights granted. I: T: E:

Leonardo Da Vinci (Last Supper)

S: Epitomized the ideal of the Renaissance man. P: Politically favored. often hired by people like Casare Borgia and Francis I. I: Viewed the world through logical and not mystical lenses. Last Supper's people contained individual distinctions, not just generalizations. T: Contributed to better understanding of various fields, including human anatomy, math, and science.

Council of Constance

S: Executed the heretic John Huss (Jan Hus). Helped sparked fury that led to Hussite wars. In ending the schism helped calm anxiety a little. P: Ended the three-pope schism, electing Martin V as the new pope. R: Catholic in belief. I: One of the main proponents of the conciliar movement.

Lorenzo Valla

S: Father of literary criticism. P: Proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. Helped resolve papal claims to political power. I: Noticed the variation in usage of Latin words and terms and used such knowledge to determine reliability and authenticity of various texts. Influenced by Livy.

John Wycliff

S: Gained considerable number of followers. Followers called Lollards. Translated the Bible into English, making Bible more accessible. P: "Morning Star" of the Reformation. R: Claimed that devout Christians can worship God without lavish church possessions. Declared a heretic. I: Constantly attacked papal authority, eventually in his last book, seemed to equate the pope with the Antichrist.

Tudors

S: Had problems with marriage succession and womens rights (Royal Succession) P: First king Henry VII put an end to the wars of roses, reached to control Wales as well as England and Ireland R: I: T: E:

St Ignatius Loyola

S: He had a religious experience in 1521. Became soldier of church. Established Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Authorised by Paul III in 1540. P: Made the Jesuits actively participate in the affairs of the world. R: Established Society of Jesus (Jesuits) which was authorised by Paul III in 1540.

Charles V

S: He voluntarily abdicated the throne to give way to his brother Ferdinand 1 P: Heir of 3 most popular dynasties: Hapsburg, Valois - Burgundy, Trastamara (houses), he also opposed the protestant reformation R: Symbolic head of all Germany, after abdication became a monk. I: T: E: A lot of money spent on wars against France

Joan of Arc

S: Helped foster French pride, and became an empowering symbol for women. P: Militarily savvy, led French to numerous victories. R:English church convicted her of heresy and witchcraft in 1431. Canonized in 1920. I: Believed that she received a divine call to arms to expel the English and help Charles VI win claim his throne.

Phillip the Fair

S: Helped transform France from a feudal to a centralized state. P: Had conflicts with the papacy. R: Excommunicated by Pope Boniface VIII. Instrumental in the appointment of Pope Clement V. I: Spendthrift lifestyle. Condemned by papacy. E: Taxed clergy owned properties. Expelled Jews to seize their assets, and killed off Knights Templar in order to eliminate his debt to them.

Virtù

S: Highlighted gender roles, as women still carried on mundane domestic chores, though some may have virtu. P: Many men of virtu eventually became popes during the Renaissance era. R: Sharp turn away from previous religious dogma of divine powers. Virtu emphasized human powers. I: Men need to demonstrate excellence in particular trades.

Paracelsus

S: His "wild" prophecies made him an occultist, and an inspiration to Dr.Faustus. I: Advocated for observation as opposed to the scholastic method in medicine. T: Alchemist and physician who contributed greatly to fields like toxicology and psychotherapy.

Ecclesiastical Reservation

S: If a Catholic bishop turned or churchman turned Lutheran in the future (1552 or after) would not be allowed to carry his land with him. One would be required to leave his land and inhabitants Catholic. P: Obviously a deterrent by the Roman Catholic Church to try and stop people switching to Lutheran. Catholic Church trying to keep as much power as possible. R: Makes it more difficult for a Catholic bishop or churchman to become Lutheran, the clause was often disregarded but the problem was still there. As the Catholic bishop or churchman are supposed to leave their land and other inhabitants Catholic there are less people who would become converted to Lutheran as the churchman supposedly aren't allowed to convert them. I: T: E: Gets some more money for the Catholic Church if these bishops and churchman did decide to become Lutheran and leave their land and if they did not succeed in disregarding the clause. The Roman Catholic Church was obviously trying to hold on to the land, money and power that they had.

Protestant

S: In the realm of the Christian world, the protestant and the protestant reformation was an immense social change in that it introduced a new branch of christianity which will continually be fighting against Catholicism for centuries. P: Within the scope of Protestantism, there were many conflicts and political disputes which resulted in different subcategories of Protestantism such as Anglicans and Lutherans. R: Protestantism currently in contemporary society has over 800 million adherents and constitutes 40 percent of the Christian population. In the Renaissance, the emergence of the Protestant with the Protestant Reformation introduced new forms of thinking and religious interpretation of the text. I: The Protestant Reformation occurring during the Renaissance era was well timed because it was an age where people were encouraged to think independently and the social norm was to express yourself in a manner where there is little restriction or castigation. Although there was of course violence and conflicts with the reformation, without the Renaissance, the new ideas and thinking that was promoted with Protestantism would never have thrived were it emerged in a different era.

Modern Devotion

S: Inspired mysticism. P: Church worried, because now followers beyond the church started calling for reform. R:Thomas a Kempis and Imitation of Christ all attributed to this doctrine. I: Believed in the direct connection to God, without an intermediary.

Predestination

S: Instead of resignation, more so like a challenge that envigorated people to prove themselves to be the "elect". P: Helped the Calvinists gain prominence in many areas, including England. R: Idea strongly emphasized by the Calvinists. I: The idea that every living human being has had a life path planned out by God. Contrary to Catholic doctrine of faith attained by good deeds.

Society of Jesus

S: Know as the Jesuits P: The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents. R: Christian male religious congregation of the Catholic Church. I:Jesuits work in education (founding schools, colleges, universities and seminaries), intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.

Concordat of Bologna

S: Led to French Wars of Religion as kings tried to maintain power over Church, leading to religious intolerance. P: Rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. French monarchy will be able to appoint its own clergymen. R: Increased independence a main reason why France was not incentivized to turn to Protestantism. E: Papacy will collect annates from France again.

Avignon Papacy + Great Schism of the West

S: Led to mass uncertainty among people in Europe. Extreme religious anxiety. P: Catholic church became self-centered. Phillip the Fair, and French influence in the College of Cardinals, led to a line of popes being based in Avignon. College of Cardinals ended up electing two popes, one in Rome, the other in Avignon. R: Church legitimacy questioned. I: Pious Christians shocked and disgusted by the extravagance of the Church and lack of coherence. E: International bankers rose as they transferred funds into the papal court.

Hundred Years War

S: Led to social unrests in both England and France. P: Drew many allies to war, including Scotland with France, and Burgundy with England. First standing armies established during this war. France wins back England's continental holdings. I: England develops mentality of being an island nation, which "navy fostered a sense of unassailability" T: New military tactics used. End of heavy cavalry knights, and hence eventually the nobility. Lighter infantry, such as longbowmen, and hobelars were more prominent. E: Caused taxes to be raised in both France and England.

Wat Tyler's Rebellion

S: Lower classes were angry at increasing taxes, such as the Poll Tax, and the rising cost of the Hundred Years War. P: Parliament blamed the cause of the revolt on officials being greedy. Requested change in the Royal Council, which Richard II granted. Commons agreed that military efforts should be carefully but substantially reduced. I:Broader questions also asked. T: Peasants relatively poorly organized compared to English royalty. E: Wages continued to increase, and new leasehold agreements replacing traditional forms of tenure.

"Justification by Faith"

S: Luther's notion of justification by faith impacted the Protestants in that he believed that people did not earn or acquire grace by doing good things. R: This belief was not so radical in the sense that some clergyman believed that this notion was nothing contrary to the teachings of the Catholic church. I: This idea presented a different intellectual approach to grace. Luther believed that people did good things because they were possessed by the grace of god. Good works was in no way the cause of grace.

Henry VIII (Act of Supremacy)

S: Married six times. Original marriage with Catherine resulted in birth of Bloody Mary. P: Had no male heir, so requested to Pope Clement VII to annule his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. Passed the Act of Supremacy, naming him head of state and church. R: Began the Church of England. Episcopacy established. I: Believed in strength in unity between monarchy and parliament.

Quattrocento

S: Moral and civic questions became the norm, not just theological or scientific questions. P: Italy devided into city-states. Machiavelli wrote The Prince hoping it could provide guidance to Italian rulers. R: God glorified by works of art. I: Italian Renaissance during the fifteenth century. "Pagan" humanism became prominent in Italian culture. E: Wealthy banking family called the Medici became de facto rulers of Florence from 1360-1764.

Black Death

S: Nearly half of Europe's population perished. Revolts happened among workers and peasants due to difficulty finding work and controlled wages. Landlords gave more favorable terms to peasants, such as giving land tenures, hence giving rise to peasant property owner class. P: As kings raised money, they needed to bargain with Parliament, hence the "golden age" of medieval parliaments. R: Shaky church contributed to wide-scaled panic. Order of the Flagellan and like sprung up, contributing to widespread self-torture and extreme religious anxiety. I: People believed the Black Death was God's wrath. E: Survivors found higher wages due to scarcity of labor. Kings needed to raise money still, so debased currency, raised taxes and even taxed the clergies.

Ferdinand and Isabella

S: No national feeling, both sides spoke different languages P: Married to create a union between Aragon and Castile. Sanctioned Columbus' voyage. R: Most common feeling was being belonging to the Spanish Catholic Church

Pico della Mirandola

S: Oration on the Dignity of Man called Manifesto of the Renaissance, key text of Renaissance humanism. P: Some theses were considered unorthodox and heretic by papal authorities. I: Sought out truth that was not revealed in Scriptures. Claimed to be able to summarize all of human knowledge in 900 theses.

Raphael

S: Placement of the School is in front of La Disputa, signifying Renaissance attitudes of embracing secularism without rejecting Christianity. P: Like da Vinci, worked under popes. Helped renovate St.Peter's Basilica. R: I: Produced The School of Athens, which is considered by many a tribute to philosophy. T: Cooperated with Raimondo to create printmaking.

Paul III

S: Pope Paul 1534-49 Roman aristocrat, humanist and astrologer. First of reforming popes. He felt that the dangers of a council needed to be risked as the need for reform was extremely urgent, set up the Council of Trent. Appointed several reform-minded cardinals. P: Still fought for and made sure to stop the episcopal movement (keep power for the pope). R: Believed in Papal primacy but took office seriously - moral and religious force. Authorised an order of nuns called Ursuline as well as girl's education also authorised the Jesuits. I: Authorised Ursuline, encouraged girl's education. Jesuits helped world affairs and aided in world education.

Erasmus (Handbook of a Christian Knight)

S: Promoted gradual moral improvement, but feared the unenlightened excitability of the common man. P: Chose impartiality during the Reformation. R: Book offered guidance on how to take part in worldly affairs while being a devout Christian. Praise of Folly was a satirical against church malpractices. I: Erasmus believed in the fundamentals of the Church, but called for reform.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

S: Published in 1536 by John Calvin who was a French humanist who was trained as a lawyer and priest. He was influenced by Martin Luther. Book was written for the whole world, it is the single most important religious work of the 16th century. Tied together with many concepts of reformation. Basis of Calvinism. P: Obviously the Roman Catholic Church was not happy as he wanted reform, he was exiled from France. Calvinists never respected the state. R: Brought in religion of Calvinism. When Calvin was exiled from France he went to Geneva to set up his model Christian community. He believed that true Christians should Christianize the state. Calvinism spread very far.

Regiomantanus

S: Real name Johann Müller. P: Likely the most influential scientific worker seeing as Da Vinci still remained unknown. I: First to lay the foundations for a mathematical conception of the universe.

Anabaptists

S: Rejected by Luther. P: John of Leynerd took Munster, but was quickly overpowered by old authorities. R: Rebellion in Munster proclaimed Old Testament ideals like polygamy to be just. I: No coherent ideology, but in general radical in approach.

Cuius Regio Eius Religio

S: Relates to Peace of Augsburg, phrase in Latin that means for whose realm, his religion. P: More power to rulers. Rulers of German states allowed to choose what religion in his state. R: The rule only applied to two religions, Roman Catholic and Protestant so free to choose religion as long as one of the two. Practicing any other religion was considered heresy and could potentially be punishable by death.

Medici Family

S: Ruled Florence until 1764. P: Hereditary grand dukes of the new Tuscany duchy. Moved Florence away from Republicanism and towards its own principality. R: Four of its members became popes. E: Wealthy banking family (Medici Bank) that became de facto rulers of Florence.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

S: Society of Jesus (Jesuits) an order of Catholic priests started by Ignatius of Loyola. P: One of the most forceful orders within the church. R: Spiritual Exercises outline the tough spiritual training that members had to go through. Used missionaries, spread religion. I: dedicated to education and missionary work. Encouraged and helped in education and set up schools throughout the world. Role in education. Pro Humanist education. Schools for boys. Similar to military levels regarding organization.

Christian Humanism

S: Spread of universities that where considered monkish and scholastic. P: German speaking world was ill-defined and ill-organized. R: Combination of Christian ethics and humanist principles. I: Emphasis on the humanity of Jesus Christ. T: Inventiveness increased among people. Many intellects came from German speaking world but had latin names. E: Occurred in a time when the Holy Roman Empire was the economic superpower in Europe.

95 Theses

S: Started Protestant Reformation by Luther P: started mass religious and political debate and violent conflicts between adherents of the Catholic church and those who are angry with the status quo and want to join Protestantism R: Stated 95 things wrong with the Catholic church with regards to corruption and other misdeeds I: One of the most famous documents publicly castigating the church, colloquially "broke the ice" and other were prompted to criticize the church as well

Unam Sanctum

S: Subsequent Avignon Papacy caused mass religious hysteria. P: Papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII in 1302. Issued in response to Phillip the Fair and Edward I taxing clerical lands. Led to the Avignon Papacy. R:Claimed that there no salvation outside the Catholic Church I: Claimed that the Pope would be the supreme head of the Catholic Church.

Louis XI

S: Suppressed brigands and rebellious nobles. Dressed like commoners P: Capitalized on increasing territory of the royal domain. Built a royal army. Of the Valois line, and a Capetian king. R: Increased control over the clergy. T:Developed royal postal roads,hence nicknamed Universal Spider. E: Raised taxes without parliamentary consent. Prudent fiscally. Economic policies favorable for the rising mercantile class that later became the bourgeoisie.

Mysticism

S: Thomas a Kempis (Writer of Imitation of Christ) and Meister Eckhart were prominent followers. P: Caused tension among clergymen because reform was being called from outside the church. R: The church had no place in one's relationship with God. I:Belief in the direct and personal connection to God. No need for reason, words, nor joining other people in worship.

Maximilian I

S: Used marriages within the family to upkeep rule P: Roman empire was divided into circles R: "Holy Roman Emperor" - has to be usually appointed by pope I: Imperial Chamber and Council were created T: Maximilian Armor, promoted arts and sciences, 192 wood blocks, woodcut (triumphal arch), Arches modeled after Roman Empires E: Controlled Hapsburg's fortune

Castiglione (Book of Courtier)

S: Wrote Book of Courtier, which set out standards of courteous behaviour. Wrote it in a time when city-republics were transitioning into princely courts. 1528. P: Ideal court included women, who were to balance out men's robust behaviors with tenderness. I: Believed a man should show a hint of carelessness to exude sense of effortless superiority. Should know Latin and Greek.

Brethren of the Common Life

S:Did not live as monks and nuns because people did not take vows nor were they forced to stay. Majority were laymen. P: Received papal approval to operate. R: Installation of Christian core values I: Boys school first to be separated into classes based on age and skill level.

Henry VII, first Tudor (Star Chamber)

S; Star Chamber dealt with property disputes and infractions of public peace. Initially popular, but later denounced as a despot haven. P: Ended Wars of Roses, and ended livery and maintenance. Established Star Chamber, which operated without a jury and in complete secrecy. Began the rule of the Tudor dynasty, which lasted until the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. I: Court served a court of equity, meaning it could find someone morally guilty even if he is legally innocent. E: Great Agreement with Netherlands to trade wool in 1496.

Dr.Faustus

T: Exchanged his soul to the devil for power and knowledge. I: Used as a symbol of the extremes of curiosity.