European History Midterm 2013 PLUS NEW QUESTIONS
16 cent religious wars that plagued France ended w the
...
NOT a characteristic of the Italian Ren
...
What % of Europeans died from Black Plague
1/3, 33%
When did Christian Chuch split into 2 halves
1054
When was Battle of Hastings?
1066
When did emperor appeal for help?
1095
When was Council of Nicea
325
Foremost Northern Ren artist
Albrecht Durer
Byzantine emporer who appealed for aid from West?
Alexios I
What town was papacy moved to
Avignon
Sculpture "The Ecstasy of St. Teresa" by Gianlorenzo Bernini is most likely a work repp'ive of what style
Baroque
Greatest painter at the Venetian School
Bellini
Who wrote Unam Sanctum
Boniface VIII
Son of Pope Alexander VI
Cesare Borgia
Most powerful Euro ruler during Protestant Reformation
Charles V
What council issued Sacrosancta
Constance
Under what king was Model Parliament introduced
Edward I
What king of England started 100 Years War
Edward III
Country likely to be "winner" of the Hundred Years War
France
Where was 100 Years War fought
France
Main language spoken in Eastern half of Roman Empire
Greek
During Thirty Years' War, the Lutheran gov't was saved from extinction by the military intervention of who
Gustavus Adolphus
Pledged to rid Florence of corruption
Henry IV
Founder of Jesuit order (Society of Jesus)
Ignatius Loyola
Cause of fall of Rome
Imperialism, barbarian invasions
Weakened power of Medici's
Invasion of France
Protestantism did NOT spread significantly in what country during 16 cent?
Ireland
NOT a new monarch
Isabella d'Este
Unified Spain w her husband
Isabella of Castille
Time period of free standing sculptures
Italian Renaissance
Turned tide for 100 Years War in favor of French
Joan of Arc
Provided a foundation upon which Puritanism was based
John Calvin
Emperor who built Haiga Sophia
Justinian
Embodied Lutheran ideal of a devoted and compassionate spouse?
Katerina van Bora
Family known as red rose
Lancaster
Time period that used Greco-Roman lines in its architecture
Late Hellenistic
Two ancient languages studied by humanists
Latin (Roman) and Greek
Who developed sfumato
Leonardo daVinci
Medici called the Magnificent
Lorenzo
Foremost expert on Latin language during Italian Ren
Lorenzo Valla
Author of The Prince
Machiavelli
Doc that guaranteed rights of nobles
Magna Carta
Who developed the essay
Michel De Montaigne
Author of Oration on the Dignity of Man
Mirandola
Considered "Father of Humanism" and described medieval period as the "Dark Ages"
Petrarch
Kidnapped Boniface VIII
Philip IV
Most notorious of Ren popes
Pope Alexander VI
Who issued Treaty of Tordesillas?
Pope Alexander VI
Issued Clericos Laicos
Pope Boniface VIII
What pope has most influence in reforming church practices and reaffirming doctrine during Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III
What pope called for the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II
Most important in early dvlpmnt of Portuguese exploration during mid-to-late 15 cent
Prince Henry the Navigator
Central religious issue in England between 1534-1689
Protestantism would remain dominant force in Church of England
Immediate cause of English Civil War
Religious persecution of Puritans by Charles I
What time period has a sexual double standard
Renaissance
What nationality did ppl of Byzantine Empire consider themselves
Roman
Country that dominated spice trade in modern day Indonesia during 17 cent
The Dutch Republic
Name of land Vikings settled in North America
Vinland
What war caused the Defenestration of Prague
War in Bohemia
Joan of Arc convicted for
blasphemy
Great accomplishment of Erasmus
books and influence on humanists
Economic system started after Crusades
capitalism, still enjoyed today
What does the fox say
choff choff something
contract bt a merchant and merchant-adventurer
commenda
Elizabeth I of Eng and Henry IV of France were similar in their
compromises
Main point of Clericos Laicos
couldn't tax church land
Decision of Sacrosancta?
council over popes
Alphabet used by Slavs in E Europe
cryllic
Philip VI persuaded Council of Cardinals to
elect French pope
Religious divisions w/in England in late 16 cent resulted in
execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
NOT an aspect of the Cath Reformation
faith and grace only routes to salvation
Machiavelli said rulers should act like what animals?
fox and lion
What organizations did craftsmen join?
guild
"Price revolution" of 16 cent led directly to
increase in production of goods
Upper class women during the Renaissance
increased access to education, lost some status compared to Middle Ages, were to make themselves pleasing to men, sexual double standard
Mjr diff bt Euro society in Ren compared to society in Later Middle Ages was that Ren society experienced
increased publication of written materials
Political results of Crusades
initially pope was stronger, but kings stronger in the end, loss in papal prestige
Effect of the Edict of Milan
legalized Christianity
Where did Luther est a theocracy
nowhere
Theme of Unam Sanctum
popes over kings
Papal Supremacy?
popes rule over everyone else
A significant % of Spain's Jews and Moors were removed by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile as a result of the
reconquista
Council of Trent (1545-1563) was significant because it
reformed abuses in the church
Most important cause of English civil war
religious persecution of Puritans by Charles I, and struggle between king and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties
The Treaty of Westphalia
renewal of Peace of Augsburg, but added Calvinism as politically accepted faith. ended Catholic reformation in Germany. Guaranteed Germany remained politically divided. Dissolution of HRE confirmed. Netherlands and Switzerland gained independence from Spanish rule. Many Germans became sovereign. Pope denied right to intervene with HRE affairs. France, Sweden, Brandenburg rec'd territorie and gained intern'l stature. Hapsburg branches weakened.
Accurate concerning doctrine of the Anglican Church under Henry VIII
salvation through "good works"
Word used in Italian Ren for a despot
signori
Protestant Reformation
strengthened power of secular rulers
Anabaptists from the 16th cent believed in
strong voluntary association of believers w/ no connection to any state
Most profitable commodity in emerging global trade during commercial revolution
sugar
Long term consequence of Spain's conquest of the New World
the creations of a new population known as mestizos
Cause of the end of Viking raids
they learned how to farm
All of the following were Cath church abuses criticized by religious reformers prior to Reformation EXCEPT
transubstatiation
Chiaroscuro
use of dark and light colors to create depth
Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France were similar in their
use of practical compromise to solve problems
In feudalism what position(s) could a peasant hold
vassal
When was Sack of Rome by armies of HRE Charles V
1527
When did city of Rome fall?
476
NOT an important aspect of Cath Reformation
Augsburg Confession
Statue of David created in what style
Baroque
First Euro explorer to round S tip of Africa
Bartholomew Dias
What battle ended War of the Roses?
Battle of Bosworth Field
Battle that turned tide of 100 Years War
Battle of Orleans
Most profound use of baroque ideas and values
Bernini
Round colonnade in front of St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican was designed by
Bernini
Created II Duoma
Brunelleschi
Frankish king crowned in 800
Charlemagne
What civilized Vikings
Christianity
In which council was First Crusade called?
Clermont
In what city was Haiga Sophia built
Constantinople
What was William the Conqueror's title before becoming King of England
Duke of Normandy
Could be considered "politiques" for ability and willingness to compromise in order to further political goals
Elizabeth I and Henry IV
Known as "Prince of Humanists"
Erasmus
Immediate cause of Thirty Years' War
Failure of Peace of Augsburg
French cloth making town Edward wanted to have for English wool
Flanders
Most important economic and mercantile center in Europe during last half of 16 cent
Geneva
Result of Thirty Years' War
Germany devastated (1/3 of pop perished), further divided by decline of HRE, Ended wars of religion, beginning of rise of France as dominant Euro power, accelerated rise of Eng, Netherlands, and Prussia. Balance of power diplomacy emerged in Euro
Victims of St. Bartholomew's Massacre (1572)
Huguenots
John Calvin's Magnus Opus?
Institutes of the Catholic Religion
Was NOT significantly affected by the Calvinist mvmt in early 17 cent
Italy
Against what group were the pogroms started after Crusades?
Jews
King forced to sign doc guaranteeing rights of nobles
King John
Main language spoken in Western half of Roman Empire
Latin
First person to use term "humanism"
Leonardo Bruni
Translated Plato's works into Latin
Marsillo Ficino
Who wrote Don Quixote
Miguel De Cervantes
How did Humanism influence Protestant Reformation
New Latin and Greek translations of the Bible influenced reformers to challenge Cath authority
Immediate result of Pride's Purge (1648)
Parliament leaving a "Rump Parliament" w/ only 1/5 of members remaining, new sects emerge, and Charles I beheaded in 1649
What Protestant group took hold in Scotland?
Presbyterians
Central religious issue in England bt 1534 and 1689 was extent to which
Protestantism should remain dominant in Church of England
Allowed women to preach in their congregations
Quakers
Artist who created numerous "Madonna and Child" paintings
Raphael Santi
What institution filled the power vacuum in W Europe when Rome fell
Roman Cath Church
Where were Vikings from?
Scandinavia
Who wrote Utopia
St. Thomas More
Important tool in helping English monarchy increase its power during late-15 cent
Star Chamber
Who was a 16 cent Cath figure who had a significant impact in promoting emotionalism and a personal relationship w God?
Teresa of Avila
Pope Alexander VI issued what to prevent military conflicts between Spain and Portugal over New Worlds claims issue
Treaty of Tordesillas
Dynasty that came after Plantagenet dynasty in England
Tudor
First Euro explorer to find an all-water route to India
Vasco da Gama
Longest lasting of Italian city-states
Venice
Who won Battle of Hastings
William the Conqueror
Family known as white rose
York
Where did Zwingli est a theocracy
Zurich
Lutheran Reformation in Germany emphasized
a "priesthood of all believers"
In guild system, what is lowest person called?
apprentice
How did Joan of Arc die
burned at stake
Mercenary general AKA
condottieri
NOT used to reduce power of nobility in early modern Europe
condottieri
Colloquy of Marburg (1529)
debate bt Luther and Zwingli that officially split Protestantism
What was unique about the Fourth Crusade
didn't reach the holy land
Elizabethan Settlement during late-16 cent
doctrine of Anglican church that was essentially Protestant w some Cath rituals
Fundamental goal of a mercantilist country in 17 cent
favorable balance of trade w other nations
William of Orange was a significant political fig in late 16 cent bc
he led 17 province against Spanish Inquisition
English Civil War and French Revolution similar in
high taxes proposals and rebellions against kin
social class at forefront of the Commercial Revolution in 16 cent was the
middle class
Social result of Crusades
raised status of women, introduced lost knowledge, increased trade links
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
reaffirmed trad'l doctrine of RCC
According to humanists, what constitutes a good life
reason and nature
Does NOT constitute a good, liberal arts education
religion
Major cause of "price revolution" in mid 16 cent was
rise in population
Specific abuse Luther addressed in 95 Theses
sale of indulgences
What best reflects a major cause for the increased power of the new monarchs in early modern Euro
tax supported royal armies
Sfumato
technique of blurring or softening sharp outlines
Why was moveable type printing press so important
translated and printed more more quickly, more Bibles printed
During 16 cent, first enclosure mvmts in England were designed to increase
wool production
How long did Crusades last?
195
When was Battle of Milvian Bridge
312
When was edict of Milan?
321
Perspecitive
3D effects on a 2D surface
When did Viking raids in Europe begin
793
How many Crusades were there
8
Highly critical of the way in which Native Americans were treated by the Spanish in the New World
Alfonso d' Albuquerque
Considered politiques for their ability and willingness to compromise in order to further their political goals
Cardinal Richilieu, Elizabeth I, Henry IV
What French kings death started controversy that began 100 Years War?
Charles IV
What king chose an "Antipope"?
Charles V
Which Euro ruler posed biggest obstacle to spread of Protestantism in 16 cent
Charles V
French monarchy under Francis I gained in 1516 the right to appoint its own bishops and exercise greater control over the Catholic church in France as a result of the
Concordat of Bologna
Most powerful of Medici's
Cosimo
Sought to reduce further spread of Protestantism in central Europe during 16 cent
Council of Trent
What book did Henry VIII write?
Defense of the Seven Sacraments
EF-CHIP for Treaty of Westphalia
End of Wars of Religion France emerges as Europe's most powerfil country Calvinism added to Peace of Augsburg HRE effectively destroyed Independence for Netherlands and Switzerland Prussia emerges as a great power
In such works as In Praise of Folly, this man criticized the clergy and abuses that he saw in the Christian Church
Erasmus
What humanist influenced Calvin?
Erasmus
What work had biggest impact on Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Erasmus In Praise of Folly
Center of Ren during 15 cent
Florence, almost exclusive to high classes
Where did Calvin est a theocracy
Geneva
What is true regarding Peace of Augsburg(1555)?
German princes allowed to choose Catholicism or Protestantism
Killed King Richard III to end War of the Roses at Bosworth Field
Henry VII (Henry Tudor)
Major figure in Scottish Reformation and instrumental in making Presbyterianism dominant in Scotland church
John Knox
14 cent English reformer whose views were embodied in Lollard mvmt
John Wyclif
What city was first Bible printed using printing press
Mainz, Germany
Unifying pope
Martin V
NOT a Calvinist group in the 16 cent
Mennonites
Greatest of the mannerist painters
Michelangelo
What is the Pieta
Michelangelo painting, Mary holding limp body of Christ, in St. Mark's Cathedral
What time period was divorce non existent
Middle Ages
Rights of a German prince to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as official faith of state
Peace of Augsburg
Names of two halves of Christian Church
Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
What group was harassing the Byzantine Empire that began Crusades?
Seljuk Turks
Ruled Duchy of Milan
Sforza family
Elizabeth I attempted to reduce religious conflict in England through a compromise creed of faith known as the
Thirty-Nine Articles
Compared to life in Middle Ages, typical peasant during Ren would have exp'd
few, if any changes
What brought Black Death to Europe
fleas and rats on ships
During commercial revolution in 16 cent and institution that was forerunner of the modern corporation was the
joint-stock company
In critique to RCC, Luther's 95 Theses focused mainly on
lack of biblical justification for sale of indulgences
In 14 and 15 cent, mystics like Thomas a Kempis
laid foundation for Protestants personal approach to worship
Why is Battle of Hastings significant
lands of Normandy not belonged to English kingdom
direct result of reconquista
last stronghold of Muslims was removed from Iberian Peninsula
Oliver Cromwell's rule in England
look in your notes
In feudalism, what positions could a king hold
lord
In feudalism, what positions could a knight hold?
lord and vassal
Philip II of Spain
made Spain dominant country in Europe: "Golden Age" of Spain, Escorial: new royal palace built in shape of grill, symbolized power of Philip as well as his commitment to his Catholic crusade
Fall of Constantinople in 1453 had a significant impact on Ren humanism in Italy bc
many Greek scholars fled there w books and manuscripts
What time period was based mainly on Scripture?
middle ages
Major diff bt Italian Ren and Northern Ren was that the Italian Ren
most Italian Ren ppl stayed Catholic
Edict of Nantes
permitted Huguenots right to privately worship, access to universities, public office, and right to maintain 200 fortified towns in W and SW France for self-protection. More of a truce thanin religious wars than recognition of religious tolerance
Most important reason for success of both Renaissance culture and Protestant Reformation
printing press
What is a vassal?
someone who works their lord's land in return for letting them live there
During Protestant Reformation, French gov't maintained policy of
support for Lutheran princes
Luther's most fundamental theological idea
through faith alone, salvation can be achieved
Workers part of middle class
traders, businessmen, artisans
Kept balance bt Italian city-states
weaker states would ally w other states to prevent a single state from dominating peninsula
