EVR exam 4

What was the percent change from 1970 to 2006 for vehicle miles traveled? +175% -50% +200% +50%

+175%

What percentage of Earth's fresh water is found in rivers? 0.01% 1% 2.5% 25%

0.01%

What was the overall change in CO2 emissions for electricity generation from 1980 to 2005? 0.4 billion metric tons 0.9 billion metric tons 2.4 billion metric tons 1.5 billion metric tons

0.9 billion metric tons

According to the graph, how much warmer on average were global temperatures in the year 2000 than in the year 1900? Average global temperatures were about the same both years. 0.3°C 0.6°C 0.9°C 1.2°C

0.9°C

The largest fishery on Earth, located along the west coast of Chile, consists of __________. 1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch 1% of the ocean and provides 50% of the world's total fish catch 20% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch 20% of the ocean and provides 90% of the world's total fish catch

1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch

Now calculate the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in the year 1750 (assume 0.03 trillion kg C). How many times greater was the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in 2000 than in 1750? 6 x 10-7 1.7 x 106 350,000,210 7.4 x 1010

1.7 x 106

What was the temperature at 9:00 A.M. on Day 1? 12 °Fahrenheit 12 °Celsius 30 °Celsius 70 °Fahrenheit 48 °Fahrenheit

12 °Celsius

The red line represents annual human consumption of paleoproduction by fossil fuel combustion. The dashed line indicates current annual net primary production (NPP) for the entire planet. Estimate in what year the annual consumption of paleoproduction surpassed Earth's current annual NPP. 1850 1890 1920 1960

1890

First developed in the ________, nuclear power showed the most growth during the ________. 1980s; 1990s 1950s; 1970s and 1980s 1930s; 1950s 1960s; 1990s 1940s; 1950s

1950s; 1970s and 1980s

Estimate in what year our consumption of paleoproduction reached 100 times Earth's current annual net primary production. 1850 1890 1920 1960

1960

In what year was the biomass highest for North Atlantic swordfish? 1978 1996 2000 1987

1978

In what year was the fishing mortality highest for North Atlantic swordfish? 1987 2000 1996 1978

1987

How high did sea level rise during the 20th century? 0 cm 50 cm 98 cm 20 cm

20 cm

If the paleoproduction consumption line reached a peak in 2000 and began to decline at the same rate it increased, in what year would we be at global net primary productivity again? 2040 2080 2110 2130

2110

If on average it takes 7,000 units of paleoproduction to produce 1 unit of fossil fuel, estimate the total carbon content of the fossil fuel consumed in the year 2000 (assume 50,000 trillion kg C consumption in 2000). 7 trillion kg C 7,000 trillion kg C 50,000 trillion kg C 3.5 x 108 trillion kg C

3.5 x 108 trillion kg C

Evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, until now, carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last several hundred thousand years. 1000 300 25 500 200

300

If the U.S. population in 1970 was approximately 200 million people, what was the approximate population by 2006? 300 million people 600 million people 250 million people 200 million people

300 million people

What was the percent change in CO2 emissions for transportation from 1980 to 2005? 0.36% 50% 19% 36%

36%

Energy consumption and aggregate emissions have also changed over time. Whereas the ratio of energy consumption to emissions was 1:1 in 1970, by 2006 the ratio was _________. still 1:1 3:1 1:3

3:1

For every metric ton of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of changes in land use (e.g. deforestation), approximately how much is emitted from industry? 0.2 metric tons 4 metric tons 20 metric tons 26 metric tons

4 metric tons

Roughly ________% of U.S. citizens live in coastal counties and are thus vulnerable to rises in sea level. 50 10 83 20 95

50

The oceans hold ________ carbon than the atmosphere. 10,000 times more 1000 times less 50 times more 10,000 times less 5 times more

50 times more

Over ________% of the fuel you pump into your automobile does something other than move your vehicle down the road. 25 45 65 85 55

85

Which of the following emission reduction strategies would result in the greatest overall decrease in CO2? A 25% decrease in residential and commercial emissions A 10% decrease in both electricity generation and transportation emissions A 25% decrease in industrial emissions A 20% decrease in transportation emissions

A 10% decrease in both electricity generation and transportation emissions

What first brought attention to the problems with fracking in Dimock? The Cabot Oil and Gas Company began its own investigation into the problem once Dimock residents approached them. Local political leaders put pressure on Cabot to do something about it once Dimock residents approached them. A Dimock resident went to the news media to get word out about problems with fracking in Dimock. A Dimock resident convinced the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to investigate fracking in Dimock.

A Dimock resident went to the news media to get word out about problems with fracking in Dimock.

Which of the following policy recommendations by the two authors would most directly lower the risk of climate change? Regulations to mandate 25% higher energy efficiency for buildings An investment program that supported solar energy research Revenue transfers to offset high energy costs A carbon tax that could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25%

A carbon tax that could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25%

The Chinese winter monsoon continues to push east. What can people in Korea and Japan expect? Unpredictable conditions. A warm winter. A cold winter. An average winter.

A cold winter.

In an effort to further reduce emissions, a government panel is considering several policy options. For the trends on the graph, which of the following policies could have the biggest long-term impact on lowering emissions? Subsidies supporting research to cut emissions by 10% Tax rebates for citizens who have one child per family A high-speed train network that reduces vehicle miles traveled by 25% A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars

A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars

Based on the success of the Pollution Potential Index in China, it is implemented in parts of Africa to study air pollution and climate change. Which of the following will be needed to calculate the PPI? Surface wind speeds and weekly humidity averages. Weekly humidity average and changes in barometric pressure. Changes in barometric pressure and air temperature gradient anomalies. Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds.

Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds.

Sara Nicholas presents the case for dam removal by offering a variety of reasons. Which of the following reasons is her primary argument for removing dams? All dams harm riparian environments. Mill dams remain long after the mills are torn down. Large numbers of dams no longer provide direct economic benefits. Many dams continue to provide a useful service.

All dams harm riparian environments.

Which of the following statements is supported by the graph? If CO2 emissions cease immediately, global temperatures will stabilize near the 1900 level. Because there is so much uncertainty in the forecasts, no conclusions can be drawn about how actions to reduce CO2 emissions will affect the rate of global warming. All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.

All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.

What are some of the risks involved in adding one million tons of sulfur 25 kilometers up into the atmosphere? damage to forests and other vegetation more human deaths from respiratory disease acid pollution of freshwater ecosystems All of the listed choices describe the risks involved in adding sulfur to the atmosphere.

All of the listed choices describe the risks involved in adding sulfur to the atmosphere.

Which of the following has contributed to longer life spans in the United States? improved health care improved diet decreased air pollution All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

A haze hangs over the East China plains in winter. Which of the following will most likely disperse this haze? Several days of light wind. Heavy rainfall. An extended blast of cold air. Record high temperatures.

An extended blast of cold air.

Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) changes in bird species diversity following the construction of a wetland in the study area? Select all that apply. An increase in bird species diversity was observed across most months of the study period following wetland construction. After construction of the wetland, the number of bird species remained steady from April to November 2006. When comparing pre- and post-construction data, the largest monthly gain in bird species diversity occurred in June. A decrease in bird species diversity was observed only in August.

An increase in bird species diversity was observed across most months of the study period following wetland construction. A decrease in bird species diversity was observed only in August.

If U.S. population increased 32% from 1980 to 2005, how would you describe the change in per capita CO2 emissions for electricity generation? As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased twice as fast. As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions stayed the same. As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions decreased. As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased three times as fast.

As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased twice as fast.

Which of the following is true? As the climate continues to change, the Indian Ocean will retain less heat than the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. As the climate continues to change, the Indian Ocean will retain less heat than the Atlantic Ocean but more than the Pacific Ocean. As the climate continues to change, the Indian Ocean will retain more heat than the Atlantic Ocean but less than the Pacific Ocean. As the climate continues to change, the Indian Ocean will retain more heat than the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

As the climate continues to change, the Indian Ocean will retain more heat than the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

What is the best description of the relationship between the two variables on the graph? As the humidity rises, it causes the temperature to fall. As the temperature rises, it causes the humidity to rise. Temperature and humidity are independent variables; there is no relationship between them. As the temperature rises, it causes the humidity to fall. As the humidity rises, it causes the temperature to rise.

As the temperature rises, it causes the humidity to fall.

What might explain an increase in total emissions but a decline in per-capita emissions as reflected by the percent change, post-tax vs. pre-tax? As the total emissions increased, the GDP also grew, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita. As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region decreased, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita. As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region stayed the same, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita. As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region increased more significantly, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita.

As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region increased more significantly, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita.

Which of the following statements reflects how you might use the data from the graphs in the previous parts to make your case? Select all that apply. Based on evidence of changes in diversity and abundance of birds, construction of an artificial wetland creates new foraging and nesting habitat. Construction of an artificial wetland in California maintained the same diversity and abundance of birds at that location as existed prior to construction. Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the number of bird species inhabiting that location. Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the abundance of birds inhabiting that location.

Based on evidence of changes in diversity and abundance of birds, construction of an artificial wetland creates new foraging and nesting habitat. Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the number of bird species inhabiting that location. Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the abundance of birds inhabiting that location.

Based strictly on increases in air pollution over the past few decades, where would we expect to see the greatest decrease in life spans? We would expect to see a decrease in life span in __________. Detroit, Michigan Beijing, China Miami, Florida Honolulu, Hawaii

Beijing, China

Compare the two essays to predict how each author would respond to the other author's main argument. Wayland: 10 billion barrels of oil may sound like a lot of oil but the oil would be so expensive to extract that our gas prices would increase immediately. Boyd: A domestic oil supply is better for our energy security than importing foreign oil (to avoid drilling in ANWR). Wayland: Although Alaska does have other wilderness areas, ANWR is special because its Coastal Plain is low in biodiversity. Boyd: We don't need more wilderness. Most of Alaska is already wilderness. What we need is more oil.

Boyd: We don't need more wilderness. Most of Alaska is already wilderness. What we need is more oil.

How does a coal-fired power plant use the energy in coal to produce electricity? Burning coal heats air that spins the blades of a turbine and produces electricity. Burning coal generates light that is converted into electricity. Burning coal heats wires to very high temperatures, which then generate electricity. Burning coal heats water and creates steam that turns the blades of a turbine and generates electricity.

Burning coal heats water and creates steam that turns the blades of a turbine and generates electricity.

How does the burning of coal contribute to acid deposition? Burning coal releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Burning coal increases the probability of rain. Acidic pollutants from coal burning destroy the ozone layer. Burning coal releases sulfur and nitrogen acids.

Burning coal releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Over the time period shown on the graph, both population and vehicle miles traveled have changed. Describe the relationship between the two factors. By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970. By 2006, people were driving more than four times as many miles per person as in the 1970s. Both population and vehicle miles traveled have increased by the same percentage. By 2006, people were driving more than three times as many miles per person as in the 1970s.

By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970.

Green uses the example of mandated ethanol in fuel as a case study in regulations gone wrong. How might Research, Development and Demonstration, emphasized by Schneider, have avoided the environmental problems associated with corn-based fuel ethanol? By regulating the emissions associated with ethanol By providing more research investments for ethanol By developing new technology to produce ethanol By using data from the demonstration phase to document environmental problems and thus the need for policy revisions

By using data from the demonstration phase to document environmental problems and thus the need for policy revisions

From which of the nations below did the United States import the most crude oil in 2012? Canada Saudi Arabia Iraq Kuwait Iran

Canada

Which country leads the world in coal production and consumption by extracting and consuming approximately half of the world's annual coal yield? Russia China India United States Canada

China

Which of the following pollutants has the longest residence time? NO CO NO2 SO2 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

What are the three fossil fuels that are used today to meet society's needs? Crude oil, hydroelectricity, and geothermal energy Coal, natural gas, and electricity Coal, natural gas, and crude oil Electricity, crude oil, and hydroelectricity

Coal, natural gas, and crude oil

If trends continue, which of the following is most likely? Cocoa prices will increase while the amount of monocropping decreases. Cocoa prices will increase and the amount of monocropping will also increase. Cocoa prices will decrease while the amount of monocropping will also decrease. Cocoa prices will decrease while the amount of monocropping increases.

Cocoa prices will decrease while the amount of monocropping increases.

An oil spill occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and this technology is put to the test. What is the first step? Apply the copper blanket. Light the oil on fire. Collect the oil with a boom. Skim the surface with strainers.

Collect the oil with a boom.

Which of the following environmental concerns do both essay discuss? Dams block passage for migratory fish. Dams create favorable conditions for non-native fish. River sediments that would otherwise replenish beaches or gravel stream bottoms are trapped behind dams. Dams change water temperature and oxygen levels.

Dams block passage for migratory fish.

The essay in support of dam removal avoids one key environmental benefit touted by dam advocates. If the authors were participating in a debate, how might dam advocates state this benefit? Dams use a renewable "fuel" (water) to generate clean electricity. Dams reduce the need for groundwater pumping. Dams prevent massive environmental damage due to flooding. Dams provide irrigated water for locally grown food.

Dams use a renewable "fuel" (water) to generate clean electricity.

Which day had the greatest range in temperature? Day 1 Day 2 Day 3

Day 2

When was it most likely to have been foggy? Day 1, between 5 P.M. and 9 P.M. Day 2, between 5 A.M and 9 A.M. Day 2, between 1 P.M. and 5 P.M. Day 3, between 5 A.M and 9 A.M.

Day 2, between 5 A.M and 9 A.M.

Karen Wayland discusses her rationale for not drilling in ANWR. Review the statements below to identify one of her reasons. The oil reserves in ANWR contain only enough oil for 10 years of U.S. oil needs. Drilling for oil would require an extensive network of roads, pipelines, and airstrips, all of which would be harmful to the ecosystem. The ANWR Coastal Plain has low biodiversity and thus needs protection. Oil from ANWR would lower gas prices by $0.25 per gallon.

Drilling for oil would require an extensive network of roads, pipelines, and airstrips, all of which would be harmful to the ecosystem.

Which of the following extreme events is most likely to be included in this study? Earthquake Avalanche Drought Volcanic eruption

Drought

The late Stephen Schneider recommended a variety of strategies to address climate change. Which of his recommended strategies is similar to a strategy recommended by Green? Cap-and-trade programs with real cuts in emissions Dumping fees, such as a carbon emission fee Mandated performance standards for cars and buildings Public-private partnerships to make renewable energy systems cheaper

Dumping fees, such as a carbon emission fee

The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________. La Niña cyclonic storm formation El Niño the Coriolis effect downwelling

El Niño

Green's preferred policy for addressing climate change is a shift to taxing greenhouse gas emissions. What does he describe as a benefit of this approach? Emission taxes would shift a portion of revenue generation from consumption to production. Emission taxes can best be used on a national scale. Emission taxes create economy-wide incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Emission taxes would require new institutional frameworks to prevent fraud.

Emission taxes create economy-wide incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Using the information in the graph, in which category will you point out that British Columbia made the most dramatic reductions after introducing its carbon tax in 2008? Emissions per dollar of GDP Total emissions Emissions per capita Achievements by British Columbia in reducing emissions were similar across all three categories.

Emissions per dollar of GDP

Which of the following has been most clearly associated with climate change? Extreme cold in Europe. Extreme precipitation in the southern hemisphere. Extreme snow in North America.Extreme dry events in the tropics.

Extreme dry events in the tropics.

Part of the debate about drilling for oil in ANWR centers on our national dependence on imported oil. Which of the following scenarios would decrease our foreign oil needs without using ANWR oil? Discovery of new oil reserves in Canada Declining oil production in North Sea oil An increase in vehicle miles traveled per person Federal policy mandating increased fuel efficiency for cars and trucks

Federal policy mandating increased fuel efficiency for cars and trucks

Which one of the following is true? Despite the regulations in the Clean Water Act, most rivers in the U.S. are presently unsafe to swim in. Fencing off a stream to prevent access by livestock will decrease nitrate pollution in the waterway. Most nitrate pollution in the U.S. is caused by farm runoff and improperly treated sewage. In the U.S., livestock produce roughly the same amount of fecal waste as do humans.

Fencing off a stream to prevent access by livestock will decrease nitrate pollution in the waterway.

How is hydrofracking used to obtain natural gas from rocks deep in the Earth? Hydrologic deposits—groundwater—is fracked open to capture the natural gas dissolved in it. Small caverns in the Earth are drilled into and the gas is pumped out. Fluids are pumped into shale causing the rock to fracture, releasing natural gas. Large drills are used to create tunnels in rocks. As the drills go deeper, workers use tubes to capture the natural gas.

Fluids are pumped into shale causing the rock to fracture, releasing natural gas.

Why do environmentalists and scientists advocate stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy? These industries export goods to all other nations on Earth. Power companies do not have labor unions that oppose legal restrictions. No laws currently exist to regulate these industries. Environmentalists do not want to anger farmers, even though agriculture produces the most carbon dioxide. Fossil fuel industries produce the most greenhouse gases.

Fossil fuel industries produce the most greenhouse gases.

Which of these statements is supported by the pie charts? Select all that apply. Ice caps and glaciers contain both salt water and fresh water. Lakes make up the largest percentage of fresh water on Earth. Surface fresh water supplies most of the water we drink. Fresh water makes up a small percentage of all water on Earth. Most of the fresh water on Earth is found in ice caps and glaciers.

Fresh water makes up a small percentage of all water on Earth. Most of the fresh water on Earth is found in ice caps and glaciers.

Based on information in the graph in Part A and what you know about the sources of various pollutants, which of the following recommendations might you offer to the congresswoman? Future regulations should target reductions of ground level ozone with strategies that might include subsidizing public transportation and limiting the use of vehicles in dense urban areas during summer months. To achieve greater success in reducing NO22 pollution, future regulation should focus on natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and dust storms. Although SO22 concentration dropped significantly relative to national standards following the CAA, maintaining or furthering this reduction requires continued enforcement of regulations on fossil fuel combustion by industries and power plants. Efforts to achieve reductions in the concentrations of air pollutants such as CO, PM2.52.5, and PM1010, should include strategies to prevent and control wildfires.

Future regulations should target reductions of ground level ozone with strategies that might include subsidizing public transportation and limiting the use of vehicles in dense urban areas during summer months. Although SO22 concentration dropped significantly relative to national standards following the CAA, maintaining or furthering this reduction requires continued enforcement of regulations on fossil fuel combustion by industries and power plants. Efforts to achieve reductions in the concentrations of air pollutants such as CO, PM2.52.5, and PM1010, should include strategies to prevent and control wildfires.

The World Cocoa Foundation decides to focus on sustainable practices in the two largest cocoa producing countries. Where is their focus? Costa Rica and Guyana Ghana and Ivory Coast Brazil and Indonesia Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon

Ghana and Ivory Coast

Why are over one-sixth of the world's people at risk for running out of drinking water? Glaciers in many areas are melting. The oceans are drying up. There is not enough surface water. The world's fresh water wells are drying up.

Glaciers in many areas are melting.

Thomas Flint and Christine Stallard cite multiple benefits of dams. Which of the following statements represents their primary argument for the importance of dams? Dams provide recreational opportunities. Dams create transportation for domestic commodities. Global water use has increased at twice the rate of population growth, and dams can provide water. Dams provide fish and wildlife habitat.

Global water use has increased at twice the rate of population growth, and dams can provide water.

Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to extreme winter haze in the East China plains? Little snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice. Heavy snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice. Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice. Little snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice.

Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice.

According the chart, which category of Energy Star products has increased the most as reflected in the total number of units (in billions) purchased per year between 2000 and 2015? HVAC and other Home office equipment Home electronics Appliances

Home electronics

The figure indicates a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere of approximately 15 billion metric tons per year. Based on the figure, what is causing this? The ocean is releasing more CO2 than it is absorbing. Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface. Respiration is moving more CO2 into the atmosphere than photosynthesis is taking out of the atmosphere. The anthropogenic increased uptake of CO2 by plants balances the extra anthropogenic release of CO2 into the atmosphere.

Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface.

Taylor mentions the reduced demands on natural resources due to both reduced use of natural resources and the shift away from manufacturing economies to service economies. Imagine how Walke might respond to Taylor's statements in a debate. I agree; creating incentives for companies to outsource manufacturing will solve our pollution problems. I agree; shifts from manufacturing to service are an effective strategy for pollution control. I disagree; our economy has only shifted from manufacturing to service because our GDP was declining. I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation.

I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation.

Had this technology existed in 1989 during the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, where would the oil have been burned? Large manmade tubs A lab On the Exxon Valdez In Prince William Sound

In Prince William Sound

Based on the data in the graph, predict the likely trend in swordfish production from 2000 to 2010, assuming no change in trends. Increase to 70 Stabilize at 50 Decline to 0 Increase to 90

Increase to 90

Which of the following would impact the Indian Ocean dipole the most? Decreasing surface ocean temperatures. Increasing deep ocean temperatures. Increasing surface ocean temperatures. Decreasing deep ocean temperatures.

Increasing surface ocean temperatures.

If the cost of energy rose to $.18 per kilowatt-hour, which of the following would be true? The cost-effectiveness of all the investments would remain the same. Installing triple paned windows would no longer be cost-effective. Investing in a ground source heat pump and a gas stove would become cost-effective. Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective.

Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective.

How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000? It decreased by about 0.7 °C. It increased by about 0.7 °C. It increased by about 0.7 °F. It remained relatively constant.

It increased by about 0.7 °C.

Which of the following is true? It is possible to statistically link meteorological ingredients as well as weather events to climate change. It is not possible to statistically link either meteorological ingredients or weather events to climate change. It is possible to statistically link weather events to climate change, but not meteorological ingredients. It is possible to statistically link meteorological ingredients to climate change, but not weather events.

It is possible to statistically link meteorological ingredients as well as weather events to climate change.

A train carrying ethanol derails, spilling the biofuel into a river. If this technology is applied in this case, what will be done with the ethanol? It will be broken down by bacteria. It will be superheated. It will be chemically diluted. It will be left to sink to the bottom of the river and then dredged out.

It will be superheated.

According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100? It will increase by about 2.0 °C. It will increase by about 2.0 °F. It will increase by about 3.5 °C. It will increase by about 3.5 °F. It will increase by about 4.5 °C.

It will increase by about 3.5 °C.

Of the five countries shown, ________ have essentially no domestic oil production. Iran and Saudi Arabia the United States and Germany Japan and the United States Japan and Germany Germany and the United States

Japan and Germany

Now compare the change in GDP to the change in CO2 emissions from electricity generation. If GDP more than doubled from 1980 to 2005, what is the ratio of changes in CO2 emissions to changes in GDP for that period of time? Greater than 2:1, with CO2 emissions per unit of economic activity doubling Exactly 1:1, so CO2 emissions increased at the same rate as GDP increased Greater than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 increase per unit of economic activity Less than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 decrease per unit of economic activity

Less than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 decrease per unit of economic activity

Based on the data shown, which two types of Energy Star products will you point out contributed the most toward the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions by volume in 2012? Select all that apply. Lighting Home electronics Appliances Office equipment

Lighting Office equipment

Which government officials have taken action against the effects of climate change? Florida state Congress Florida state Governor Local Florida city officials US Congress

Local Florida city officials

One key to the puzzle of Los Angeles's smog is the fact that ________. the Hadley cell for that area drops cool air, and pollution, right over Los Angeles incoming tides in the harbor push air pollution ahead of them the offshore breezes carry inland pollution to coastal Los Angeles there are so many rainy days, increasing the acidic deposition Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains

Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains

How much land is Louisiana losing every year as a result of coastal erosion? Louisiana is losing 75 km2 of wetlands every year. Louisiana is not losing any wetlands every year. Louisiana is losing 25 km2 of wetlands every year. Louisiana is losing 100 km2 of wetlands every year.

Louisiana is losing 75 km2 of wetlands every year.

Due to the Indian Ocean dipole, which of the following should Australian officials plan for? No change in bushfires Unknown changes in bushfires Fewer bushfires More bushfires

More bushfires

Which of the following statements describes the mortality and biomass trends for swordfish before the United States implemented an international recovery plan? Mortality was increasing and biomass was decreasing. Mortality was steady and biomass was decreasing. Mortality was fluctuating and biomass was stable. Mortality was decreasing and biomass was increasing.

Mortality was increasing and biomass was decreasing.

Which of the following statements is true? Most of Earth's fresh water is found within 100 miles of densely populated areas. Most of Earth's fresh water would require desalination in order to make it suitable for consumption. Most of Earth's fresh water is frozen. Soil and atmospheric moisture comprise the majority of Earth's surface fresh water. The majority of Earth's fresh surface water is found in rivers.

Most of Earth's fresh water is frozen.

Between 1993 and 2012, which category of Energy Star products contributed the most cumulative savings in the avoidance of CO2 gas emissions by volume? Appliances Home electronics HVAC and other Office equipment

Office equipment

Jerry Taylor considers better air quality a luxury good. What evidence does he give for this reasoning? Pollution declines generally occur after the passage of pollution control laws. Declines are linked to industry demands for better environmental quality. Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased. Property values tend to be unaffected by pollution levels.

Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased.

Developing a technique to effectively and economically remove which of the following from the atmosphere would directly decrease haze in an area the most? Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Particulate matter

Particulate matter

Part complete What is the spatial relationship between the distributions of water and people? People are limited to areas with freshwater or saltwater. People only colonize areas with abundant freshwater. Anthropogenic colonization has been limited to shorelines. Populations and water resources too often have an inverse relationship (lots of people where there is little water).

Populations and water resources too often have an inverse relationship (lots of people where there is little water).

Compare the percent change in stock biomass from 1978 to the international recovery plan in 1994 and following the recovery plan to the year 2000. Prior: 20% decline; Post: 10% increase Prior: 2% decline; Post: 1% increase Prior: 33% decline; Post: 25% increase Prior: 50% decline; Post: 50% increase

Prior: 33% decline; Post: 25% increase

You are the CEO of Nestle. Which of the following would be best for your company to do to help slow deforestation in developing nations? Increase the production of your chocolate products. Change the packaging of your chocolate products. Charge more for your chocolate products. Produce your products with shade grown chocolate.

Produce your products with shade grown chocolate.

Kenneth Green clearly does not support regulations as a policy tool for addressing climate change. Which of the following statements is one of his reasons? Regulations are inefficient because polluting activities are limited to only a few aspects of human life. Costs and benefits of regulations tend to be consistent. Regulations are inefficient because pollution crosses county and state borders. Regulations create clear costs and benefits.

Regulations are inefficient because pollution crosses county and state borders.

The authors of the two essays are quite opposite in their views, with Walke pro-regulation and Taylor anti-regulation. If you had to select a type of regulation that both authors would approve, which of the following might work? A regulation that cuts taxes for polluters so their profits will increase and pollution will decline A voluntary regulation in which polluters agree to reduce emissions by 10% Comprehensive regulation with mandatory pollution limits and fines for exceeding limits Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution

Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution

You are part of a panel that reviews dam permits for renewal. Your panel hears testimony from both pro-dam and pro-dam removal advocates. Which of the following scenarios is least likely to be controversial? Removal of a dam inside a national park that provides drinking water for a large urban area Removal of a mill dam for a now defunct mill operation Removal of a dam on a desert river that diverts water for agriculture Removal of an electricity-generating dam that blocks salmon migration

Removal of a mill dam for a now defunct mill operation

Based on the graph, which of the criteria air pollutants declined the most significantly relative to the most recent national standard between 1980 and 2015? CO NO2 ozone SO2

SO2

The country with the largest amount of domestic oil available for sale on the international market is ________. Saudi Arabia the United States Germany Iran Japan

Saudi Arabia

Based on the bar graph, during which season did bird abundances decline post-construction of the artificial wetland? Spring Winter Summer Fall

Summer

What is the current status of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the United States? Carbon is now captured and converted to plastics at most coal power plants in the United States. Many coal power plants are currently voluntarily retrofitting their systems to capture carbon emissions. The U.S. government is currently requiring all coal power plants to institute carbon capture and storage technologies by the year 2025. Technologies are not sufficiently reliable, and it is currently too energetically expensive for coal power plants to capture and store their carbon emissions. The rejection of Yucca Mountain as a carbon storage site has resulted in coal power plants storing carbon on-site until a permanent storage location can be approved.

Technologies are not sufficiently reliable, and it is currently too energetically expensive for coal power plants to capture and store their carbon emissions.

One point of disparity between the essays concerned native Eskimos. Each author mentions only the tribe that fits with his or her point of view. Identify the correct combination of tribe and viewpoint. The Inupiat are not in favor of drilling. The Gwich'in depends on caribou that live in ANWR. The Gwich'in desire oil industry jobs and income. The Inupiat support "wilderness" status for ANWR.

The Gwich'in depends on caribou that live in ANWR.

Why do pollution and smog often become trapped in Los Angeles and other similar urban areas? There are no winds in Los Angeles. Increased electromagnetic radiation because of Los Angeles's low altitude. The pollution that occurs there is heavier than the surrounding air, which leads to the buildup of smog. The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles.

The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles.

If the copper blanket is working as designed, which of the following will be true? The change in the weight of the copper blanket after will be more or less depending on the type of oil. The copper blanket will weigh more after use. The copper blanket will not change in weight. The copper blanket will weigh less after use.

The copper blanket will weigh more after use.

In his essay Ken Boyd gives his rationale for Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) oil drilling. Which of the following statements is one of his reasons? The federal government owns 64% of Alaska, and 56% of that land is official "wilderness," so ANWR is not needed as additional "wilderness." Ignoring domestic energy supplies will lead to greater energy security. The native Inupiat Eskimo people would receive all of the oil revenue from the area. Drilling in ANWR will quadruple the amount of oil Alaska is currently producing.

The federal government owns 64% of Alaska, and 56% of that land is official "wilderness," so ANWR is not needed as additional "wilderness."

How does South Florida's geology cause problems for Miami? The granite bedrock allows water to move through. The granite bedrock keeps water out. The limestone bedrock allows water to move through. The limestone bedrock keeps water out.

The limestone bedrock allows water to move through.

By implementing the use of heat flux in this technology, which of the following happened? The oil burned hotter and slower. The oil burned cooler and slower. The oil burned hotter and faster. The oil burned cooler and faster.

The oil burned hotter and faster.

What is the best description of the relative humidity between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. on Day 1? The relative humidity was fairly stable. The relative humidity dropped from 30% to 15%. The relative humidity increased from 45% to 75%. The relative humidity dropped from 100% to 55%.

The relative humidity dropped from 100% to 55%.

The Indian Ocean dipole causes which of the following effects to the sea surface? The sea surface will be cooler along both the African coast and Australian coast. The sea surface will be cooler along the African coast but warmer along the Australian coast. The sea surface will be warmer along both the African coast and Australian coast. The sea surface will be warmer along the African coast but cooler along the Australian coast.

The sea surface will be warmer along the African coast but cooler along the Australian coast.

Which of the following is true? There is a very strong link between climate change the loss of Arctic sea ice. There is a weak link between climate change the loss of Arctic sea ice. There is definitive proof that climate change is causing the loss of Arctic sea ice. There is no link between climate change the loss of Arctic sea ice.

There is a very strong link between climate change the loss of Arctic sea ice.

John Walke supports government regulation as the most effective approach for reducing air pollution. Which of the following statements expresses one of his reasons? The origins of air pollutants are generally known. Health risks of air pollution are linked to short-term exposure to high concentrations of pollution. There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs. Air pollution remains concentrated at its source.

There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs.

Where is the natural gas found in shale rock formations? In the molecular structure of the rocks themselves. Tiny bubbles of dissolved gases dispersed in the rocks. Shale and other rocks are processed in factories to obtain the chemical components of methane, otherwise known as natural gas. In large, interconnected permeable pores within the rock.

Tiny bubbles of dissolved gases dispersed in the rocks.

Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty? Today's World Sustainable World Business as Usual

Today's World

What does the yellow line represent? Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level. Sustainable World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take significant actions to slow the increase in CO2 emissions. Business as Usual: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take no action to slow the increase in CO2 emissions.

Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.

You are a climate scientist studying the effects of change worldwide. Based on this research, which of the following do you expect in Africa? Unpredictable droughts and floods due to the Indian Ocean dipole. More droughts in the future due to the Indian Ocean dipole. More droughts and less floods in the future due to the Indian Ocean dipole. More floods in the future due to the Indian Ocean dipole.

Unpredictable droughts and floods due to the Indian Ocean dipole.

Both authors refer to voluntary actions and their effect on pollution control. Which of the following statements best describes one author's viewpoint? Taylor: Voluntary attempts by companies to reduce their resource impacts are driven by genuine interest in environmental quality. Taylor: The voluntary choices of individuals for better environmental quality are not always met by the market. Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions. Walke: Voluntary approaches to air pollution control are proven successes, as seen in a voluntary program in Texas.

Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions.

What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather occurs over hours and days, and climate occurs over seasons and years. Weather occurs over seasons and years, while climate occurs over hours and days. Weather occurs in the northern hemisphere, while climate occurs in the southern hemisphere. Weather and climate are used interchangeably.

Weather occurs over hours and days, and climate occurs over seasons and years.

Adding which of the following to this research would add to its content and complexity? Temperature Rainfall Snowfall Wind

Wind

Which of the following is true? Cocoa production has not been linked to deforestation. Cocoa production has long been linked to deforestation. Within the past 20 years, cocoa production has been linked to deforestation. Cocoa production is the only cause of deforestation.

Within the past 20 years, cocoa production has been linked to deforestation.

Which of the following is an adaptation response to climate change? replanting a tropical rainforest replacing incandescent light bulbs with LED bulbs increasing fuel efficiency of new automobiles building a nuclear power plant to replace an outdated coal-burning power plant a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls

a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls

Oceans have absorbed approximately one-third of the excess carbon dioxide that humans have added to Earth's atmosphere so far. This has slowed the progression of global climate change, but it has led to ________. growth of oyster populations worldwide increases in growth of coral reefs loss of oxygen from the oceans an increase in the pH of the world's oceans a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification)

a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification)

All of the following are examples of point sources of pollution except ________. a large farm a car repair shop dumping waste oil into the storm drain an overturned tanker truck that spills into a creek a factory discharging wastes into a lake through a large outlet a sewer pipe

a large farm

Which of the following best describes a floodplain? a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows an area that is periodically flooded because humans have altered the landscape an area where flood irrigation of crops is used, such as a rice paddy a region of land that has been deliberately, permanently flooded due to human disturbance, such as in dam building an area that is incidentally flooded when farming or mining operations change the course of rivers

a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows

A septic system is ________. a second level mechanism to remove bacteria at a wastewater treatment plant an early version of a wastewater treatment plant the use of natural wetlands to cleanse wastewater a toxic or badly polluted waterway a rural method of processing wastewater

a rural method of processing wastewater

What is the cost of conserved energy for compact fluorescent lighting? about $.02 per kilowatt-hour about $.08 per kilowatt-hour about $.12 per kilowatt-hour about 1,500 kilowatt-hours per year

about $.08 per kilowatt-hour

How much energy would be saved by adding insulation to ceilings? about $0.06 per kilowatt-hour about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year about 3,000 kilowatt-hours/year about 5,000 kilowatt-hours/year

about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year

After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland? about 40% of natural wetland capacity about 50% of natural wetland capacity about 98% of natural wetland capacity cannot be determined from the graph

about 40% of natural wetland capacity

After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain? about 20% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 30% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 60% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland

about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland

How much energy would the family save by investing in all of the features that are cost-effective at the current price of energy? about $.12 per kilowatt-hour about $.13 per kilowatt-hour about 7,000 kilowatt-hours per year about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year about 13,000 kilowatt-hours per year

about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year

The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________. reversing the El Niño-La Niña cycle adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters acidifying ocean water adding huge amounts of less-dense fresh water to the surface of the system

adding huge amounts of less-dense fresh water to the surface of the system

Which of these energy investments is the least expensive to install? adding insulation to ceilings solar hot water heating triple paned windows cannot be determined from the graph

adding insulation to ceilings

What is the most cost-effective solution for groundwater depletion and land-level subsidence? increasing use of desalinization measures allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged dam removal building more water treatment facilities

allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged

Aquatic nitrate pollution can result in _____. algal bloom oxygen depletion fish kills hypoxia an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

On average, it appears that over the past 25 years, improved air quality in the United States has resulted in __________ in the lifespan of the average individual. a slight decrease an increase of about two and one-half years an increase of about five months an increase of one to two days

an increase of about five months

Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers? the burning of fossil fuels by factories and cars animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by cars animal wastes and fertilizers fertilizer runoff and the burning of fossil fuels by cars animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by factories

animal wastes and fertilizers

By how much did the reduction of PM1010 concentration exceed the reduction of PM2.52.5 concentration by 2015? approximately 20% approximately 30% approximately 10% approximately 40%

approximately 30%

Which of the following is a promising way to reduce global water consumption? irrigating more crops avoiding waste and mismanagement building more dams All of the listed responses are correct.

avoiding waste and mismanagement

Carbon monoxide ________. is a major component of the atmosphere is consumed by plants for photosynthesis is produced by plants during photosynthesis causes ozone depletion blocks oxygen transport in human blood

blocks oxygen transport in human blood

When we compare the catastrophic eruption in Sumatra 71,000 years ago and the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, we find that __________. both eruptions caused a drop in the average temperatures across the Earth the Sumatra eruption had a global effect, but the 1991 eruption only affected a small portion of the Earth they had opposite effects: the Sumatra eruption increased acid rain and the 1991 eruption decreased acid rain they had opposite effects: the Sumatra eruption caused cooling and the 1991 eruption increased average global temperatures

both eruptions caused a drop in the average temperatures across the Earth

Recent research that analyzed the content of commercial bottled water indicates that ________. bottled water consumes less fossil fuel in reaching the consumer than does tap water bottled water has no contamination from hormone mimic plasticizers all surveyed brands had information about the source of the water and how the water was treated bottled water is generally much safer and purer than tap water bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water

bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water

All of the following are anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change EXCEPT: breathing. deforestation. growing rice. raising livestock. the combustion of fossil fuels.

breathing.

Upwelling ________. is the flow of warm water upward toward the ocean surface occurs in areas where there are no currents brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity occurs when winds blow at right angles to a coastline transports oxygen from deep to surface waters

brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity

Which one of the following is NOT associated with nitrate exposure in humans? goiter brittle bones risk of developing insulin-dependent diabetes blue baby syndrome

brittle bones

The most obvious cause of industrial smog is ________. burning fossil fuels fires for heating food burning trash indoor air pollution generation of nuclear power

burning fossil fuels

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph

cannot be determined from the graph

All of the following are standard steps at a coal-fired power plant in the United States EXCEPT: cooling. rotation of a turbine. carbon capture. heating. pulverization of coal.

carbon capture.

Plant-based organic matter that is compressed under high pressure to form solid carbon structures is known as __________. charcoal coal biomass peat

coal

Which of the fossil fuels is most abundant on Earth? natural gas electricity coal crude oil

coal

All of the following, are forms of renewable energy EXCEPT: wind. geothermal. coal. tidal. solar.

coal.

If the Cocoa and Forests Initiative is successful, which of the following industries could follow its practices, as its production is very similar to chocolate? almonds peanuts apples coffee

coffee

Water currents along the coastline of Chile pull up deep water that is __________. warm and low in nutrients cold and low in nutrients warm and high in nutrients cold and high in nutrients

cold and high in nutrients

The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. water table groundwater aeration zone continental shelf benthic zone pelagic zone

continental shelf

Which of the following describes the greatest health risk posed by air pollution? Air pollutants __________. stick to the skin and cause skin cancer clog up the liver and impede proper liver function damage blood vessels in human lungs prevent the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract

damage blood vessels in human lungs

The Mississippi River's flow has been greatly reduced over the last 200 years, preventing much of the sediment carried by the river from reaching the delta in Louisiana. What has caused this? hydropower drinking water industrial cooling dams and reservoirs

dams and reservoirs

Increasing sulfur levels in the upper atmosphere would have the same effect as __________. increasing the intensity of solar radiation decreasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere decreasing the acidity of the oceans all of the listed choices

decreasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

Once the carbon dioxide is captured from the fumes of a coal-burning power plant, something must be done with it. The option with the least environmental impact involves releasing the carbon dioxide into __________. the air deep underground caverns the oceans frozen lakes during the winter months

deep underground caverns

In 1991, the massive eruption of Mt. Pinatubo caused global temperatures to __________. increase, because sulfur in the stratosphere absorbed solar radiation drop, because sulfur in the stratosphere reflects solar radiation drop, because the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere destroyed the ozone layer increase, because lava is extremely hot and adds this heat to the air

drop, because sulfur in the stratosphere reflects solar radiation

What is one of the greatest sources of pollution in Mexico City that has persisted even after the government successfully lowered overall pollutant levels? emissions from factories shutting down oil refineries in the area methane emissions from local landfills emissions from automobile exhaust

emissions from automobile exhaust

The practice of reducing wasteful or unnecessary energy use is called ________. energy efficiency cogeneration technology reduction energy switching energy conservation

energy conservation

In the U.S., households contribute to nitrate pollution in surface waters via: household cleaning supplies and improperly treated sewage fertilizer runoff and pesticide use fertilizer runoff and improperly treated sewage natural gas combustion and cooking fires

fertilizer runoff and improperly treated sewage

As a result of humans' increased use of the water in the Colorado River, __________. fisheries in the upper Gulf of California have been hurt water no longer flows through the Grand Canyon the river can no longer be dammed to generate electricity All of the listed responses are correct.

fisheries in the upper Gulf of California have been hurt

In 1970, ________ was/were the source of most of the airborne lead emissions in the United States. pencil factories coal-burning power plants paint water pipes gasoline

gasoline

We build dams to ________. control the spread of water borne diseases improve habitat for native fishtransform watersheds into farms, towns, and recreational areas drain wetlands for urban development generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water

generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water

China's main source of energy contributes most to what global environmental problem? the loss of tropical rain forests the loss of biodiversity global climate change erosion

global climate change

What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph? global surface warming, in °Celsius time, in 100-year intervals global surface warming, in °Fahrenheit global surface temperature, in °Celsius

global surface warming, in °Celsius

Carbon-based fuels in the lithosphere ________. will be lost before the end of the decade are readily lost from Earth's surface in the absence of humans have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years cannot be lost to the atmosphere by human processes once stabilized on Earth's surface are formed from the deposition, partial decay, and compression of inorganic matter

have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years

What have Chinese companies started producing to reduce the use of gasoline (petrol)? solar-powered lawnmowers hybrid cars natural-gas-powered automobiles nuclear-powered trains

hybrid cars

The fish in the lake at the local park are dying, and a professor from the local college comes to investigate. First, she measures the levels of dissolved oxygen in order to check for ________. aquatic biodiversity the presence of heavy metals hypoxia the presence of bacteria the influence of acid precipitation

hypoxia

Organizations like OPEC have formed ________. to protect their national members' petroleum reserves for their own use in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels as a military alliance to protect developed nations' energy reserves to develop technologies to conserve non-renewable energy resources

in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil

One reasonable way to prevent sinkholes might be to ________. install supports to maintain the shape of the underground aquifer pump sand and gravel into the aquifer to fill in the bottom levels, thus raising the water table increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater pump wastewater and sewage directly into the aquifer to maintain the water table have the local water company regularly transfer water from one local aquifer to the next, maintaining the average water level

increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater

One of the problems that occur as a consequence of CFC pollution is ________. accelerated damage to human red blood cells the eutrophication of waterways increased rates of skin cancer in humans increased rates of respiratory irritation and lung cancer the movement of toxins into lakes and rivers, poisoning fish

increased rates of skin cancer in humans

In the United States, per capita energy use ________, and energy intensity ________. was stable from 1950 to 1970 but has since increased sharply; has been increasing since 1950 increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; decreased from 1950 to the 1970s but has since increased has been increasing since 1950; has also been increasing since 1950 increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; has been declining since 1970 has been increasing since 1950; has been declining since 1950

increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; has been declining since 1970

According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the number of human-induced sinkholes has doubled since 1930. Insurance claims increased 1200% from 1987 to 1991, costing nearly $100 million. A major reason for this is ________. increased water consumption through development and urbanization global warming roadway construction, leading to increased runoff decreases in agriculture increased rainfall, raising the water level

increased water consumption through development and urbanization

In the stratosphere, ________. the average temperature is much lower than for the troposphere increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated ozone appears to be evenly distributed at all altitudes temperature and ozone concentration are inversely correlated temperature continues to decrease with altitude as in the troposphere

increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated

Humans use more fresh water for ________ than for any other purpose. irrigating crops cooking and drinking producing hydrogen fuel industrial processes household use

irrigating crops

Most water taken out of the natural world is used for __________. irrigation drinking water cleaning purposes industrial manufacturing

irrigation

Hydroelectric power generation ________. uses fuel cells to generate electricity produces high quantities of greenhouse gases has no undesirable environmental effects is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases produces pollutants that contribute significantly to acid precipitation

is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases

The Coriolis effect ________. keeps the wind circulating at constant speed around the planet is caused by Earth's rotation keeps Earth from spinning too fast is caused by the moon results in seasonal periods of 24-hour darkness at the poles in winter

is caused by Earth's rotation

Recent research indicates that the variation in solar output ________. will increase by a hundredfold over then next century is more than 20 watts/m2 is greater than all the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change is the major factor driving temperature change

is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change

Tropospheric ozone ________. is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds is caused by poor farming techniques protects Earth from most of the harmful UV radiation binds with hemoglobin, preventing binding with oxygen in red blood cells is a primary pollutant

is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds

The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster ________. resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in U.S. coastal waters is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500% is the largest accidental oil spill in world history was quickly cleaned up, preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries along the Gulf Coast

is the largest accidental oil spill in world history

Scientists currently assessing the environmental impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico report that ________. the damage was limited to wildlife kills immediately after the spill the entire Gulf food web will eventually collapse it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known Gulf productivity has already returned to normal and no further effects will be felt the coastal marshes of Louisiana suffered no measurable damage

it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known

In which part of Days 1 and 2 was the humidity lowest? noon early morning midnight late afternoon/evening

late afternoon/evening

The region of a lake where plants are able to attach to the bottom and still reach above the surface is known as the __________. abyssal zone profundal zone littoral zone benthic zone

littoral zone

Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased by the greatest percentage since 1750. carbon dioxide nitrous oxide methane ozone water vapor

methane

The atmosphere around Earth can cause global warming because ________. fossil fuels release heat molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain that heat warm air cannot escape, as in a greenhouse plants release CO2 plants absorb CO2

molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain that heat

If all of the stratospheric ozone suddenly disappeared, ________. most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere there would be a dramatic decrease in skin cancers insects would be the only organisms to survive Earth's surface would warm considerably plants would flourish because of the extra solar energy reaching Earth's surface

most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere

The Acid Rain Program established under the Clean Air Act of 1990 has been successful in reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and ________. carbon monoxide lead nitrogen oxides CFCs carbon dioxide

nitrogen oxides

A boat floating along the eastern shore of Florida is expected to drift __________. westward toward Mexico southward toward South America eastward toward Africa northward toward the New England states

northward toward the New England states

What industry contributes to wetland loss in Louisiana? agriculture chemical manufacturing hunting and fishing oil and natural gas

oil and natural gas

One-quarter of Scotland's electricity is generated by the third-largest coal-fired power station in Europe. In just three minutes, this power plant uses __________ of coal. 4 billion tons one train car (wagon) 4 million tons 1,000 pounds

one train car (wagon)

Sinkholes can result from ________. poorly drilled wells in soft soils flood damage and chemical erosion substrates that become weak following rain overconsumption of water from aquifers building on floodplains

overconsumption of water from aquifers

Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ________. oil spills plastic dumping radiation abandoned fishing nets overharvesting

overharvesting

Alaskans benefit from the trans-Alaska pipeline because Alaska's state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ________. pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools is used as a main source of funds to reduce environmental damage is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents

pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents

What does the y-axis show? percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands nutrient absorption capacity number of years since restoration rate of wetland recovery

percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands

What does the red graph line represent? nutrient absorption capacity years since restoration plant biomass soil organic matter

plant biomass

Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature? deforestation increasing the use of gasoline-burning vehicles increasing the industrial release of carbon dioxide planting trees increasing the amount of animal life on Earth

planting trees

Pathogens and waterborne diseases enter drinking water supplies from ________. upwelling excess nitrogen and phosphorus as agricultural runoff poorly treated wastewater and animal wastes from feed lots oil and chemical spills pesticides entering groundwater

poorly treated wastewater and animal wastes from feed lots

The fact that there is a high sulfur content of the coal burned in South African power plants means that the ________. power plants emit high levels of radioactive pollution coal is very expensive, forcing most poor people to go without electricity coal is very inexpensive, leading to an improved economy power plants burn cleanly, with little pollution power plants contribute to acidic deposition

power plants contribute to acidic deposition

Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly? providing food for fish and wildlife improving water quality for nearby communities reducing the impact of floods on nearby communities reducing the impact of droughts on nearby communities

providing food for fish and wildlife

In developed countries, the two most deadly sources of indoor pollution are ________. radiation from electronic equipment and pesticides radon and cigarette smoke pesticides and cigarette smoke pesticides and cleaning agents synthetic furniture materials and radiation from electronic equipment

radon and cigarette smoke

Crude oil is ________. formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances usable in its raw form composed of less than ten different hydrocarbon molecules

refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products

Part complete The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an international panel that ________. reports on how climate change influences wildlife, ecosystems, and society fines companies that pollute constructed the Kyoto Protocol performed the research included in the climate change findings could not achieve its objectives because of lack of popular support

reports on how climate change influences wildlife, ecosystems, and society

Which lifestyle choice would cause the greatest reduction in greenhouse emissions? driving an electric car (plugged into the grid at night to be recharged) driving a hybrid car riding a bike using public transportation

riding a bike

A(n) ________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions. tall stack boiler air filter coal washer scrubber

scrubber

Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. solar nuclear geothermal solar and geothermal solar, nuclear, and geothermal

solar, nuclear, and geothermal

The primary causes of acid deposition are ________. tropospheric ozone carbon monoxide and formaldehyde sulfur and nitrogen oxides radon gas and fuel wood smoke soil dust and sand

sulfur and nitrogen oxides

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph

supported

Zooxanthellae are ________. symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals an endangered species of fish in the Aral Sea used in the treatment of wastewater an invasive kelp species in the Indian Ocean bacteria that fix nitrogen in ocean sediments

symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals

China's government is encouraging companies to __________. make the switch from coal to natural gas for the generation of electricity move their factories to other countries relocate their workers to homes that are closer to factories to decrease commuting distances take the lead in all green technologies

take the lead in all green technologies

What does the red line represent? time in 4-hour intervals relative humidity temperature time in days

temperature

In the troposphere ________. warmest temperatures reflect an absence of ozone ozone levels decrease with altitude ozone levels increase with altitude temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude temperatures never dip below freezing

temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude

Occasionally, a layer of cool air forms under a layer of warmer air in the troposphere. This change from the normal temperature profile in the troposphere is called a ________. cold front tornado or supercell low-pressure system temperature or thermal subversion temperature or thermal inversion

temperature or thermal inversion

Which piece of legislation set strict standards for air quality and pollution control in the United States? the Clean Air Act the Montreal Protocol the Clean Water Act the Endangered Species Act

the Clean Air Act

The United States should enact laws slowing global climate change because ________. no other nations have initiated efforts to slow global climate change the United States is the most populous nation on Earth U.S. industry supports the legislation effects of global climate change are most significant in the United States the United States is a major source of the problem

the United States is a major source of the problem

The bars on the graph are not of equal width. What does the width of each bar represent? the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatts per year the cost of conserved energy for each investment, in dollars per kilowatt-hour the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year the cost-effectiveness of each energy investment

the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year

A watershed is ________. the water held in the atmosphere prior to returning to Earth in the form of rainfall an inland basin that connects to another inland basina term used to describe water stored underground the area of land that drains into a river or lake a river that drains into the sea

the area of land that drains into a river or lake

Which line is not a computer-generated forecast? the red line representing Business as Usual the blue line representing a Sustainable World the yellow line representing Today's World the black line representing 20th century data

the black line representing 20th century data

In the past 50 years, the global hydrological environment has experienced great change due to __________. the dramatic shift away from reliance on crop irrigation the construction of more than 40,000 new dams the increased use of water from the Great Lakes by cities such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Toronto all of the listed developments

the construction of more than 40,000 new dams

Which of the following results in increased levels of pollution caused by automobile exhaust? the use of electric vehicles the use of higher octane gasoline greater use of biofuels the construction of new highways

the construction of new highways

What does the y-axis show? the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour the cost of an energy investment the amount of energy saved, in kilowatt-hours per year the current price of energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour

the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour

What was the primary cause of the decline in oil prices in 2016 to only one quarter of the prices in 2008? a prolonged peace in the Middle East a typographical error in a Black Friday sale ad the war against ISIS energy conservation and the use of renewable technologies the oil supply glut caused by fracking

the oil supply glut caused by fracking

What environmental problem that contributes to global warming is addressed by using amine solutions to treat the fumes of a coal-burning power plant? the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere the release of heat into the atmosphere the production of acid rain the production of fine carbon particles and ash

the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Which of the following can trap pollutants at ground level and cause dangerous smog? thermal inversions solar flares vertical mixing the Ozone layer

thermal inversions

What information is given on the x-axis? temperature in °Celsius time in 4-hour intervals time in 3-hour intervals relative humidity temperature in °Fahrenheit

time in 4-hour intervals

The United States and other industrialized nations devote about one-third of their oil use to __________. transportation agriculture heating homes

transportation

Which of the following energy investments would be cost-effective to install? triple paned windows gas stove ground source heat pump solar hot water heating

triple paned windows

Most of Earth's liquid fresh water is found ________. in ice caps and glaciers in the oceans underground in the atmosphere in lakes

underground

"Biosolids" produced at a wastewater treatment plant are often ________. loaded onto barges and sent to underdeveloped countries to use as fertilizer placed in deep injection wells to keep them out of the water table trucked to special biohazard landfills for disposal used as crop fertilizer used as part of the "fill" to develop wetlands into agriculture or housing areas

used as crop fertilizer

Secondary extraction of petroleum ________. uses solvents, water, or steam occurs immediately after primary extraction allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction is less expensive than primary extraction

uses solvents, water, or steam

Efficiency of coal-fired power plants can be nearly doubled by ________. using cogeneration using household wastes along with the coal using coal with higher sulfur content switching to oil adding wood chips to the coal

using cogeneration

One of China's cement factories has become more energy efficient by __________. using wind turbines to generate electricity for the plant relying on nuclear energy to produce cement using solar power for half of its energy needs using the extra gas and heat from the kilns to generate electricity

using the extra gas and heat from the kilns to generate electricity

Air near Earth's surface tends to be ________. warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling cooler and drier; it rises when it is displaced by sinking warm air warmer; it rises as it is displaced by Coriolis forces warmer and drier; then it rises, condensing and gathering moisture cooler and wetter; then it rises, is warmed by the sun, and sinks again

warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling

The Kyoto Protocol ________. required increases in nuclear power generation would have resulted in overall increases in greenhouse emissions required equal concessions from all countries involved in greenhouse gas emission was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990 increased federal funding for controlling greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. power plants

was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990

Which of the following will contribute to water conservation? watering lawns at night and landscaping with native plants using aerial sprays for crop irrigation washing dishes by hand planting nonnative wetland plants for landscaping watering lawns during peak sunlight hours, when plants need water most

watering lawns at night and landscaping with native plants

The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________. were the result of polar cells were the result of poor farming techniques were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change were the result of glacier melt were the result of ozone depletion

were the result of poor farming techniques

In which one of the following locations is the ocean current flowing from the north toward the equator? west coast of southern Africa west coast of the United States east coast of Japan east coast of the United States

west coast of the United States

Many present-day fisheries managers ________. want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished favor taxes on commercial fishing boats favor short-term solutions to marine ecosystem problems favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference

wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference

Along with many other governmental reforms that began in 1994, the electrical plant just outside Soweto was closed in 2000, and other plants were brought into use. Some parts of Soweto were then wired for electricity. It is estimated, however, that only about 30% of the more than 1.2 million black inhabitants have electricity in their homes; the remainder either cannot afford the costs involved or live in areas that have no electrical access. These inhabitants probably use ________ for fuel. natural gas and backyard windmills natural gas and solar cells charcoal and candles gas-powered home generators wood and coal

wood and coal