evolution exam 2 post tests

True or false: analogous traits and homologous traits are synonyms

false

in which game are players strategies fixed? A) Hawk-Dove B) prisoner's dilemma C) raider's dilemma D) tit-for-tat

A) hawk-dove

In which group has eusocial behavior arisen multiple times/ A) hymenoptera B) synalpheus C) mammals D) prairie dogs

A) hymenoptera

three predictions of hamiltons rule

relatedness is high, benefits of helping relatives in altruism is high, cost to self is low

Antagonistic coevolution occurs when: A) each of the two species has a negative effect on the other B) each of the two species benefits from their interaction C) each species evolves at separate rates of evolution D) both species evolve traits with similar function

A) each of the two species has a negative effect on the other

Phylogenetics is a method used for: A) understanding competition among organisms B) understanding evolutionary relationships among organisms C) understanding geological processes

B) understanding evolutionary relationships among organisms

Calculate relatedness in a diploid system between an offspring and their half-sibling (which only shares one parent with the focal offspring)? A) 0.25 B) 0.50 C) 0.75 D) 1.00

A) 0.25

In a haplodiploid system, calculate the relatedness of a son to a maternal aunt. A) 0.75 B)0.35 C)0.25 D)0.5

A) 0.75

Two species are co-evolving if: A) evolutionary change in one species affects the evolutionary trajectory of the other B) evolution change in one species has no effect on the other C)the species interact but exert no selection pressure on each other D) both species disperse to separate geographic regions and continue evolving

A) evolutionary change in one species affects the evolutionary trajectory of the other

You and Chewbacca are picked up for smuggling by the Empire, and you need to decide whether to cooperate or betray Chewbacca. If you both cooperate and keep mum then you will both serve 1 year, if one of you betrays and rats out your partner then they go scot free and their partner serves 5 years, but if you both betray each other than you will both serve 3 years. If both you and Chewbacca were acting in the collective best interest of your team, how many years would you serve together in Empire jail? If you were both acting in the best interest of yourselves, how many years would you serve together in Empire jail? A) 2 years, 6 years B) 2 years, 3 years C) 1 year, 3 years D) 6 years, 5 years

A) 2 years, 6 years

After the Permian, the southern landmass was: A) Gondwana B) Laurasia C) Pangea D)none of these

A) Gondwana

Marsupials originated in: A) Gondwana B) Australia C) North America D) Laurasia

A) Gondwana

Farenholz's rule is supported when: A) A comparison of phylogenies for host and parasite show a correlated pattern of evolution B) A comparison of phylogenies for paralogous genes show correlated evolution C) A comparison of phylogenies for predator and prey species show independent speciation D) A comparison of phylogenies for pollinators and plants show multiple episodes of host jumping

A) a comparison of phylogenies for host and parasite show a correlated pattern of evolution

Which is an example of diffuse coevolution? A) a plant with multiple pollinators B) a predator-prey relationship between an owl and a mouse C) parasitic relationship between a tick and a dog D) none of the above

A) a plant with multiple pollinators

If the Geographic Mosaic of Co-evolution is occurring, what would you expect to see when you looked at populations of two interacting species: A) At any given point in time, some populations are acting as mutualists, and some populations are acting as parasites B) all populations are acting as mutualists at one point in time, and all populations are acting as parasites at the next point in time C) all populations act as parasites at all times D) all populations act as mutualists at all times

A) at any given point in time, some populations are acting as mutualists, and some populations are acting as parasites

If you were playing Tit-for-Tat, and your partner cheated, what would your next move be and why? A) Betray, because you are "provocable" B) cooperate, because you are "provocable" C) betray, because you forgive D) cooperate, because you forgive

A) betray because you are provocable

Co-evolution can be driven why: A) both antagonistic and mutualistic interactions B) antagonistic interactions C) mutualistic interactions D) neutral interactions

A) both antagonistic and mutualistic interactions

According to Dan Jansen which of the following does NOT demonstrate coevolution between two species? A) Demonstrating that evolutionary change has occurred in one species, but not the second partner species B) Demonstrating that evolutionary changes have occurred in both species C)Demonstrating that evolutionary change in one species is followed by evolutionary change in the second partner species

A) demonstrating that evolutionary change has occurred in one species, but not in the second partner species

When more than two species are interacting, and evolutionary change in one causes change in one or more of the others, it is known as: A) diffuse coevolution B) antagonistic coevolution C) pairwise coevolution D) predator-prey coevolution

A) diffuse coevolution

Male fiddler crabs have one claw that is very large and one that is small (the same size as the female's claw). Males dig burrows for females to lay their eggs in. The width of the male claw influences the temperature of the burrow. Females preferentially mate with males having the largest claws. Which of the following, by itself, best explains this result? A) direct benefit B) good genes C) runaway sexual selection D) sensory bias

A) direct benefit

In Intrasexual selection: A) males compete with other males for the right to mate with females B)males are choosy and pick female mates C)females pick male mates D)females compete with males for mates

A) males compete with other males for the right to mate with females

In Dr. Adams example, what context dependent factor determined whether "guest ants" were mutualists instead of parasites? A) "raider" ants B) abundance of resources C) type of ant community D) presence of a fungus garden

A) raider ants

In a species of fly, females experimentally mated with larger males usually had a shorter reproductive lifespan than did females mated with smaller flies. When given a choice, females chose the larger males. Which of the following, by itself, best explains this result? A) runaway sexual selection B) direct benefits C) good genes D) none of the above

A) runaway sexual selection

a synapomorphy is: A) shared, derived character B) shared, ancestral character C) convergent character D) analogous character

A) shared, derived character

What would provide evidence for a coevolutionary arms race? A) The development of a toxin in Species 1 was followed by the development of an antibody to the toxin in Species 2, followed by the development or change in a toxin in Species 1 B) The development of a toxin in Species 1 was followed by no change in Species 2, followed by the development or change in a toxin in Species 1 C) No change in toxins in Species 1 was followed by the development of an antibody to a toxin in Species 2, followed by no change in toxins in Species 1 D) The development of a toxin in Species 1 was followed by the development of an antibody to the toxin in Species 2 followed by no changes in toxins in Species 1

A) the development of a toxin in species 1 was followed by the development of an antibody to the toxin in species 2, followed by the development or change in a toxin in species 1

zooxanthellae living in coral are an example of what type of mutualism: A) trophic mutualism B) defensive C) terrestrial D) dispersal

A) trophic

In a haplodiploid system, calculate the relatedness of a brother to a sister. A)0.5 B)0.25 C)0.75 D)0.8

A)0.5

Game theory is a mathematical model that can be applied in evolution to (pick 2): A) help explain why species cheat B) help explain why species strategies persist C) help explain why species cooperate D) identify an optimal strategy for a species

B and D, help explain why species strategies persist and identify an optimal strategy for a species

Fossil organisms distributed only in the northern hemisphere likely originated in: A) Gondwana B) Laurasia C) China D) North America

B) Laurasia

For the syntenic dot plot below, what does the shorter line in between and perpendicular to the two longer lines represent? A)matching gene sequences B)chromosomal inversion C)a synonymous mutation D)a region with high mutation rates

B) a chromosomal inversion

In order to escape predation from lions, zebras have developed to have a faster running speed. In response, lions developed a faster running speed to prey on zebras. This is an example of what evolutionary concept? A) cospeciation B) evolutionary arms race C) adaptive radiation D) none of the above

B) evolutionary arms race...double check

The evolution of eusociality is occasionally observed in diploid species, such as mole rats or shrimp. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding haplodiploid mating systems and eusociality? A) All hymenopteran species are haplodiploid and also eusocial; thus, at least in insects, haplodiploidy might be necessary for the evolution of eusociality. B) Haplodiploidy alone is neither necessary nor sufficient for the evolution of eusociality, but it does partly explain why eusociality evolved in many lineages of hymenopterans. C) Haplodiploidy is not sufficient for the evolution of eusociality, and we cannot use it to explain why eusociality is overrepresented in hymenopterans. D)Eusocial shrimp and mole rat species are haplodiploid and also eusocial.

B) haplodiploidy alone is neither necessary nor sufficient for the evolution of eusociality, but it does partly explain why eusociality evolve in many lineages of hymenopterans

The distribution of biodiversity today reflects: a) only the movement of humans B) none are correct C) only past events D) only the movement of humans

B) none are correct

Phylogenetic trees are viewed as testable hypotheses because: A) the true species is actually the gene tree B) our understanding of evolutionary pattern and process may change with the inclusion of new information C) you can use them to predict the effect of climate change D) you can use them to assess ecological conditions in the past

B) our understanding of evolutionary pattern and process may change with the inclusion of new information

A paraphyletic group is one: A) is found only within a monophyletic clade B) that is characterized by a shared primitive feature C) that is characterized by a synapomorphy D) that includes all the descendants of a shared, common, ancestor

B) that is characterized by a shared, primitive feature

calculate relatedness in a diploid system of an offspring to their paternal aunt: A) 0.125 B)0.050 C)0.250 D)0.350

C) 0.250

Is every form of adaptation coevolution? A) Yes; other species are always part of an organism's environment B) No; coevolution is by definition limited to only mutualistic interactions C) No; only evolution as an action-reaction response to a selection pressure imposed by interacting organism on each other qualifies as coevolution

C) No; only evolution as an action-reaction response to a selection pressure imposed by interacting organisms on each other qualifies as coevolution

By mapping characters onto a phylogenetic tree, one can: A) evaluate trait evolution B) assess whether they are homologous or convergent C)all are correct D)none are correct

C) all are correct: evaluate trait evolution and assess whether they are homologous or convergent

Which of the following is a relationship between organisms that CANNOT evolve into a mutualistic relationship? A)predator-prey interaction B) parasite-host interaction C) any of these interactions can serve as a precursor to mutualism D) neutral interaction

C) any of these interactions can serve as a precursor to mutualism

A DNA sequence alignment is important because: A) it's better to have sequences organized to examine a gene's nucleotides B) mis-aligned sequences cannot be analyzed C) each nucleotide is a character in a phylogenetic analysis, and homology must be established

C) each nucleotide is a character in a phylogenetic analysis, and homology must be established

If the sea anemone and the clownfish have a mutualistic relationship based on mutual protection of the other, what would be expected to happen to the sea anemone if the clownfish went extinct? A) the sea anemone would go extinct? B) the sea anemone would adapt to survive without the clownfish protection? C) either A or B D) none of the above

C) either A or B. the sea anemone would go extinct or the sea anemone would adapt to survive without the clownfish protection....double check this

What is the relationship between Cospeciation and Fahrenholz' Rule? Choose the most correct answer. A) cospeciation is a perfect example of Fahrenholz' Rule B) Fahrenholz' Rule is shows non-matching topologies between co-evolving lineages C) Fahrenholz' Rule is a perfect example of Cospeciation D) There is no relationship

C) fahrenholz' rule is a perfect example of cospeciation...double check

To accurately reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for recently diverged taxa, one would use: A) genes with few nucleotide substitutions among the taxa B) only nuclear ribosomal RNA genes C) genes that evolve at a fast substitution rate D) highly conserved genes that evolve slowly

C) genes that evolve at a fast substitution rate explain: recently diverged taxa, closer related taxa, use mitochondrial DNA because it diverges fast and quick, so genes that evolve at a fast substitution rate...we need a gene that is evolving at a rate that is adequate for resolving relationships

What is Hamilton's rule? A) if relatedness times the cost of helping a relative exceeds the benefit of helping a relative than altruism will occur B) if relatedness divided by the benefit of helping a relative exceeds the cost of helping a relative than altruism will occur C) if relatedness times the benefit of helping a relative exceeds the cost of helping a relative than altruism will occur D) if relatedness times the benefit of helping a relative is less than the cost of helping a relative than altruism will occur

C) if relatedness times the benefit of helping a relative exceeds the cost of helping a relative than altruism will occur

What are the two reasons that natural selection between sexes is likely to vary? A) males are bigger and more aggressive than females and females are not choosy B) females produce more eggs than males produce sperm, and eggs are more costly C) males produce more sperm than females produce eggs, and eggs are more costly D) females are choose, and females produce more eggs than males produce sperm

C) males produce more sperm than females produce eggs, and eggs are more costly

Which statement best describes the diversity of mutualisms? A) Mutualisms typically occur between a multicellular and unicellular organism, but can occur between species from different taxonomic families. B) Mutualisms occur between species within the same taxonomic kingdom and are predictable in their origination and evolution. C) Mutualisms occur among species from all taxonomic kingdoms and are unpredictable in their origination and evolution. D) Mutualisms typically occur between species of the same taxonomic kingdom and follow predictable pathways.

C) mutualisms occur among species from all taxonomic kingdoms and are unpredictable in their origination and evolution

What are plant-fungus relationships called? A) myrmecophily B) mycoheterotroph C) mycorrihizae

C) mycorrhizae

Ant beetles have an exploitative relationship with ants. They have developed a stridulatory organs to communicate acoustically with host ants, cephalic openings to secrete appeasement chemicals, and a fusion of all nine antennae flagellomeres that secretes a pheromone to attract host ants. Does this statement display coevolution between the beetles and the ants? A) Yes, the beetles are adapting to their hosts' complex communication signals. B) Yes, the ants are evolving to counteract these developments. C) No, the statement only mentions the adaptations of the beetles, but says nothing about how the ants have adapted to counteract the beetles D) No, these adaptations are unrelated to the ants.

C) no, the statement only mentions the adaptations of the beetles, but says nothing about how the ants have adapted to counteract the beetles....double check

diffuse co-evolution: A) occurs when evolutionary change in one species leads to an evolutionary change in only one other species B) is easy to demonstrate C) occurs when evolutionary changes many species could drive evolutionary responses in many other species D) occurs a focal species drives changes in one or two species

C) occurs when evolutionary changes many species could drive evolutionary responses in many other species

What is the source of DNA acquired by bacterial cell during conjugation? A)the environment B)bacteriophage and other viral pathogens C)other bacteria D)the eukaryotic host

C)other bacteria

Based on the interactions between the ant-nest beetles and the ant colonies they have a relationship with, how would you classify the role of the ant-colonies? A) Predator B) Prey C) Host D) Parasite

C. host

Coalescence is: A) a process for understanding genetic diversity among populations B) the process of reconstructing a phylogenetic tree C) used to trace ancestry of gene copies back in time

C. use to trace ancestry of gene copies back in time

Which of the following would not be considered to function as an island system? A) a forest patch on a farm B) a mountain C) a lake D) a river

D) a river

What does the figure convey about genome size in prokaryotes? A) the number of protein-coding genes decreases with genome size B) there is strong evidence of G-value paradox in prokaryotes C)bacteria have longer genomes than archaeans D)free-living bacteria generally have larger genomes than do obligate symbionts

D) free-living bacteria generally have larger genomes than do obligate symbionts

In order to survive in the geothermally heated soils of Yellowstone National Park, Dichanthelium lanuginosum requires what mutualism(s)? A) The fungus Curvularia must be present in the soil in order for it to inoculate Dicanthelium with CThTV. B) CThTV must be present in the soil for both Dicanthelium and Curvularia protuberata to live; Curvularia provides nitrogen for Dicanthelium. C) The virus CThTV must be present in the soil, which allows Dicanthelium to live in thermally heated soil. Once established, Dicanthelium needs Curvularia to fix nitrogen for growth. D) The virus CThTV (Curvularia thermal tolerance virus) must be present in the soil, allowing the fungus Curvularia protuberata to live in the soil. Dichanthelium requires this fungus to live in the thermally heated soil.

D) the virus CThTV (curvularia thermal tolerance virus) must be present in the soil, allowing the fungus Curvularia protuberata to live in the soil. Dichanthelium requires this fungus to live in the thermally heated soil

One reason that bats are the only native mammals to some oceanic islands would be: A) humans accidentally transported them on ancient sailing vessels B) they know how to swim C) they can avoid predation D) they can fly

D) they can fly

A strategy that if all members of a population adopt it, no mutant strategy can invade:

ESS

The names of the two people who came up with the model of evolution of Hawk-Dove model?

Greg Price and John Maynard Smith

Name of British evolutionary biologist who proposed the idea of total fitness being a sum of direct fitness and indirect fitness?(aka the inclusive fitness of individual)

Hamilton

True or False: The wings of bats and butterflies represent homologous traits

false

True or false: All genes are single-copy in an organism's genome

false

True or false: Eusociality is always driven by a haploid/diploid genetic system

false

What type of behavior reduces an individual's lifetime reproductive success while increasing the success of another?

altruism

Type of evolution which occurs when each of two species has a negative effect on the other:

antagonistic

A sister taxon relationship is one that: A) excludes any member of the ingroup B) consists of taxa that share a most recent common ancestor C) consist of the outgroup and the most recently evolved member of a clade D) consists of all the members of an ingroup

b) consists of taxa that share a most recent common ancestor

Polyphyly is a phylogenetic pattern that reflects: A) synapomorphy B) convergent evolution C) pleisiomorphy D) divergent evolution

b) convergent evolution

A clade is: A) a suit in a deck of cards B) recognized as a community of descent in a phylogenetic tree C) a single individual in a coalescent analysis

b) recognized as a community of descent in a phylogenetic tree

Speciation in one partner in a coevolutionary relationship leads to speciation in the other is called

cospeciation

what is cooperation based on?

costs and benefits

When either or both populations in co-evolution are represented by an array of populations that generate a selective pressure as a group:

diffuse coevolution

True or False: A gene tree is the same as a species tree

false

True or False: Mutualisms always result in coevolution

false

True or False: The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography applies only to oceanic islands

false

True or false: you want to use ribosomal comparisons for close relatives

false (you want to use mitochondrial DNA bc they diverge faster) distant relatives use nuclear DNA bc they diverge over a long period of time

A mathematical model that can be applied in evolution to identify an optimal strategy for species and help explain why species strategies persist:

game theory model

Altruism evolves following what rule?

hamiltons rule (rB > C)

The incremental effect that the individual's behavior has on the (direct) fitness of its genetic relatives?

indirect fitness

What type of selection involves direct benefits, good genes, runaway sexual selection, sensory bias

intersexual selection (female choosing male)

What are ant-other organism relationships called? A) myrmecophily B) mycoheterotroph C) mycorrihizae

myrmecophily

System in which each partner can only survive and reproduce successfully in the presence of the other:

obligate mutualism

Prisoner's dilemma and mobbing behavior by birds is part of what type of altruism?

reciprocal altruism

A phylogram differs from a cladogram by: A) including only the ingroup for analysis B) showing the relative nodal support for the tree C) showing the relative number of character changes along a branch D) including information about synamorphies

showing the relative number of character changes along a branch

a species interaction in which two organisms live in close association with each other is: A) symbiosis B) cooperation C) holobiont D) mutualism

symbiosis

True or False: Altruistic behavior is a type of cooperation

true

True or False: An evolutionary arms race can result in a coevolutionary adaptive radiation

true

True or False: Many species interactions can be affected based on one organism undergoing adaptive radiation

true

True or False: The evolution of more diverse prey phenotypes should increase potential niche diversity for predators

true

True or false: The tree of life can be used to find new medicines because close relatives with medicinally important molecules may share bioactive compounds

true

True or false: parsimony is the simplest explanation possible

true

true or false: fixation of neutral mutations can increase standing genetic variation within a population

true

___________ is encoded by one codon, which means that any point mutation in this codon are ___________

tryptophan, nonsynonymous

What is diffuse coevolution?

when more than 2 species are involved