Ex Phys final exam review

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Polysaccharides

"Many" sugars

Thermic effect of physical activity

(Duration and intensity) -in occupation -in home -in sport and Rec

Resting metabolic rate

(Fat free body mass; gender ; thyroid hormones; protein turnover ) -sleeping metabolism -basal metabolism -arousal metabolism

Thermic effect of feeding

(Food intake ; cold stress ; thermogenic drugs) -obligatory thermogenesis -facultative thermogenesis

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

*not linear* Increase PO2= Increase in hemoglobin saturation Increase Altitude= decrease PO2 mmHg

Glycolysis for short term energy

- A series of 10 enzymatic reactions that metabolize glucose - Occurs in sarcoplasm of muscle cells - Produces energy for both aerobic & anaerobic activities - Results in ATP production from breakdown of glucose - Glucose may be supplied by blood glucose or glycogen - If starting with glucose, 2 ATPs are produced - If starting with glycogen, 3 ATPs are produced

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

- Also called Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) - Oxidizes substrates & produces some ATP - Carbohydrate, fat, & protein can all enter - Completes the oxidation of substrates and produces NADH and FADH2 (flavin) for oxidative phosphorylation

Cardiac output (Q)

- Amount of blood pumped per minute - typical cardiac output: 5 L/min - resting cardiac output about the same in trained & untrained people - however, trained people have lower HR & higher SV

Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise

- At rest: 15−20% of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle - During maximal exercise: 80−85% goes to skeletal muscle

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

- Average blood pressure between the two MAP = [(2 x diastolic pressure) + systolic pressure] / 3

coronary artery disease (CAD)

- Blockage of arteries supplying cardiac tissue - Most common during physical activity or times of stress

cardiac muscle (myocardium)

- Capable of contraction & force generation, like skeletal muscle - capable of initiating impulse (autorhythmaticity)

autonomic nervous system

- Controls physiological functions that are unconscious (innervate smooth muscle [intestine, blood vessels]) • Heart rate • Blood pressure • Digestion • Breathing • Subdivided into --- Sympathetic nervous system --- Parasympathetic nervous system

ATP-PC system characteristics

- Energy source for activities requiring much energy per second - Examples:sprinting,liftingaheavyweight - Can only provide energy for short time: • 20-30 sec run/jog • 5-6 sec sprint - Only small amount of ATP in cells; must be replenished quickly

Proteins

- Found in both animals & plants - Amino acids compose all proteins - 20 amino acids, distinguished by molecular structure - Essential amino acids (9) • Must be ingested in food; cannot be synthesized - Nonessential amino acids • Can be synthesized by body

carbohydrate metabolism

- Glycogenesis: formation of glycogen from glucose - Glycogenolysis: breaking down of glycogen into glucose (Primary fuel for muscles during exercise) (Brain uses glucose for fuel almost exclusively)

stroke

- Lack of blood supply to part of brain, causing brain tissue death - Types • Ischemic: blockage of vessel • Hemorrhagic: rupture of vessel

Anaerobic Metabolism

- No oxygen required - Generates energy, CO2, & lactic acid - Energy is made available quickly to muscle - Major energy source during high-intensity, short- duration activity - Examples: sprinting & weight lifting - Only involves carbohydrate

Fick equation

- Oxygen consumption = Blood Flow × a-vO2 diff • cardiacoutput(Q)=blood flow VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference - So, increasing either Q or a-vO2 diff or combination can increase VO2 for whole body

aerobic metabolism

- Oxygen required - Generates energy, CO2, & water - All products can readily be used or expelled - Used at rest & during long-duration, lower intensity activity - Examples: road cycling & distance running - Most commonly involves mix of carbohydrate & fat - Can involve protein

protein metabolism

- Protein is constantly turning over - Building and breaking down protein -tissue building = anabolism -tissue breakdown = catabolism

Energy balance in body comp

- Ratio of caloric ingestion to caloric expenditure - Caloric expenditure > caloric ingestion = loss in body mass - Caloric expenditure < caloric ingestion = gain in body mass - Total caloric expenditure = resting metabolic rate (RMR) + caloric expenditure of physical activity - Changes in RMR affect total caloric expenditure

What is the autonomic nervous system subdivided into?

- Sympathetic nervous system - Parasympathetic nervous system

Catabolism and Catabolic reaction

- Tissue Breakdown - Breaking down of substrate into molecules; usually releases energy

Anabolism & Anabolic reaction

- Tissue building - Forming of product from molecules; usually requires energy

Components of the cardiovascular system

- heart - blood - the circulatory system

Regulation of Cardiac Output (Q= HR v SV)

- heart rate - stroke volume • End-diastolic volume (EDV): blood in ventricles at end of diastole • End-systolic volume (ESV): blood in ventricles at end of systole - SV (mL) = EDV (mL) − ESV (mL)

size principle

- motor neuron of fast twitch motor units = big - motor neuron of slow twitch motor units = small

Health benefit to training

- physiological adaptation that reduces risk of developing disease ex: ↓ resting BP

fitness benefit to training

- physiological adaptation that ↑ performance in a sport or activity ex: increase VO2max

RQ = VCO2 / VO2

- provides index of relative use of CHO and fat - RQ range = 0.70-1.0 Also called "non protein RQ"

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

- transports oxygen via hemoglobin

Actin (thin) filament

-2 intertwined helices of actin molecules -projects from z lines toward middle of sarcomere -active site where heads of myosin cross bridges bind to actin -wrapped by tropomyosin & troponin (regulatory protein molecules)

2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

-By-product of RBC metabolism *Increase= shift right and down *Decrease= shift left and upward -May increase during exercise; increase at high altitude *Decrease in aerobic metabolism, facilitates increase O2 release to tissues

pH (Bohr) effect

-Decrease pH shifts curve right and downward -Increase pH shifts curve left and upward

Lactic acid produced

-Decreases ph and glycolysis -decrease calcium binding and contraction -regenerate NAD -substrate for gluconeogenesis-cori cycle -Liver

Inhalation

-Diaphragm contracts and moves down -Lungs expand -pressure in lungs drops < 760mmHg *Decrease in pressure*

Exhalation (Expiratory)

-Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward -elastic recoil of lungs -lung volume decreases - pressure in lungs increases > 760mmHg

sliding filament theory

-Explains how muscle proteins interact to generate force -proposed in 1954 Summary: -actin and myosin filaments slide over each other to produce force without the filaments themselves changing length -sliding of actin over myosin produces change in striation pattern -# of actomyosin complexes formed dictates how much force is produced

Lipids vs CHO for energy?

-Fat provides more energy per gram compared to CHO - fat oxidation requires more oxygen -energy yield from fat = 5.6ATP/O2 used -energy yield from CHO= 6.3 ATP/O2 used -During high intensity exercise: -oxygen delivery is limited -max rate of high -energy phosphorylation from lipids is too slow

Pulmonary (external) & cellular (internal) respiration

-Gas exchange between lungs-blood and blood-tissues occur via *diffusion* -Gases diffuse from areas of higher of pressure to lower areas of pressure -Each gas (O2, CO2) exerts a given pressure (partial pressure) PO2 PCO2

Temperature Effect

-Increase temp. shift curve right and downward *Weakens bond w/ O2 and hemoglobin =Increase O2 release to tissue* -Decrease temp. shift curve left and upward

What stimulates the Ventilatory Threshold?

-Mostly influenced by pH -Increased # of H+ that stimulate chemoreceptors

Diffusion is...

-Proportional to area of diffusion and pressure difference - Inversely proportional to membrane thickness

metabolic adaptations

-RMR decreases further than expected from the decrease based on body composition alone

Regulation of Respiration

-Respiratory control center within medulla oblongata (inspiratory and expiratory) - 2 more neural center within the Pons send feedback to the medulla *Apneustic area *Pneumotaxic These receive feedback from other areas

Plot VE vs VO2

-Similar to Lactate threshold -Decrease pH= increase ventilation

Fatty acid

-Usually 12-24 carbon atoms bound in chain -Saturated , monounsaturated , polyunsaturated

VO2 and Exercise Intensity

-VO2 increases in proportion to the increase in energy expenditure -therefore, VO2 increases linearly with submaxinal exercise intensity -point where vo2 no longer increases with increasing intensity = vo2 max

ATP and PC adaptations to exercise- what do you expect to see?

-WT may increase, endurance training does not -after 5 months PC-ATP are elevated (22 and 18%) and maximal strength improves 28% -shorter training stimulus does not improve the level of these phosphagens, but strength improves

aerobic metabolism

-acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle -Aerobic glycolysis - in "presence" of oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA -at the end 2 molecules of ATP have been formed and original carbohydrate broken down into carbon dioxide and hydrogen -more hydrogen released in Krebs cycle, this hydrogen moves to the ETC, with the help of NAD and FAD

As sarcomere shortens ...

-actin filaments slide over myosin -h zone disappears as actin filaments slide into it -I bands shorten as actin and myosin slide over each other -z lines approach ends of myosin filaments

oxidative metabolism

-aerobic -krebs/citric acid/ TCA and ETC -mitochondria -long term, slow Fuels ?

Blood Lactate Accumulation

-always formed -only at high intensities does it accumulate -contribute to muscle fatigue -lactate threshold -intensity of exercise where lactate begins to accumulate -lactate not wasted -converted to pyruvate in another cell -glucogneogenesis _liver - "Cori cycle"

glycolytic metabolism

-anaerobic -substrates Glucose , glycogen (not fat or protein) -end products Pyruvate , NADH2 , energy (2/3 ATP) -10 enzymatic steps

Sarcomere

-basic skeletal muscle unit -capable of force production & shortening -arrangement of protein filaments gives striated appearance

Titin

-connects z line to m line -stabilizes myosin in longitudinal axis -limits ROM of sarcomere and contributes to passive stiffness

Crossbridge

-consists of 2 myosin molecules, with 2 heads -interacts with actin -develops force to pull actin over myosin -features different isoforms of ATPase

Metabolic equivalents (MET)

-defined as a multiple of resting metabolic rate -1 met - 3.6 ml/kg/min= ~0.25L/min

Myosin ATPase Histochemical analysis

-differentiates among muscle fiber subtypes -involves histochemical staining procedure

aerobic adaptations to exercise

-enzyme adaptations : increase in number of mitochondria & enzyme activity within mito -substrate adaptations : prolong CHO availability -substrate availability- increase muscle glycogen , increase IMTG -substrate use during exercise - less CHO use at same intensity -Lactate threshold adaptations -increase buffering capacity

lactate threshold

-exercise intensity at which blood lactic begins to accumulate above resting levels -in untrained : occurs at 50% to 60% of max oxygen consumption -in endurance trained : 65% to 80% of max consumption -as lactate threshold increases, so does endurance performance -onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) : exercise intensity at which a specific blood lactic acid concentration occurs (usually 4.0 mM)

Nebulin

-extends from z line and is localized to i band -stabilizes actin by binding with actin monomers

Elastic component of CT contributes to:

-force and power production (like recoil of rubber band) -stretch-shortening cycle : *eccentric action (elongation) *concentric action (shortening)

Exercise intensity influences degree of EPOC

-greater PC Depletion & lactate concentration -higher body temp & hormone response

Myosin filament

-has globular head, hinged pivot point & fibrous tail -heads: made up of enzyme myosin ATPase -Tails: intertwine to form myosin filament -crossbridge *consists of 2 myosin molecules, with 2 heads * interacts with actin * develops force to pull actin over myosin * features different isoforms of ATPase

Metabolic Recovery After Exercise

-heart rate, breathing rate, and metabolic rate remain elevated for period of time after most types of physical activity -due to need to replenish PC from ATP which can be obtained from aerobic metabolism -lactic acid concentration can be decreased if aerobically metabolized or used to synthesize glycogen (Cori cycle) -metabolic recovery elevated b/c aerobic metabolism is used to recover from the exercise bout

Controlling enzymes in glycolysis

-hexokinase -PFK

Metabolic substrates for rest and exercise

-in general, if one substrate (CHO, FAT or PRO) is available in large quantities it will be preferentially metabolized -anaerobic = glucose; aerobic = glucose + fat -substrate used depends on: Substrate availability Intensity of physical activity Duration of physical activity

Effects of endurance training: increase in delivery of oxygen to muscle caused by:

-increase in # of capillaries per muscle fiber -increase in capillary density -increase in concentration of myoglobin, which increases rate of oxygen transport from capillaries to mitochondria -type 1 muscle fiber size may decrease

Hyperplasia

-increase in number of muscle fibers -occurrence is controversial

Effects of endurance training: enhanced ability for aerobic metabolism caused by:

-increase in size and number of mitochondria in muscle -increase in ability to produce ATP

hypertrophy

-increase in size of muscle fibers —results from addition of protein and new myofibrils to existing fibers making them larger -requires addition of myonuclei to support increase in muscle fiber size -size of existing myofibrils not altered ; length of sarcomere appear to remain constant . Density remains the same; spacial orientation remains intact

Aerobic metabolism at its best

-increased mitochondrial density anabolic volume -consistent increase succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity with aerobic type training -Increased blood supply (volume, capillaries) -faster removal of lactate -increase glycogen storage in muscles -increased activity of GLUT-4 -decreased FFA concentration

As sarcomere relaxes ...

-it returns to original length -h zone & I bands return to original size & appearance -less overlap between actin & myosin

Maximizing recovery/ active recovery :

-light to moderate aerobic exercise (30-45% cycling, 55/60% running) -decrease blood lactate faster than passive recovery -due to aerobic metabolism of lactate to provide ATP to meet energy need of light exercise -but passive recovery can result in greater muscle glycogen than active recovery

Post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

-oxygen debt : oxygen taken in above resting values after exercise -depends on exercise intensity

Noncontractile proteins

-provide lattice work for positioning of actin & myosin -contribute to elastic component of muscle fiber

electron transport chain

-reducing equivalents from glycolysis, B oxidation , Krebs cycle -H+ split into protons and electrons - Electrons provide energy for ADP phosphorylation -"Oxidative phosphorylation" -NADH = 3 ATP -FADH = 2 ATP -end product = water

Characteristics of Connective tissue

-sheaths coalesce to form tendons at each end of muscle -force generated by muscle is transferred to tendon & bone -epimysium helps prevent spread of signal for muscle activation

Conclusions from studies of concurrent endurance and resistance training :

-strength can be compromised due to endurance training -power may be compromised more than strength -anaerobic performance may be decreased due to endurance training -development of maximal oxygen consumption is not compromised -endurance capabilities are not diminished by strength training

ATP production from Triglycerides

-total amount varies - based on length of fatty acid chains 1) beta oxidation : fatty acids broken down into 2-carbon subunits (transformed to Acetyl-CoA) - 2 ATP required /FFA to supply activation energy -for each round of beta oxidation 1 NADH and 1FADH2 are formed (transport to ETC) 2) Acetyl-CoA enter Krebs cycle -for 16-carbon fatty acid = 129 ATPs produced

A sedentary person resynthesizes an amount of ATP each day equal to about what percent of body mass?

75%

method of carb loading

1 day strenuous exercise to deplete glycogen, 3 days of low-carbs and training, 3 days of high-carbs and no training

What is 1kcal equal to?

1 dietary calorie

monounsaturated

1 double bond of carbon molecules (olives, avocados)

Oxidation of Carb Energy Yield

1 glucose= 32 ATP 1 glycogen= 33 ATP Glycolysis= 2-3 ATP GTP(Krebs Cycle)= 2 ATP 10 NADH= 25 ATP 2 FADH= 3 ATP

3.5

1 met is approximately equal to this many ml/kg/min of oxygen

Formation of HCO3- (bicarbonate)

1) CO2+H2O= H2CO3 (carbonic acid) 2) H2CO3= HCO3- + H+ 3)H+ binds to HGB 4)HCO3- is carried in the plasma 5)Cl- ions shift from plasma to RBC to offset the loss of the "-" charge *In lungs, the opposite reaction occurs so CO2 can be eliminated*

CO2 transport in blood

1) dissolved in plasma (10%) 2) bound to HGB (20%) 3) as bicrbonate (HCO3-) (70%)

Free energy must be released from chemical compounds at controlled rate determined by

1)mass action effect 2) enzyme action

3 ATP Synthesis Pathways:

1. ATP-PCr 2. Glycolytic 3. Oxidative

Pros of Glycolysis

1. Allows muscles to contract when O2 is limited

What 4 components make up substrates?

1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen

Factors affecting stroke volume

1. Cardiac filling (more specifically: ventricular filling) - the more blood filling the ventricle the more blood ejected - "preload" refers to the stretch on the muscle of the ventricle after filling 2. Resistance of blood flow ("afterload") - blood pressure

Sliding filament theory - steps mediating the contraction process

1. Electrical impulse is generated at neuromuscular junction 2. Impulse spreads across sarcolemma into T-tubules 3. Ryanodine receptors release Ca^++ into cytosol of muscle fiber 4. Ca^++ binds to troponin C subunit 5. Tropomyosin uncovers active sites of actin 6. Myosin crossbridge heads bind actin, form actomyosin complex 7. Heads pull actin toward center of sarcomere (power stroke) 8. Force is produced

3 Factors Determining Oxidative Capacity of Muscle:

1. Enzyme activity 2. Fiber type composition, endurance training 3. O2 availability vs. O2 need

3 Stages of Oxidation of Carbs

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

Cons of Glycolysis

1. Low ATP yield 2. Lack of O2 causes lactic acid, which impairs muscle contraction

Process of myosin ATPase histochemical analysis

1. Thin cross-section of muscle is obtained from biopsy sample 2. Sample is placed into baths of different ph conditions 3. Fibers are classified according to staining intensity

Oxygen deliver to tissue depends on two major factors

1. amount of oxygen tissue takes out of blood - arterial-venous oxygen difference 2. amount of blood flowing through the tissue - cardiac output

When FADH donates hydrogen, then on average how many molecules of ATP form for each hydrogen pair oxidized?

1.5

When the respiratory chain oxidizes cytoplasmic NADH, how many ATP molecules form?

1.5

The power generated solely by fat breakdown represents only about ____ that achieved with carbohydrate as the chief aerobic energy source

1/2

During light and moderate physical activity, what fraction of the body's energy requirements is supplied by carbohydrate?

1/3

How many steps are in the Krebs cycle?

protein

10-35% of total caloric intake

Changing from a slow walk to an all-out sprint almost immediately accelerates the rate of energy transfer within active muscles about how much?

120-fold

Hypertension is defined as resting arterial blood pressure equal to or greater than _____ mm Hg for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. A) 120 and 80 B) 140 and 90 C) 130 and 80 D) 150 and 90

140 and 90

In poorly regulated diabetes, during starvation, or with prolonged low carb intakes, how long does it take the brain to adapt?

8 days- after this, large amounts of fat (as ketones) are metabolized as an alternative fuel

The complete breakdown of a single glycerol molecule synthesizes how many ATP molecules?

1 mole of glucose produces how many acetyl-CoA?

Glycolysis generates a net gain of how many ATP molecules?

How many ATP yielded from aerobic metabolism of glycogen?

Glucose vs muscle glycogen

2 atp for glucose vs. 3 for muscle glycogen -conserve atp at step one Preferred fuel for exercise? Glycogen

The oxidation of one NADH molecule produces on average how many ATP molecules?

2.5

How many total hydrogens are released by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

20 total

Calculate the estimated HRmax for a 37 year old individual:

220-37=183 bpm 207-0.7x(37)=181 bpm

When glycogen provides a glucose molecule for glycolysis, a net gain of ___ ATPs occurs rather than two ATPs during glucose breakdown

Buffering capacity in muscle

3 main buffering systems: -NaHCO3 + H+ -> H2CO3 -NA2HPO4 (sodium phosphate) - COO- group of protein - NH3+ group of protein (ammonia)

What is the limited quantity of ATP in the body?

3 oz

Energy conservation during substrate-level phosphorylation operates at what % efficiency?

30%

Energy conservation during the form of glycolysis using substrate-level phosphorylation operates at what % efficiency?

30%

How many ATP enter the cell's cytoplasm?

30-32

Intracellular and extracellular lipid molecules usually supply between what percent of the energy for biologic work?

30-80%

Glucose breakdown regenerates how many moles of ATP?

What is the net amount of ATPs formed when a skeletal muscle catabolizes a glucose molecule?

32 ATP

The complete breakdown of glucose yields how many ATPs?

34 total

What is the relative efficiency of conserving kcal of energy?

34%

For triglyceride...

3x ATP produced

Areas Sending Feedback

4 factors: Higher brain centers Systemic receptors Skeletal muscle chemoreceptors

The adult capacity is about: A) 1-2 L B) 2-4 L C) 4-6 L D) 6-8 L

4-6 L

How long does the effect of a CHO meal persist?

4-6 hours

How much more PCr do cells store than ATP?

4-6 times

Cells store approximately how much more PCr than ATP?

4-6 times more

How many kcal/g are in proteins?

4.1

How many kcal/g is carbohydrates?

4.1

The caloric value of 10 grams of glucose is _____ kcal

What percent of the potential energy in food nutrients transfers to the high-energy compound ATP?

40%

carbs

45-65% of caloric intake, preferred energy source for aerobic activity

For each triacylglycerol molecule catabolized, how many molecules of ATP are generated?

460

Rapid glycolysis generates how much of the total ATP during the glucose molecule's complete degradation to energy?

What percent of energy is released in anaerobic reactions of glycolysis per glucose molecule?

Plasma

55-60% of blood - may increase up to 10% at rest because of adaption to training - may decrease in volume as much as 10% during intense physical activity

Typical cardiac output at rest is _______L/min and is similar between trained and untrained people, however trained people have a ____ HR and ____ SV (Higher or lower)

5; Lower HR & higher SV

RMR

60-75 percent of individuals energy expenditure comes from this

Resting metabolic rate accounts for roughly ____ of daily total energy expenditure. A) 15-30% B) 45-60% C) 60-75% D) 75-90%

60-75%

Fat oxidation rate peaks at about ____% of VO2max.

65%

Maximum fat oxidation rate occurs at an exercise intensity of about: A) 15% V02max B) 35% V02max C) 65% V02max D) 95% V02max

65% VO2max

Water makes up _____% of lean tissue weight.

65%-75%

The complete breakdown of one mole of glucose to carbon dioxide and water yields a maximum of how many kcal of chemical free energy available for work?

686 kcal

Each mole of ATP formed from ADP conserves how many kcal of energy?

Under normal resting conditions, how much ATP does the body store at any time?

80-100g

How many kcal/g is in fat?

9.4

Coupling all of the energy from glucose oxidation of phosphorylation could theoretically form how many moles of ATP per mole of glucose?

Coupling all of the energy from glucose oxidation to phosphorylation could theoretically form how many moles of ATP?

What percent of adipocyte cell volume do triacylglycerol make up?

95%

Red blood cells containing hemoglobin bind oxygen and are responsible for transporting _______ of oxygen in the blood. A) 2% B) 45% C) 80% D) 98%

98%

triglycerides (lipids/fats)

<30% of total caloric intake, needed for synthesis of steroid hormones, source of energy, stored in fat cells

Hemoconcentration

A decrease in the fluid content of the blood (plasma), resulting in an increase concentration. This is determined by an increase in the hematocrit. Caused by a filtration of plasma into the body tissue and often created by dehydration

motor unit

A functional unit made up of an alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it contains and controls, ranging from a few to a hundred or more.

What similar characteristic do Pcr and ATP share?

A large amount of free energy releases when the bond cleaves between the PCr's creatine and phosphate molecules

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A mechanism by which the stroke volume of the heart is increased by increasing the venous return(Blood returning from veins) of the heart (thus stretching the ventricular muscle).

540

A triglyceride that contains 3 fatty acids each with a 22 carbon skeletal chain will yield this many ATP molecules

fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K, can be dissolved in fat, stored in large quantities

When ATP levels are down:

ADP & CK levels are up

Synthesis of ATP from by-products formula:

ADP + Pi + energy----> ATP; can occur with or without O2

When ATP joins with water, what is the result and what is the catalyzing enzyme?

ADP is the result; the enzyme ATPase catalyzes the reaction

Energy provided by oxidation of NADH and FADH resynthesizes ____ to ____

ADP to ATP

What does GLUT 4 catabolize into?

ATP

What is the body's energy currency?

ATP

What is the ideal energy transfer agent?

ATP

What is the special carrier molecule of free energy?

ATP

Breakdown of ATP to release energy formula:

ATP+ water+ ATPase--> ADP + Pi+ energy

atrioventricular (AV) node

AV node delays impulse by 1/10 of second, allowing atria to contract before ventricles - Impulse sent through

In humans, the cells' capacity for glycolysis remains crucial during maximum-effort physical activities for up to how long?

About 90s

What does pyruvate convert to?

Acetyl-CoA

What is the starting point for synthesizing cholesterol and many hormones?

Acetyl-CoA

This reaction uses two ADP molecules to produce one molecule of ATP and AMP

Adenylate kinase reaction

This is the energy-generating catabolic reactions where oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain to combine with hydrogen to form water

Aerobic metabolism

Oxidative System

Aerobic; 32-33 ATP/ glucose, 100+ ATP/FFA; lasts a long time; Occurs in the mitochondria, not the cytoplasm

Interaction Among Systems

All 3 systems interact, not all doing 100%; cooperation during transition periods

steady-state

All energy needed is provided by aerobic metabolism -blood lactate doesn't accumulate

Motor Unit (All or None Principle)

All fibers of motor unit contract upon nerve stimulation

Energy from ATP hydrolysis powers:

All forms of biologic work; thus, ATP constitutes the cell's "energy currency"

What principle has All fibers of motor unit contract upon nerve stimulation

All-or-none principle

What does lactate formation allow?

Allows electron transport-oxidative phosphorylation to continue to provide energy as needed

The component of the respiratory system where gas exchange takes place with the capillaries is the ______. a. bronchioles b. ventricles c. alveoli d. pleural sac

Alveoli

What composes all proteins?

Amino Acids

Energy sources

Amino acids - What's unique about amino acids? Gluconeogenesis? Lipogenesis? Only small amount provides energy

Residual Volume

Amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling.

Glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

ATP- PCr System

Anaerobic, substrate level metabolism; 3-15 sec. max; Body breaks down PCr to make Creatine & Pi & energy; uses energy to synthesize ATP combine Pi and used ADP.

ATP provides the energy needed in what type of physical activity?

Anaerobic- some type of "rapid" movements

Glycolytic System

Anaerobic; yield 2-3 ATP/substrate; lasts 15s to 2 min; breakdown of glucose via glycolysis

The fick equation is used to calculate oxygen consumption and is the product of cardiac output and: A) Arterial-venous oxygen difference B) stroke volume C) blood pressure D) end-systolic volume

Arterial-venous oxygen difference

increase

As a trained individual increases exercise intensity her RER will do this

increase

As fat free mass increases RMR does this

Respiratory exchange ratio- use of RQ depends on....

Assumption that the o2 and co2 exchange in the lungs reflects the actual gas exchange from fuel metabolism in the cell -more appropriate term for this ratio measured from the lungs is respiratory exchange ratio (RER) -in general for our purposes RQ - RER - RER (also abbreviated as "R") is more common.

Where is bioenergetics performed?

At the cellular level

What are free radicals?

Atoms, molecules, or ions with an unpaired electron in their outer shell- making them highly reactive

A respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2) equal to 0.7 indicates that the substrate being consumed for energy production is: A) Carbohydrate B) Fat C) 50% fat/ 50% carbohydrate D) Protein

B) Fat

The largest component of total daily energy expenditure is: A) Thermic effect of feeding B) Resting metabolic rate C) thermic effect of physical activity D) thermic effect of fidgeting

B) Resting metabolic rate

water-soluble vitamins

B, C, can be dissolved in water, little capacity to store

Tendons

Bands of tough fibrous CT that connect muscle to bone

Monosaccharides

Basic carbohydrate unit

Why is carbohydrate replenishment so important?

Because more fat is stored in the body than carbohydrates

Why do NADH and FADH provide energy-rich molecules?

Because they carry electrons with high energy-transfer potential

Why is epinephrine's action termed glycogenolysis cascade?

Because this hormone affects progressively greater phosphorylase activation to ensure rapid glycogen mobilization

Fatty acids broken down into 2-carbon subunits, which are transformed into acetyl-CoA - enter TCA Whats this process called?

Beta oxidation

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood in the form of __________

Bicarbonate

The process of converting substrates to energy is what?

Bioenergetics

Where is 99% of glucose found?

Blood

change in pressure/resistance to flow= ______ ______

Blood flow - So, decreasing resistance increases flow - Increase in radius of vessel increases flow

The brain normally uses what almost exclusively as its fuel?

Blood glucose

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

Blood in ventricles at end of systole

Active

Blood lactate levels decrease more quickly during this type of recovery from exercise

What would happen if the body required only heat energy?

Body fluids would boil and tissues would burst into flames

Is increased VE due to tidal volume or breathing rate? or both?

Both: depends on intensity 50-60%:Tidal 70-80%: breathing rate

Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose; anaerobic or aerobic

ATPase

Breaks ATP down into ADP+ Pi+ energy

VE is determined by

Breathing (respiratory) frequency: breaths/min -Rest: ~12-15; Max ~40*60 Tidal Volume: volume of air per breath -Rest: ~.5L; Max: ~3-3.5L

How does oxidative phosphorylation synthesize ATP?

By transferring electrons from NADH and FADH to oxygen

Maximum fat oxidation rate occurs at an exercise intensity of about: A) 15% VO2max B) 35% VO2max C) 65% VO2max D) 95% VO2max

C) 65% VO2max

Which system of metabolism is responsible for synthesizing the most ATP: A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Electron transport chain D) ATP-PC system

C) Electron transport chain

When ATP levels are up:

CK levels down

RER is calculated as: A) CO2 produced/O2 consumed B) O2 consumed/CO2 produced C) CO2 produced/N2 consumed D) CO2 consumed/O2 produced

CO2 produced/O2 consumed

Muscle contraction is regulated by _____________, which once bound to ___________ induces a conformational change and pulls tropomyosin from the active site on actin.

Calcium & troponin

Measurement of energy expenditure

Calorimetry- measurement of energy Direct calorimetry - subject enclosed in a chamber -measures heat production Indirect calorimetry .....

During high intensity exercise RER....

Can be measured to be > 1.0 -violates the rule of 0.70-1.0! -due to excess CO2 not produced from substrate breakdown -CO2 released in response to buffering lactic acid by bicarbonate

Troponin C

Can bind calcium

What provides the only macronutrient substrate whose stored energy generates ATP without oxygen

Carbohydrate

What is pyruvate a product of?

Carbohydrate breakdown

What is the primary ATP substrate for the muscles and brain?

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates made up of many sugars -Two common plant forms: STARCH "Complex carbohydrates" FIBER -Animal form: Glycogen

Fuel for body- "macronutrients"

Carbohydrates, Fat (lipid), protein

In short exercise, what substrates is mostly used?

Carbs

What are the 2 primary substrates used?

Carbs and fats

What are the 3 types of substrates?

Carbs, fats, and proteins

_______ refers to the amount of blood pumped per minute (L/min) by the heart A) stroke volume B) cardiac output C) blood pressure D) mean arterial pressure

Cardiac output

____________ refers to the amount of blood pumped per minute (L/min) by the heart A) Stroke volume B) cardiac output C) blood pressure D) mean arterial pressure

Cardiac output

motor neurons (efferent)

Carry messages from CNS to muscles

What exerts the greatest effect on the rate-limiting enzymes that control macronutrient energy metabolism?

Cellular ADP

Chemoreceptors (feedback)

Central vs Peripheral

Higher Brain centers (feedback)

Cerebral cortex hypothalamus

The cell's primary endergonic means to extract and trap chemical energy in the high-energy phosphates

Chemiosmotic coupling

When the concentration of a hormone peaks at a certain time of day within a 24-hour period, then its release is considered to have a _________ pattern or rhythm.

Circadian

What is the second stage of carb breakdown?

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

What is the vital link between macronutrient energy and chemical energy in ATP?

Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

What are the three components of aerobic metabolism?

Citric acid cycle, ETC, and oxidative phosphorylation

Acetyl CoA

Common point where all fuels "meet" at the start of aerobic ATP production -Glucose -> pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA -fatty acid -> fatty acyl-CoA-> acetyl-CoA B-oxidation = cleaving fatty acids Protein -> amino acids -> acetyl-CoA

slower

Compared to fast twitch muscle fibers, slow twitch fibers reach maximal force production at this rate

What three factors regulate glycolysis?

Concentrations of the four key glycolytic enzymes Levels of the substrate fructose 1,6-diphosphate Oxygen, which in abundance inhibits glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Converts 2 acetyl-CoA to 2 GTP to 2 ATP; also produces NADH, FADH, H+

Beta-Oxidation of Fat

Converts FFAs to acetyl-CoA before Krebs Cycle; requires 2 ATP upfront; requires more 02, but more ATP later

Select the option that is NOT true: The nasal passages and structures prior to the respiratory bronchioles: a. humidify air b. cool air c. are conduits for air travel d. filter air

Cool air

Lactic acid concentration can be ↓ if aerobically metabolized or used to synthesize glycogen. This is an example of ________

Cori Cycle

What cycle removes lactate released from active muscles and uses it to replenish glycogen reserves depleted from intense physical activity?

Cori cycle

__________ is released from the adrenal cortex and is the primary catabolic hormone ofthe body, and its release is stimulated by adrenocorticotropin hormone

Cortisol

Perimysium

Covers bundles of muscle fibers (fasciculi)

Endomysium

Covers individual muscle fibers

Epimysium

Covers whole muscle

ATP-PCr is catalyzed by what enzyme?

Creatine Kinase

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of PCr?

Creatine kinase

A series of iron-protein electron carriers dispersed on the inner membranes of the mitochondrion

Cytochromes

As exercise intensity increases, the % of ATP from fat (increases or decreases)

Decreases

For impulses to be sent out from cell body through it's axon... threshold amount of stimulus must be received through _________

Dendrites

Does the Respiratory system limit exercise performance

Depends Yes: -People with pulmonary disease -Elite level aerobic athletes *due to increase cardiac output, decreases ventilation No: Cardiovascular limitation

O2 deficit

Difference between total O2 uptake during exercise and product of steady-state VO2 and exercise duration - Training decreases O2 deficit

Explain how/why oxygen diffuses from the blood into skeletal muscle tissue

Difference in partial pressure drives diffusion of oxygen, particularly from high partial pressure to low partial pressure. In the arterial blood delivered to tissue, partial pressure of oxygen is 100 mmHg, while partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue is 40 mmHg. This difference in partial pressures (60 mmHg) drives oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the tissue.

Explain how/why oxygen diffuses from the blood into skeletal muscle tissue.

Once starch enters _______

Digestive tract in form of monosaccharides can be used immediately for energy or stored in the form of glycogen

What happens to most energy generated in glycolysis?

Dissipates as heat

What happens to most energy generated in glycolysis?

Dissipates as heat; most of it does not result in ATP resynthesis

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

Division of the autonomic nervous system that helps body maintain or resume normal resting function. - "Rest and digest".

Enzymes

Do not start chemical reactions; facilitate breakdown and lower the activation energy for a chemical reaction

The two main factors that determine which energy substrate will be used during exercise are exercise ________ and exercise __________

Duration & Intensity

Replenish phosphocreatine stores

During EPOC heart rate remains elevated due to the need to -

VO2 at Start of Exercise - Oxygen Deficit

During the transition of rest to exercise - takes time for VO2 to reach steady-state • This delay creates a disparity between the energy demands of exercise and the supply of energy aerobically • O2 Deficit = difference between total O2 actually consumed during exercise and the total O2 that would have been consumed had VO2 reached steady state immediately • Training decreases O2 deficit

Oxidation of Protein

Early used as substrate except during starvation; can be converted to glucose and acetyl-CoA

Neurons

Electrically excitable cell that initiates, receives, and transmits info - Nerve cell

Which system of metabolism is responsible for synthesizing the most ATP: A) gylcolysis B) krebs cycle C) Electron transport chain D) ATP-PC system

Electron transport chain

Is anabolism an endergonic or exergonic process?

Endergonic

What do we make from substrates?

Energy aka ATP

What provides for a high efficiency of energy transformations?

Energy lost by one molecule transfers to the chemical structure of other molecules without appearing as heat

ATP-PC system

Energy released from breakdown of phosphcreatine is used to produce ATP

Endurance Training

Enhances oxidative capacity of Type 2 fibers; develops more and bigger mitochondria

What happens to surplus glucose?

Enters the pathways of energy metabolism, stores as glycogen, or converts to fat

3 layers of CT in muscle

Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium

What is the glycogenolysis cascade known as? (it is a hormone)

Epinephrine

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Equation for substrate oxidation (utilization) - Substrate+O2CO2 +H2O • Due to different chemical compositions of lipids, CHO, and proteins, different amounts of O2 are required to oxidize them to the end products of CO2 and H2O • RQ=VCO2/VO2 - Provides index of relative use of CHO and fat • RQ range = 0.70 - 1.0 • Also called "Non-Protein RQ"

__________ is the only method of heat loss by the body that can workwhen the environmental temperature is higher than body temperature

Evaporation

Metabolic substrates for rest & exercise

Exercise duration: (no change in intensity)- triglyceride or carbohydrate metabolism -gradual shift from carb to fat metabolism in low intensity , long duration activity -example: jogging >30 mins -hormonal response (catecholamines, glucagon) triggers lipase activity (breakdown of TG into FFA -depletion of glycogen stores (hitting the wall) triggers increase in fat metabolism -does the ingestion of sport drink improve performance for events > 60 mins

What are the cell's two major energy-transforming activities?

Extract potential energy from food and conserve it within the bonds of ATP, extract and transfer the chemical energy in ATP to power biologic work

Fats

FATTY ACID: Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated TRIGLYCERIDE: Storage form of fat in cells

What is the process where glucose locates in the surrounding extracellular fluid for transport across the cell's plasma membrane?

Facilitative diffusion

What are the five proteins that mediate facilitative diffusion collectively termed?

Facilitative glucose transporters

T/F Triglycerides can contribute to both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

False

T/F: A low muscle to fiber-to-nerve ratio is associated with intricate movements

False

T/F: An increase in temperature increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

False

T/F: Hyperplasia is the increase in the size of the muscle due to an increase in the number of contractile proteins within the original muscle cells.

False

T/F: Pre-exercise meals less than 1h before competition will reduce endurance performance in all individuals.

False

T/F: Under aerobic conditions, more ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose compared to one molecule of fatty acid.

False

T/F: Vo2 decreases in proportion to the increases in energy expenditure.

False

T/F: Anaerobic capabilities are not impacted by reduced core body temperature.

False

T/F: At altitude, reduced oxygen delivery to tissue is the result of reduced oxygen content in the air

False

T/F: Diastole refers to the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

False

T/F: Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of the muscle due to an increase in the number of muscle fibers.

False

T/F: Optimal physiological adaptation to altitude in regards to exercise performance occurs when one lives and trains at altitude.

False

T/F: Sensory neurons, which carry a message from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, are also called e(erent neurons.

False

T/F: The sympathetic nervous system stimulated the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex.

False

T/F: ATP represents a significant energy reserve

False

T/F: Energy in food directly transfers to cells for biologic work

False

T/F: Ketogenic compounds can be used to synthesize glucose

False

T/F: Oxygen participates directly in the citric acid cycle reactions (krebs cycle)

False

T/F: The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is a reversible process

False

T/F: The process of gluconeogenesis replenishes/maintains glycogen stores without adequate carb consumption

False

T/F: You are able to carry out maximal exercise by using just the ETC for energy

False

T/F: Triglycerides can contribute to both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

False (Only Aerobic)

T/F: blood flows from are of low pressure to higher pressure

False - High to lower

T/F: Unmyelinated nerves have a higher velocity of neural conducon than myelinated nerves

False - Myelinated nerves have a much higher velocity of neural conduction

T/F: Unmyelinated nerves have a higher velocity of neural conduction than myelinated nerves

False - Myelinated nerves have a much higher velocity of neural conduction

T/F: Sensory neurons, which carry a message from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, are also called efferent neurons

False - Sensory= afferent - Motor= efferent

T/F: Tidal volume is the volume of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

False - Tidal volume is the amount of air moved per breath

T/F: The main method of transport of carbon dioxide in the blood is by binding to hemoglobin.

False - main method is transported by bicarbonate

T/F: Diastole refers to the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

False - relaxation phase

T/F: The intensity and volume of training needed for health benefit is greater than that needed for fitness benefit

False -greater for fitness benefit

T/F: A muscle cell is also called a myofibril.

False (A muscle fiber)

T/F: Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria of the cell.

False (Cytoplasma)

T/F: At maximal intensity of exercise, cardiac output is higher in trained individuals because of a higher maximal heart rate.

False (Due to increased stroke volume)

T/F: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for reducing heart rate after a bout of exercise.

False (Parasympathetic)

T/F: The fluid component of the blood is called hematocrit

False (Plasma)

T/F: Higher carbohydrate intake is associated with greater endurance performance.

False (worse endurance performance)

T/F: The body can use heat energy

False; it cannot

T/F: Oxygen participates directly in ATP synthesis when aerobic metabolism takes place

False; it does not, even though it has the term aerobic in it

T/F: We get our energy directly from food

False; it happens through an interconversion in your body

T/F: The decimal 2.5 for ATP indicates formation of one-half of an ATP molecule

False; it indicates the average number of ATP produced per NADH oxidation with the energy for mitochondrial transport subtracted

T/F: Lactate accumulates in the muscles

False; its removal rate equals its rate of production

T/F: There is a lot of benefit from taking creatine supplements

False; only small

T/F: Lipid-mobilizing hormones enter the cell to activate cyclic AMP

False; they don't actually enter the cell

T/F: Lactate should be viewed as a metabolic waste product

False; this is a myth

What does surplus dietary protein convert to?

Fat

What is the primary energy fueld for exercise and recovery when intense, long-duration exercise depletes glycogen?

Fat

Which substrate has a high net ATP yield but slow ATP production?

Fat

What are the major energy sources for maintaining as-needed ATP resynthesis?

Fat and glycogen

Which one of the following statements is incorrect: A) Fat can be converted to carbohydrates B) Proteins can be converted to fat C) Carbohydrates can be converted to fat D) Carbohydrates can be converted to proteins

Fat can be converted to carbohydrates

Fat use during exercise

Fat is primary fuel at rest and low intensity during exercise

In long exercise, what substrate is mostly used?

Fats

What energy substrate is for prolonged, less intense exercise?

Fats

What substrate must be broken down into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol?

Fats

What substances can you metabolize

Fats, carbs and proteins

Role of the enzyme

Free energy must be released from chemical compounds at controlled rate, determined by :

Dynamic constant external resistance

Free weights

Muscle fibers and adipocytes contain an insulin-dependent transporter known as:

GLUT 4

Fick's Law of Diffusion

Gas diffusion: Area x diffusion coefficient x (P1-P2) (increase surface ares= increase diffusion / membrane thickness (increase thickness= decrease diffusion)

Functions

Gas exchange between atmosphere and body Occurs on 3 levels: Pulmonary ventilation Pulmonary (external) respiration Cellular (internal) respiration

Dead Space

Gas exchange between atmosphere and lungs occurs via pressure gradients *Atmospheric pressure ~760mmHg* *Diaphragm (skeletal muscle)* Inhalation Exhalation

Celluluar (internal) Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and body tissues

What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?

Generate energy-rich electrons for passage in the respiratory chain to NAD and FAD, forming NADH+H and FADH, respectively

Protein is converted into glucose through what process?

Gluconeogenesis

What is Glycogen converted back into _________ to make more ATP.

Glucose

What is carbohydrates converted to?

Glucose

ATP yield of Glycolysis

Glucose- 2 Glycogen-3

What serves as a precursor for glucose synthesis, when it is delivered to the liver?

Glycerol

Polysaccharide - animal form:

Glycogen

In the presence of this enzyme, glucose links/polymerizes with other glucose molecules to form a large glycogen molecule

Glycogen synthase

What is the cleavage of glucose from the glycogen molecule?

Glycogenolysis

Amount of ADP controls

Glycolysis

The three types of energy transfer

Glycolysis (Short-term energy system) Aerobic (long-term energy system) ATP-CP (Immediate energy system) -

What two processes are included in substrate-level phosphorylation?

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

What is causing fatigue?

H^+ , P , compartmentalized

Fast twitch (type II) fibers

Have a more rapid force production, produce higher amounts of force, and relax more rapidly than slow-twitch (type I) fibers

Cardiac output is determined by ________ & _________

Heart rate (HR) & stroke volume (SV) Q= HR (bmp) x SV (mL)

What are the four key glycolytic enzymes?

Hexokinase, phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

Troponin I

Holds to actin

Troponin T

Holds to tropomyosin

In order for beta oxidation to proceed, what must oxygen join with?

Hydrogen

NADH/NAD

Hydrogen produced in sixth reaction accepted by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) -NADH is produced -transported H+ to mitochondria for use in aerobic metabolism -if aerobic metabolism cannot occur , H+ given to pyruvate to form lactate -what does the ratio indicate?

Effects of resistance training

Hyperplasia

Effects of Resistance training

Hypertrophy

Subtypes; from most oxidative (slowest), to least (fastest)

I, IC, IIC, IIAC, IIA, IIAX, IIX

Mass Action Effect

If there's more available substrate, then cells rely more on that substrate for energy

Intrinsic control of cardiac cycle:

Impulse initiates in the sinoatrial (SA) node • naturalpacemaker - Spreads through atria to atrioventricular (AV) node - AV node delays impulse by 1/10 of second, allowing atria to contract before ventricles - Impulse sent through AV bundle (bundle of His) - Purkinje fibers: rapidly spreads impulse out from AV node to contract throughout ventricles

In what amount of time does PCr reach its maximum energy yield?

In about 10s

Where is the enzyme phosphatase located?

In liver and kidney cells

What is the location of most fat formation?

In the cytoplasm of liver cells

Where does more than 90% of ATP synthesis take place?

In the respiratory chain by oxidative reaction coupled with phosphorylation

Where does GLUT 4 catabolize and form ATP?

In the sarcoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the watery medium of the cell outside the mitochondrion

Effects of endurance training

Increase in delivery of oxygen to muscle caused by...

Name one physiological adaptation that ↑performance in a sport or activity

Increased VO2 max

Carbohydrate ingestion before exercise results in (Increased or decreased) carbohydrate oxidation.

Increases

During concentric muscle contraction, as the speed of the contraction increases, the ability to produce force: A) Decreases B) Increases C) depends on the weight being lifted D) depends on the velocity

Increases

Ventilatory response to acute exercise

Incremental exercise: -VE increase and then rises exponentially -Ventilatory Threshold - Possible mechanisms (decrease in pH)

Isotonic

Infers muscle generates the same force throughout the entire ROM (does this occur naturally?)

2 functions of the nervous system

Initiates movements maintains homeostasis

Accessory Muscles

Inspiratory: External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor Expiratory: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

Ischemia

Insufficient blood to tissue due to partial blockage of artery • Results in angina pectoris (severe chest pain)

The two factors responsible for the development of transient hypoglycemia that occurs during exercise after a pre-exercise (<1hr) meal are ___________ and __________

Insulin & muscle contraction

lactate threshold

Intensity of exercise where lactate begins to accumulate

Metabolic substrates for rest and exercise

Interactions of substrates : >Exercise intensity ~ triglyceride or carb metabolism -at rest 33% of ATP derived from CHO & 66% from fat -at exercise intensity increases, % of ATP from CHO increases -Max exercise intensity : 100% carbs -factors resulting in this switch -carbohydrate metabolism produces more energy per liter of oxygen (5.0kcal/L O2 vs 4.7 kcal/L O2) -more fast/twitch muscle fibers are recruited (more glycolytic) -hormonal changes (increase in epinephrine - glycolytic enzymes)

The compound AB is bound ___

Into the enzyme molecule -undergoes modification while in combination with the enzyme and, -is broken down , thereby -releasing the energy that originally held the compound together

In activities requiring rapid energy release above levels supplied by aerobic metabolism, what supplies most of the energy for ATP resynthesis?

Intramuscular glycogen

autonmic nervous system

Involuntary part which controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands -Heart rate - Blood pressure - Digestion - Breathing

Choose the answer that is NOT correct: In theory, the excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) period: A) May be used to restore intramuscular phosphocreatine B) May be used for aerobic metabolism of lactic acid C) May be used to restore blood and myoglobin oxygen D) Is characterized by excess oxygen consumption over that seen during the exercise bout

Is characterized by excess oxygen consumption over that seen during the exercise bout

Inspiratory Muscle training

Is it useful for performance? No: Average person Yes: -People with pulmonary disease -Elite level aerobic Athletes

_________ exercise describes the type of exercise in which velocity of the limb's movement throughout the range of motion is held constant and resistance is varied

Isokinetic

Anaerobic means

It can proceed without oxygen directly involved , doesn't mean no oxygen is present * protein and fat cannot be broken down like this! Pyruvate is end product : it immediately dissociates

How does the structure of the alveoli relate to diffusion?

It has a circular structure = increase in surface area

What does glucose delivery to cell influence?

Its subsequent use in energy metabolism

High-protein diets and very-low calorie diets result in the formation of ____________ bodies.

Ketone

fat metabolism

LIPOLYSIS= Triglyceride breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol LIPASE is enzyme that breaks down triglycerides ESTERIFICATION= process of combining fatty acids and glycerol to make triglyceride

What serves as an indirect precursor of liver glycogen?

Lactate

What enables glycogenolysis in one cell to supply other cells with fuel for oxidation?

Lactate shuttling among cells

There are two forms of glycolysis. In one form ___ is the ned product, whereas in the other form _____ is the end product

Lactate; pyruvate

By-product of Glycolysis without O2

Lactic Acid

Buffering __________ by sodium bicarbonate during high intensity exercise results in increased CO2 release and an RER greater than ____

Lactic acid & 1

Cori Cycle

Lactic acid can be used to synthesize glycogen via this cycle

Intensity and volume of training needed for health benefit (< or >) fitness benefit

Less than

______ is the enzyme that breaks down triglycerides

Lipase

Protein is converted into FFAs through what process?

Lipogenesis

What is the main site for deamination?

Liver

Chemoreceptors: Peripheral

Located in arteries -Respond to H+, PCO2, PO2 - Elevated H+, PCO2, and decrease PO2 increase ventilation

Chemoreceptors: Central

Located in medulla -Respond to H+ (increase metabolism in some way) -Elevated H+ increases ventilation * Also, high PCO2 causes an increase in H+ which stimulates increase ventilation

muscle fiber

Long multinucleated cell that generates force when stimulated

A)The duration of exercise B)substrate availability C)the intensity of exercise

Major factors when determining which energy substrate will be used during exercise?

Hematocrit

Make up 40-45% of blood percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells (99%)

EPOC

May be accounted for by oxygen cost of adjustments in: Ventilation Hormones Circulation Temperature Reloading blood with oxygen

Inspiratory Capacity

Measures the max amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle

Why does core temperature increase during exercise?

Metabolism goes up because we're inefficient, During exercise, the higher rate of metabolism results in a higher rate of heat production from the heat lost through metabolism.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Minimal amount of energy required to sustain the body's vital functions -RMR varies with age , sex, body temp, stress, body surface area

During beta oxidation, fatty acid molecules transform into acetyl-CoA in the _____

Mitochondria

glycogen composed of

Monosaccharide glucose bound together in long, highly branched chains

Type 1 Fibers:

More mitochondria; high enzyme concentrations

More enzyme activity means:

More product

The combination of a motor and the muscle fibers it innervates is called a _______________, and all the muscle fibers there in are of the same ___________.

Motor unit & Type

What do increases in energy transfer depend on?

Movement intensity

The 4 physiological sources of substrate used in aerobic metabolism are: A) plasma glucose, plasma fatty acids, protein, oxygen B) Muscle glycogen, muscle triglycerides, plasma fatty acids, plasma glucose C) Plasma fatty acids, plasma glucose, phosphocreatine, ATP D) Liver glycogen, plasma glucose, phosphocreatine, plasma fatty acids

Muscle glycogen, muscle triglycerides, plasma fatty acids, plasma glucose

White substance high in lipid that covers axon?

Myelin sheath

_________ ________ conduct impulses using saltatory conduction

Myelinated nerves

severe or complete blockage, leading to cell death in heart is called ____________

Myocardial infarction

__________________ is the oxygen transport molecule found within skeletal and cardiac muscle and functions as an oxygen reserve at the start of exercise.

Myoglobin

Glycolytic metabolism : NAD

NAD serves to transport H+ within the cell, the NADH/NAD ratio is important in control of metabolism . Under slow conditions NADH transported to mitochondria

Under fast conditions of glycolysis -

NADH is oxidized to NAD and lactate

Electron Transport Chain

NADH, FADH molecules carry H+ electrons to ETC; H+, electrons travel down the chain; H+ combine with O2 to form H2O, which helps form ATP; 2.5 ATP/ NADH, 1.5 ATP/FADH

Why is pyruvate converted to lactic acid at the end of glycolysis?

NaDH has to give up hydrogen, oxygen cannot take it, so it goes to pyruvate and changes structure to lactate.

Control of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Negative feedback regulates Krebs Cycle; Isocitrate dehydrogenase- rate-limiting-enzyme; regulates etc, inhibited by ATP, activated by ADP

What two things make up a motor unit?

Nerve + muscle fiber combo - One nerve interacts with several muscle fibers

Glycolytic metabolism

Net formation of lactate or pyruvate depends on relative glycolytic And mitochondrial activities, not solely on presence of oxygen

resting membrane potential?

No impulse being conducted - Inside of neuron= net negative charge -outside of neuron= net positive charge

What stimulates sympathetic motor system?

Noradrenaline

___________ stimulates the sympathetic motor system.

Noradrenaline

Cellular (internal) respiration [movement]

O2 diffuses from the blood to tissue CO2 diffuses from tissues to blood *CO2 has a greater diffusion rate*

Pulmonary (external) respiration [movement]

O2 diffuses from the lungs to blood CO2 diffuses from the blood to lungs *CO2 has a greater diffusion rate*

O2 use in muscle formula:

O2 levels leaving lungs- O2 levels enter lungs

Glycolysis

Occurs with or without o2, but yields the same ATP; converts Pyruvic Acid to acetyl-CoA

Where does cellular oxidation occur?

On the inner lining of the mitochondrial membranes

detaches

Once atp attaches to myosin head the head does this

When do ATP levels in skeletal muscle decrease?

Only under extreme conditions of physical activity

Pyruvate formed during glucose catabolism plays an important role in maintaining a proper level of ______

Oxaloacetate

What is the term that describes "biologic burning"?

Oxidation

What constitute the biochemical mechanism that underlies energy metabolism?

Oxidation and reduction reactions

ATP synthesis occurs during:

Oxidation-reduction reactions

In Aerobic metabolism, the adiposity go ATP is produced during: A) Beta oxidation B) Glycolysis C) Kreb's cycle D) Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

During aerobic ATP resynthesis, what is the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain to combine with hydrogen to form water

Oxygen

What is the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain?

Oxygen

Oxygen consumption during exercise

Oxygen consumption= (O2 in)- (O2 out) -pulmonary oxygen uptake -oxygen is measured at lung, not tissues...but O2 is used in tissue not lungs -VO2

VO2 at start of exercise ...

Oxygen deficit. -during transition of rest to exercise- takes time for VO2 to reach steady state -this delay creates a disparity between the energy demands of exercise and the supply of energy aerobically -o2 deficit = difference between total O2 actually consumed during exercise and the total 02 that would have been consumed had VO2 reached steady state immediately -training decreases 02 deficit

What is the last electron receiver in the transport chain?

Oxygen; it possesses the largest reduction potential

What has a larger free energy of hydrolysis, PCr or ATP?

PCr

What serves as a reservoir of high-energy phosphate bonds?

PCr

What drives ADP phosphorylation to ATP?

PCr hydrolysis

LDH competing with PDH, therefore

PDH indirectly affect the NADH/NAD ratio

Rate-limiting Enzyme of the Glycolytic System

PFK

One way through which cells generate ATP?

Pathway 1: ATP itself -splitting of ATP is called hydrolysis -what enzyme facilitates this reaction? -what are the products of this reaction? -ADP is reenergized by phosphorylation?

2nd way through which cells generate ATP?

Pathway 2: ATP-PC PC concentration 3-4 times greater than ATP Enzyme present?

What enzyme frees glucose from the cell for transport throughout the body?

Phosphatase

What is known to "prime the pump" for continued energy metabolism?

Phosphorylation

What process allows for the synthesis of ATP

Phosphorylation

Ventilation is associated with metabolism

Plasma PCO2 more important than plasma Po2 in controlling pulmonary ventilation

Carbohydrates distribution in the body :

Plasma glucose - 3g (12kcal) Liver glycogen - 100g (400kcal) Muscle glycogen - 400g (1600 kcal) Total glycogen - 503g (2012 kcal) *relatively little CHO stored in body

Determining Ventilatory Threshold

Plot VE vs VO2 V-slope method Ventilatory equivalents method

Ventilatory Equivalents method (slope)

Point where VE/VO2 increases without increase in VE/VCO2 *see notes for graph page 10, last slide*

Respiratory Compensation Point

Point where both VE/VO2 and VE/CO2 increase -Associated with OBLA *Buffer System Failure* -Buffer system can't keep up with H+

V-slope method

Point where the slope of VCO2 over VO2 increase from less than 1 to greater than 1 *More acidity increases Buffer system work, therefore, increase VCO2

Synapses

Points of connection and communication between neurons

Myofibril

Portion of muscle composed of thin and thick myofioaments (actin and myosin)

Metabolic Recovery After Exercise

Postexercise Oxygen Consumption - Oxygen debt: oxygen taken in above resting values after exercise -depends on exercise intensity • Heart rate, breathing rate, and metabolic rate remain elevated for period of time after most types of physical activity - due to need to replenish PC from ATP, which can be obtained from aerobic metabolism • Lactic acid concentration can be ↓ if aerobically metabolized or used to synthesize glycogen (Cori cycle)

Ventricle wall thickness of the heart increases in response to training because of the _________ overload that occurs during exercise.

Pressure

Ventricle wall thickness of the heart increases in response to training because of the _________ overload that occurs during the exercise.

Pressure

Within the heart, _________ overloads leads to an increase in ventricular wall thickness, while ________ overload leads to an increase in chamber diameter

Pressure & volume

Glyogenolysis

Process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose-1phosphate to be used for Energy production

Glycogenesis

Process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in the liver or muscle

Skeletal muscle (feedback)

Proprioceptors and Chemoreceptors (H+ and K+)

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue of muscle? A) To stabilize and support the muscle B) Help transfer force through tendon to bone C) Prevent signals from spreading to adjacent fibers D) Protect against the overly elastic component of muscle

Protect against the overly elastic component of muscle

What substrate uses gluconeogenesis to convert into glucose?

Protein

What substrate uses lipogenesis for conversion to FFAs?

Protein

Which energy substrate is used during starvation?

Protein

Enzymes

Protein molecules that facilitate a chemical reaction.

Movement of air into and out of the lungs is known as _________________

Pulmonary ventilation

What does lactate convert to?

Pyruvate

What are the three products of deaminated glucogenic amino acids?

Pyruvate, oxaloacetate, malate

What are the intermediates for glucose synthesis via gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or malate

By-product of Glycolysis with O2

Pyruvic acid

Calorie =

Quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 ml of water 1 degree Celsius -the calories we often refer to in food are actually kilocalories (kcal) or in 1000 calories —-300 calories on the food wrapper is really 300,000 calories

What are the two terms used to describe glycolysis?

Rapid (anaerobic) and slow (aerobic)

Conduction of Impulses

Rate of conduction down axon is greatly affected by myelination of nerve

In biochemical terms, the affinity for electrons represents a substance's:

Reduction potential

What does the net formation of either lactate or pyruvate depend on?

Relative glycolytic and mitochondrial activities, rather than on the presence of molecular oxygen

During cross bridge cycling, energy released from the breakdown of ATP within the muscle directly allows for: A) The binding between myosin head and actin B) Repositioning of the myosin head C) the power stroke and moving of the actin filament D) the exposure of the actin active sight

Repositioning of the myosin head

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate...

Requires NADH as a cofactor

Isokinetic

Resistance in which velocity of limbs movement throughout ROM is held constant by a device

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) BP = Q x TPR = (HR x SV) x TPR

Resistance to arterial blood flow BP = Q x TPR = (HR x SV) x TPR

The final common pathway where electrons extracted from hydrogen pass to oxygen

Respiratory chain

The largest component of total daily energy expenditure is: A) thermic effect of feeding B) resting Metabolic rate C) thermic effect of physical activity D) thermic effect of fidgeting

Resting Metabolic rate

Disaccharides (two sugars)

SUCROSE - glucose + fructose - table sugar (cane and beet sugar) - 25% of caloric intake of average American LACTOSE - glucose + galactose - found only in milk MALTOSE - glucose + glucose - found in beer, cereal, germinating seed

decreases

Simultaneous weight and aerobic training will do this to power and development

The _________ describes how the nervous system recruits individual motor units in an orderly, predictable fashion from smaller to larger motor units. A) Action potential B) size principle C) asynchronous recruitment D) All-or-none-law

Size principle

What tissue possesses the largest quantity of glycolytic enzymes?

Skeletal muscle

Carbohydrate breakdown in the citric acid cycle is a (slow, fast) process

Slow

Increased NADH/NAD......

Slows glycolysis

Rate-limiting enzyme

Slows the overall reaction and prevents runaway reaction

As intensity goes up,

So does ATP demand

LDH is abundant and therefore .....

Some lactate is always produced

In mamilian muscle

Some lactate produced can be converted to glucose

Decreased NADH/NAD

Speeds glycolysis

Role of CT (Connective tissue)

Stabilizes and supports components of skeletal muscle Surrounds muscle at each organizational level

What are the two stages of glucose degradation?

Stage one- glucose breaks down rapidly into two molecules of pyruvate Stage two- pyruvate degrades further to carbon dioxide and water

Polysaccharide plant forms : starch / fiber

Starch- -Storage form of CHO in plants -50% of total CHO intake -commonly called "complex carbohydrates" Fiber- -Non starch polysaccharides -resistant to human digestion

The three major types of hormones are: A) Steroid, peptide, and amines B) Steroid, leukocytes, and peptides C) Steriod, anabolic, and catabolic D) Steroid, platelet, and growth

Steroid, peptide, and amines

Where and what is extra glucose stored as?

Stored as glycogen in liver and muscles.

What is the body's most plentiful source of potential energy?

Stored fat

Systemic receptors (feedback)

Stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)

RMR-measurement made under....

Strict conditions is considered basal metabolic rate (BMR) >12 hour fast before test -not active during the day (18h) before the test -sit quietly for > 30 min before measuring -usually done right after waking

Respiratory quotient: quation for substrate oxidation (utilization)

Substrate + o2 -> co2 + h2 Due to different chemical compositions of lipids, CHO and proteins, different amounts of o2 are required to oxidize them to the end products of co2 and h20

What is the primary function of carbs?

Supplying energy for cellular work

The "fight or flight" response is controlled by the _______ nervous system A) Sympathetic B) Central C) Parasympathetic D) Somatic

Sympathetic

The "fight-or-flight" response is controlled by the ______ nervous system A) Sympathetic B) Central C) Parasympathetic D) somatic

Sympathetic

Which subdivision shows an increase in heart rate and blood pressure when stimulated?

Sympathetic nervous system

__________ is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.

Systolic

force-time curve

The ability to produce force quickly is an important quality of neuromuscular function

Expiratory reserve volume

The additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after normal exhalation

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped per contraction of ventricles.

The imbalance between ATP and ADP and P- causes by an increase in energy requirement- stimulates what?

The breakdown of other stored energy-containing compounds to resynthesize ATP

A)Beta oxidation B)Krebs cycle C)electron transport chain

The complete oxidation of fatty acids involves

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

The component of the autonomic nervous system that responds to stressful situations by initiating the "fight-or-flight" response.

What is glycolysis?

The dissolution of sugar

4NADH+4ATP is the end product of...

The end products of the glycolytic breakdown of 2 glucose molecules is

ATP

The energy currency 1)Adenine 2)Ribose 3) 3 phosphates

The free energy liberated in ATP hydrolysis reflects what?

The energy difference between reactant and end product

lactate threshold

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration. - In untrained: occurs at 50% to 60% of max oxygen consumption - In endurance trained: 65% to 80% of max oxygen consumption - As lactate threshold increases, so does endurance performance - Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA): exercise intensity at which a specific blood lactic acid concentration occurs (usually 4.0 mM)

creatine kinase

The hydrolysis of PCr is facilitated by this enzyme

What is the glucose paradox?

The indirect pathway from lactate to liver glycogen synthesis

Inspiratory reserve volume

The maximal amount of air that can be brought into the lungs after normal inhalation

The citric acid cycle degrades the acetyl-CoA substrate to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms within what area?

The mitochondria

What does most energy for phosphorylation derive from?

The oxidation (biologic burning) of dietary carb, lipid, and protein macronutrients

Where does GLUT 4 facilitate glucose to transport to?

The sarcoplasm

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels; site of gas and nutrient exchange

Toral lung capacity

The total amount of air in the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

Type 2

These muscle fibers have a high amount of ATPase activity

Why are fast-twitch muscle fibers ideally suited for generating anaerobic energy via glycolysis?

They contain relatively large quantities of phosphofructokinase

Why are enzymes necessary to obtain energy

They facilitate breakdown

Calorimeter

This device measures the bodys heat production

Decrease

This is what happens to EPOC following aerobic training

This number of atps produced directly from 1 molecule of glycogen during glycolysis

Energy from macronutrient oxidation is harvested how?

Through ATP

What are the three conditions that cause hydrogen and electrons to shuttle uninterrupted down the respiratory chain to oxygen during energy metabolism?

Tissue availability of the reducing agent NADH, presence of the oxidizing agent oxygen in the tissues, sufficient concentration of enzymes and mitochondria to ensure that energy transfer reactions proceed at their appropriate rate

Energy release in macronutrient catabolism serves one crucial purpose:

To phosphorylate ADP to reform the energy-rich compound ATP

What is the one crucial purpose of energy release in macronutrient catabolism?

To phosphorylate ADP to reform the energy-rich compound ATP

Too many H+ in a cell=

Too acidic

Resistance to arterial blood flow is called ______ _______ _______

Total Peripheral resistance (TPR)

Total number of atp produced from one molecule of AceTyl Coa entering the Krebs cycle

Dalton's Law

Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of all gases composing the mixture -Partial pressure of a gas is a product of it's % and the *overall pressure* Example: Atmospheric pressure: 760mmHg O2: 20.93%; CO2: .03%; N:79.04% PCO2: .0003 * 760=.228mmHg PN2: .7904 * 760= 600.7mmHg

Substrate use during exercise

Trained vs untrained -highly trained individual will metabolize a higher percentage of fat when running a 10 - minute mile compared to untrained -This postpones fatigue and is glycogen sparing

Neural adaptions to exercise

Training adaptations to the nervous system improve physical performance: - Increase number of motor units recruited & increase rate of recruitment (increase "neural drive") - at submax exercise: lower drive required for same force production - at max exercise: greater drive is achieved resulting in greater force production Endurance training: - Increased ability to rotate recruitment (asynchronous) - prevents fatigue

NAD serves to _____

Transport H+ within cell, the NADH/NAD ratio is important in control of metabolism.

What are the six fuel sources that supply substrate for ATP formation?

Triacylglycerol and glycogen molecules stored within muscle cells Blood glucose Free fatty acids Intramuscular- and liver-derived carbon skeletons of amino acids Anaerobic reactions in the cytosol in the initial phase of glucose or glycogen breakdown (small amount of ATP) Phosphorylation of ADP by PCr under enzymatic control by creatine kinase and adenylate kinase

Fats- storage form:

Triglyceride -glycerol molecule plus 3 fatty acids Where stored? How are they broken down? What happens to glycerol? Does fat depletion occur?

Subunits of troponin

Troponin I: holds to actin Troponin T: holds to tropomyosin Troponin C: can bind calcium

T/F ATP is a product of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

True

T/F The three energy transfer systems can occur at the same time

True

T/F: A severe or complete blockage of a coronary artery that leads to cell death in the heart is myocardial infarction.

True

T/F: In response to resistance training, initial strength gains are due to improved neural recruitment pattern.

True

T/F: The blood flowing away from the heart and toward peripheral or pulmonary circulation is arterial blood.

True

T/F: Type I muscle fibers have a lower threshold for recruitment and are therefore always recruited first.

True

T/F: A long-term high-fat diet can lead to improved endurance capacity in moderate intensity exercise.

True

T/F: ATP is a product of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

True

T/F: Aerobic capabilities are more affected by altitude than anaerobic capabilities.

True

T/F: Aerobic capabilities are more affected by dehydration than anaerobic capabilities.

True

T/F: Creatine supplementation enhances strength and power safely

True

T/F: During a low-intensity, long-duraton activity at steady workload there is a gradual shift from carbohydrate to triglyceride metabolism.

True

T/F: Only muscle fibers activated by the nervous system will benefit from training.

True

T/F: Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) increases with increasing workload.

True

T/F: The aqueous component of blood is called plasma.

True

T/F: The physical training needed to bring about fitness benefits is greater in intensity and what is needed for health benefits.

True

T/F: The pulsality of some hormones is thought to stimulate more effective hormonal signaling (amplifies effect)

True

T/F: The three energy transfer systems can occur at the same time

True

T/F: During exercise, increases in blood temperature and acidity shift the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to the right causing greater delivery of oxygen to muscle tissue.

True

T/F: ADP and NAD function as enzyme activators

True

T/F: ATP and NADH serve as enzyme inhibitors

True

T/F: ATP resynthesis proceeds uninterrupted

True

T/F: ATP splits almost instantly without the need for molecular oxygen

True

T/F: All cells store some fat

True

T/F: During exercise, increases in blood temperature and acidity shift the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to the right causing greater delivery of oxygen to muscle tissue.

True

T/F: Endurance athletes show an enhanced ability for lactate turnover during exercise

True

T/F: Energy transfer for phosphorylation occurs without oxygen

True

T/F: FFA are not truly "free" entities

True

T/F: Fatty acid breakdown relates directly to oxygen consumption

True

T/F: Fatty acids cannot contribute to glucose synthesis

True

T/F: Free radical formation in muscle might contribute to muscle fatigue or soreness

True

T/F: High cellular ATP levels indicate a relatively low energy requirement

True

T/F: If the conditions are right, hydrogens and electrons shuttle uninterrupted down the respiratory chain to oxygen during energy metabolism

True

T/F: Lactate provides a valuable source of chemical energy

True

T/F: No single chemical regulator dominates mitochondrial ATP production

True

T/F: Not only is muscle a major site of lactate production, but also is a primary tissue for lactate removal via oxidation

True

T/F: Plasma PCO2 is more important than plasma PO2 in controlling pulmonary ventilation.

True

T/F: Relative to carb and protein, stored ft provides almost unlimited energy

True

T/F: Resting cardiac output averages about 5 L/min in healthy adults.

True

T/F: The aqueous component of blood is called plasma

True

T/F: The percentage of 34% for kcal of energy conserved is a relatively high efficiency rate

True

T/F: The process of glycolysis does not involve oxygen

True

T/F: Under normal conditions following a meal, glucose does not accumulate in the blood

True

T/F: Without ADP availability for phosphorylation to ATP, electrons generally do not shuttle down the respiratory chain to oxygen

True

T/F: Resting cardiac output about the same in trained & untrained people

True - however, trained people have lower HR and higher SV

T/F During a low-intensity, long duration activity at steady workload there is a graduate shift from carbohydrate to triglyceride metabolism

True (aerobic metabolism)

False - to fat being the preferred source of energy for intense muscular contraction because of its fast energy production...it's slow!!! But sustained!!!!

True or false: because it's rate of energy production is so fast, fat is the preferred source of energy to meet the demands of intense muscular contraction

False

True or false: the ph inside of a cell increases with increased lactate production

T/F: Glucose used the majority of the time

True, but costs 1 ATP

Glycolysis generates a net gain of how may ATP molecules?

Two

How many molecules of ATP contribute to the initial phosphorylation of a glucose molecule?

Two

Muscle Fiber Types

Type I (slow twitch) Type II fibers (fast twitch) ANSWER THESE! -how long to reach peak force production? -amount of peak force? -oxidative potential? -fatigability? -conducive to what type of event?

Oxidation of Fat

Uses Triglycerides as a major fat energy source broken down into 1 glycerol & 3 FFAs; yields 3-4 times more ATP than glucose but slower

indirect calorimetry

Uses measurements of VO2 and VCO2 to assess energy expenditure -Closed circuit spirometry - Open circuit spirometry - metabolic cart

Pulmonary Ventilation Units of measurement

VE- volume of air exhaled per minute VI- Volume of air inhaled per minute -L/min

Ventilatory Equivalents method units

VE/VO2 -VE needed to consume 1 L of O2 VE/VCO2 -VE needed to expire 1 L of CO2

Calculation of VO2

VO2= oxygen inspired -oxygen expired

Factors affecting redistribution of blood (3)

Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, Precapillary sphincters

Factors affecting redistribution of blood (3)

Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, Precapillary sphincters:

____________________ is the exercise intensity where VE increases disproportionately to VO2, and can be used as an estimate for lactate threshold.

Ventilatory Threshold

heart failure

Ventricles cannot contract, so cardiac output os insufficient

What does phosphocreatine reservoir allow for?

Very rapid resynthesis of ATP

How do human energy dynamics transfer energy?

Via chemical bonds

How is chemical energy harnessed?

Via electron transport oxidative phosphorylation

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Volume measured when exhale as fast and as forceful as possible (~3-5L)

Tidal Volume

Volume of air per breath

Select the option that is NOT true: Carbohydrate is the preferred energy source for aerobic activity because: A) It is more efficient energy source than fat B) It converts to ATP twice as fast as protein or fat C) We have greater energy stores of carbohydrate than fat D) It allows for higher exercise intensity

We have greater energy stores of carbohydrate than fat

stays constant

What happens to lactate levels during steady state exercise

Creatine kinase- the protein molecule that facilitates breakdown of ________

What is the protein molecule that facilitates breakdown of PCr to Phosphate and Creatine?

stops

When CA is re-sequestered (returns) by the SR the muscle contraction does this

When does biologic work occur?

When compounds low in potential energy become "juiced up" from energy transfer via high-energy phosphate bonds

When does a molecule become reduced?

When it accepts electrons from an electron donor

Active site

Where heads of myosin cross bridges bind to actin

Components of the sarcomere

Z lines: at the end of sarcomere H zones: in middle of sarcomere, contains myosin I bands: at edges of sarcomere, contain actin A bands: overlapping actin and myosin M line: middle of h zones, holds myosin in place

exercise physiology

a basic and an applied science that describes, explains, and uses the body's response to exercise and adaptation to exercise training to maximize human physical potential

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

exercise

a single acute bout of bodily exertion or muscular activity that requires an expenditure of energy above resting level and that in most, but not all, cases results in voluntary movement

relative submaximal workload

a workload above resting but below maximum that is prorated to each individual; typically set as some percentage of maximum

___________ stimulates the parasympathetic motor system.

acetylcholine

VO2 during exercise: steady state

all energy needed is provided by aerobic metabolism - Blood lactate doesn't accumulate

What technique does the body NOT use to control blood flow during activity? A) vasoconstriction B) vasodilation C) altering the contraction state of pre capillary sphincters D) altering the hemoglobin content of blood

altering the hemoglobin content of blood

The component of the respiratory system where gas exchange takes place with the capillaries is the ______. a. bronchioles b. ventricles c. alveoli d. pleural sac

alveoli

carbon dioxide produced (VCO2)

amount or volume of carbon dioxide generated during metabolism

oxygen consumption (VO2)

amount or volume of oxygen taken up, transported, and used at the cellular level

bulimia nervosa (BN)

an eating disorder marked by an unrealistic appraisal of body weight and/or shape that is manifested by alternating bingeing and purging behavior

Vitamin E

antioxidant, exercise may increase storage in muscle, decrease muscle damage

The Fick equation is used to calculate oxygen consumption and is the product of cardiac output and: A) arterial-venous oxygen difference B) Stroke volume C) blood pressure D) End-systolic volume

arterial-venous oxygen difference

decreases

as exercise intensity increases , the reliance on fat for energy does this

recommended daily allowance (RDA)

average daily intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of 97-98% of healthy individuals

mean power (MP)

average power (force times distance divided by time) exerted during a short duration (typically 30 sec) work

saturated

bad fats, usually found in animal food sources, increases risk of CVD, limited intake

Monosaccharides

basic unit of carbohydrates - Glucose, fructose, galactose

protein supplementation before, during, after resistance training

before 3 hrs of exercise increases protein synthesis, prior to exercise maximizes protein synthesis, increase in muscle mass

set point theory

belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined 'set point'

________ helps prevent the increase in acidity from extreme exercise and thus delay fatigue A) creatine B) androstenedione C) epinephrine D) blood buffering

blood buffering

peripheral circulation

blood from heart to body and back to heart

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

blood in ventricles at end of diastole

Stroke volume increases with *endurance training* mainly because of an increase in: A) ventricular wall thickness B) heart rate C) total peripheral resistance D) blood volume

blood volume

catabolic reactions

breaking down of substrate into molecules; usually releases energy

nonessential amino acids

can be produced by body

The smallest blood vessels; site of gas and nutrient exchange

capillaries

macronutrients (organic)

carbs, proteins, lipids

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

sensory neurons (afferent)

carry messages from the sensory receptors to CNS

mitochandria

cell organelles in which the formation of acetyl CoA , Krebs Cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation take place

Anatomical Nervous System

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system broken down

moderate glycemic index (56-69)

cereal, cranberry juice, ice cream

hydrolysis

chemical process in which a substance is split into simpler compounds by the addition of water

minerals (inorganic)

chemical reactions and body functions

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy (most important energy molecule in cells)

eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)

conditions of disordered eating that do not meet the complete criteria for AN or BN

training

consistent or chronic progression of exercise sessions designed to improve physiological function for better health or sport performance

actin and myosin

contractile proteins in muscle

Cardiac Cycle: Systole

contraction phase; blood is pumped out of chamber

why are carbs the preferred energy source for aerobic activity

converts to ATP twice as fast as protein/fat, faster sustainable pace, more efficient O2 use

sensory-somatic nervous system

coordinates actions and responses to external environment (voluntary)

gluconeogenesis

creation of glucose in the liver from noncarbohydrate sources, particularly glycerol, lactate or pyruvate, and alanine

beta-oxidation

cyclic series of steps that breaks off successive pairs of carbon atoms from FFA, which are then used to form acetyl CoA

vasoconstriction

decrease in radius of vessels

As exercise intensity increases, the % of ATP from fat __________

decreases

health benefits of omega 3 and 6 FA

decreases BP, blood clots, irregular heartbeats, and risk of CVD

vitamins

deficiencies can have severe consequences, some have RDA others have AI

The __________ of the neuron receive impulses and send them to the cell body, the _________ carries the impluses from the cell body to another neuron or target tissue

dendrites; axon

Which of the following might explain fatigue following a 100 meter sprint? A) depletion of muscle glycogen B) depletion of blood glucose C) depletion of intramuscular triglycerides D) depletion of PCr

depletion of PCr

Pulmonary ventilation increases during the onset of exercise first as a result of an increase in _______________, then as an increase in ____________________

depth of breathing; frequency of breaths

dose-response relationship

description of how change in one variable is associated with a corresponding change in another variable

Which of the following does not affect resting metabolic rate: A) diet B) body temperature C) fat-free mass D) age

diet

oxygen deficit

difference between oxygen required during exercise and oxygen supplied and utilized. occurs at the onset of all activiy

negative feedback loop

diminishes intensity of process to return to initial status quo Ex: Increased body heat triggers sweating mechanism, which cools body

hypokinetic diseases

diseases caused by and or associated with lack of physical activity

eating disorders (ED)

disturbances of eating habits or weight-control behavior that can result in significant impairment of physical health or psychosocial functioning

Acclimatization to heat results in (delayed) or (earlier) onset of sweating

earlier

anorexia nervosa (AN)

eating disorder characterized by marked self-induced weight loss accompanied by reproductive hormonal changes and an intense fear of fatness

anorexia athletica (AA)

eating disorder that is characterized by a food intake less than that required to support the training regimen and by a body weight less than 95% of normal

action potential?

electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

minerals

elements, not of animal or plant origin, that are essential constituents of all cells and of many functions in the body

caloric cost

energy expenditure of an activity performed for a specific period of time. it may be expressed as a total calories (kcal), calories or kilojoules per minute, or relative to body weight

glycolysis

energy pathway responsible for the initial catabolism of glucose in a 10- or 11- step process that begins with glucose or glycogen and ends with pyruvate (aerobic glycolysis) or lactate (anaerobic glycolysis)

Suffix: ase=

enzyme

Iron

enzymes and proteins, role in oxygen transport and metabolism, most common mineral deficiency

Release of _________ by sympathetic nerves can cause both vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

epinephrine

supramaximal exercise

exercise bout in which energy requirement is greater than what can be supplied aerobically at VO2 max

T/F: Skeletal muscle is roughly 50-60% water.

false (60-75%)

the classic accepted RQ values are 1.0 for protein, .81 for carbs, and .7 for fat

false; .81 proteins, 1.0 carbs, .70 fat

ATP is constantly being hydrolyzed and resynthesized. the amount in skeletal muscle at rest can supply about 3 minutes of maximal contraction

false; 3 seconds

stored body fat in the form of triglycerides are turned over constantly in the body such that a complete turnover occurs once every 6 months

false; 3-4 weeks

pyruvic acid/ pyruvate is the universal or common intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, protein

false; acetyl CoA

aerobic metabolism, oxidative metabolism, anaerobic (slow) glycolysis, and the 02 system are different terms to describe the same process

false; aerobic glycolysis

Before fatty acids (derived from triglycerides) can be converted to acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle, electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation pathways, they must undergo the process of oxidative deamination

false; beta-oxidation; amino acids undergo oxidative deamination

2.7 g of water are stored in muscle per gram of dried triglyceride

false; dried glycogen

the primary fuel for slow glycolysis is glycogen and the end product is pyruvic acid/pyruvate

false; glucose; glycogen is fast and produces lactate

the highest blood lactate values are typically seen during the last 15s of short term, high intensity anaerobic activity, compared with the rest and at 5-10 min recovery

false; highest during 5-10 min recovery

the relationship between oxygen consumption and economy is direct. that is, the more oxygen consumed, the higher the economy of the activiy

false; inverse, lower

when amino acids are used as a fuel source, the group known as branched chain amino acids (BCAA), consisting of alanine, glutamine, and glutamate, are preferentially used

false; leucine, isoleucine, and valine

the oxygen deficit can be accurately attributed to an inability of the circulatory are respiratory systems to respond quickly enough to the increased energy demands at the onset of activity

false; limited cellular utilization of 02 as a result of metabolic adjustments in both the anaerobic and aerobic systems

more glycogen is stored in the liver than in skeletal muscles

false; more is stored in skeletal muscles

the time to achieve steady state varies from 1 to 3 min in youths and young adults at light to moderate submaximal exercise intensity, but it takes less time at high intensity exercise and in the elderly

false; more time

the first law of thermodynamics states that energy can either be created or destroyed

false; neither

compared with the aerobic energy system, the anaerobic systems are high in capacity, but low in power for producing energy

false; opposite

lactic acid is produced in muscle cells when the NADH+H formed in step 6 of glycolysis is reduced to NAD by the transfer of the H to pyruvic acid, which in turn is oxidized to lactic acid

false; oxidized, reduced

peak oxygen consumption and maximal oxygen consumption are the same thing

false; peak oxygen consumption is more accurate in young children and elderly individuals

the most important rate-limiting or regulatory enzyme in glycolysis is lactic dehydrogenase

false; phosphofructokinase (PFK)

anaerobic and aerobic production of energy cannot and do not work together (at the same time)

false; they do

A respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2) equal to 0.7 indicates that the substrate being consumed for energy production is A) carbohydrates B) fat C) 50% fat/50% carbohydrate D) protein

fat

2 fats important for metabolism

fatty acid, triglyceride

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

electron transport system (ETS)

final metabolic pathway, which proceeds as a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that transfer electrons from the hydrogen atom carriers NAD and FAD to oxygen; water is formed as a by-product; the electrochemical energy released by the hydrogen ions is coupled to the formation of ATP from ADP and P

Pyruvate

final product of glycolysis

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

high carb diets

for athletes in training, carbs > 50% total caloric intake

anabolic reactions

forming of product from molecules; usually requiring energy

substrate

fuel substance acted on by an enzyme

training princibles

fundamental guidelines that form the basis for the development of an exercise training program; specificity, overload, rest/recovery/adaptation, progression, maintenance, individualization, warm-up/cooldown

oxidation

gain of oxygen, a loss of hydrogen, or the direct loss of electrons by an atom or substance

Pulmonary (external) Respiration

gas exchange between lungs and blood

Pulmonary Ventilation

gas exchange between the atmosphere and lungs

________ is secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas to increase blood glucose when low A) insulin B) somatostatin C) aldosterone D) glucagon

glucagon

unsaturated

good fat

Unmyelinated nerves: A) have a white, high-fat exterior B) conduct their impulses using salutatory conduction C) gradually conduct the action potential along the nerve fiber D) are insulated to maintain electrical signal strength

gradually conduct the action potential along the nerve fiber

The longer the half-life of a hormone, the (greater) or (lower) the potency of that hormone

greater

Type I muscle fibers: A) rapidly develop force B) have a high capacity for oxidative metabolism C) have a high peak force D) fatigue easily

have a high capacity for oxidative metabolism

Motor neurons: A) have a short axon and send impulses from the peripheral nervous system to the muscle B) have a long axon and send impulses from the central nervous system to the muscle C) have short dendrites and send impulses from muscle to the peripheral nervous system D) have short axons and long dendrites

have a long axon and send impulses from the central nervous system to the muscle

maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)

highest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and utilize to produce ATP aerobically while breathing air during heavy exercise

maximal exercise

highest intensity, greatest load, or longest duration of exercise of which an individual is capable

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

highest pressure in arteries during ventricle contraction (systole) - typical resting value = ~120 mm Hg

maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)

highest workload that can be maintained over time without a continual rise in blood lactate; it indicates an exercise intensity above which lactate production exceeds clearance

The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes to keep functions in limits is called __________. A) homeostasis B) homocystine C) hemoglobin D) hormone

homeostasis

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

hydrogen carrier in cellular respiration

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

hydrogen carrier in cellular respiration

__________ occurs when someone drinks too much water resulting in a low blood sodium concentration

hyponatremia

Core body temperature is regulated by the: A) hypothalamus B) pituitary gland C) adrenal gland D) hypoxia

hypothalamus

Sweat is _______ compared to blood, meaning it has a lower osmotic pressure: A) hypotonic B) hypertonic C) hypohydrated D) hyperplasia

hypotonic

Vitamin C

important in immune function and as antioxidant

anaerobic

in the absence of, not requiring, nor utilizing, oxygen

aerobic

in the presence of, requiring, or utilizing oxygen

high glycemic index (>70)

increase blood glucose quickly, decrease performance in long-term events (fruit bars, rice cakes)

vasodilation

increase in radius of a blood vessel

Which physiological response does NOT occur in response to cold stress: A) shivering B) increased thyroid hormone C) increased blood how to muscle D) piloerection

increased blood how to muscle

Training adaptation to the nervous system include all of the following except: A) increased drive required for same force production B) increased number of motor units recruited C) increased rate of motor unit recruitment D) increased ability to rotate motor unit recruitment

increased drive required for same force production

spirometry

indirect calorimetry method for estimating heat production, in which expired air is analyzed for the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced

What does the motor division do in the sensory-somatic nervous system?

initiates contraction of muscles & limb movements

The left ventricle: A) is decreased in size by endurance training B) has the thinnest wall of the cardiac chambers C) is increased in size with strength training D) pumps blood into the pulmonary artery

is increased in size with strength training

polyunsaturated

less than 1 double bond of carbon molecules (nuts, seeds)

coupled reactions

linked chemical processes in which a change in one substance is accompanied by a change in another

reduction

loss of oxygen, gain of electrons, or a gain of hydrogen by an atom or substance

before competition meals

low in fat and fiber, contain carbs, liquid to maximize gastric emptying

Veins

low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

lowest arterial pressure during relaxation phase of the heart beat (during diastole) - Arterial BP decreases to ~70-80 mm Hg during diastole

fatty acids

major substrate used in metabolism at rest and in low-intensity exercise

glucose + glucose =

maltose

energy system power

maximal amount of energy that can be produced per unit of time

maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)

maximal force that the muscle can exert

1-RM

maximal weight that an individual can lift once during a dynamic resistance exercise

peak power (PP)

maximum power (force times distance divided by time) exerted during a very short duration (5 sec or less) work

$ Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

may be accounted for by oxygen cost of adjustments in: • ventilation • hormones • circulation (heart rate) • temperature • reloading blood with oxygen

Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)

measure maximal ventilation for 15-seconds and estimate minute ventilation (~80-180 L/min)

glycemic index (GI)

measure that compares the elevation in blood glucose caused by the ingestion of 50 g of any carb food with the elevation caused by the ingestion of 50 g of white bread of glucose

calorimetry

measurement of heat energy liberated or absorbed in metabolic processes

direct calorimetry

measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate - Subject enclosed on a chamber

glycemic index

measures blood glucose after eating a carb and is compared with stander glucose of 100

Vitamin B

metabolism, increased carb metabolism and decreased blood lactate concentrations, aid in overall health and increase physical performance if deficiency exists

3 forms of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

During physical activity: A) the arterial-venous oxygen difference decreases B) more oxygen is taken from the blood by the muscle C) the body attempts to decrease blood flow to improve oxygen delivery D) there is a decrease in oxygen delivery to tissue

more oxygen is taken from the blood by the muscle

calcium

most abundant mineral in body, necessary for muscle and heart contraction and tooth development

criterion test

most accurate tests for any given variable; the measurement standard against which other tests are judged

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs - GENERALLY INVOLUNTARY, but can be changed to voluntarily

Transient hypoglycemia results from a large increase in glucose uptake due to the combination of increased insulin concentration and _________________ during exercise after pre-exercise meal. A) decreased fat oxidation B) ketone body production C) glycemic index D) muscle contraction

muscle contraction

minerals are necessary for

muscle contraction, nerve transmission, protein synthesis, regulation of bodily fluid, metabolism, hormone functions

precapillary sphincters

muscular rings at entrance of capillary bed; react to local changes by constricting or relaxing, therefore controlling blood flow to tissues

Rate of conduction down axon is greatly affected by _________ of nerve

myelination

Isometric

no movement. Lateral raise within a door frame. Contraction yes, but no movement. Plank..?

coenzyme

nonprotein substance derived from a vitamin that activates an enzyme

Release of ____________ by sympathetic nerves causes vasoconstriction

norepinephrine

Release of ____________ by sympathetic nerves causes vasoconstriction.

norepinephrine

essential amino acids

not produced by body, must be consumed, primary stimulators of muscle protein synthesis

high protein diets

not recommended because of risks: heart disease, cancer, adult bone loss, kidney disease, difficulty with weight control

caloric equivalent

number of kilocalories produced per liter of oxygen consumed

low glycemic index (<55)

oatmeal, bananas

vitamins

organic substances of plant or animal origin that are essential for normal growth, development, metabolic processes, and energy transformations

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

oxygen consumption during recovery that is above normal resting values

economy

oxygen cost of any activity, but particularly walking or running at varying speeds

oxygen debt

oxygen taken in above resting values after exercise - depends on exercise intensity

oxygen debt

oxygen taken in above restingvalues after exercise -depends on exercise intensity

Sinotrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart

Which subdivision lowers heart rate and blood pressure when stimulated?

parasympathetic nervous system

detraining

partial or complete loss of training induced adaptation as a result of a training reduction or cessation

What factor does NOT play a big role in regulation the rate of ventilation at sea level? A) partial pressure of oxygen in the circulation B) partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the circulation C) the presence of H+ in the circulation D) stretch receptors in the lungs and respiratory muscles

partial pressure of oxygen in the circulation

mechanical efficiency

percentage of energy input that appears as useful external work

fatigue index (FI)

percentage of peak power drop-off during high-intensity, short-duration work

field tests

performance-based test that can be conducted anywhere and that estimates the values measured by the criterion test

training adaptations

physiological changes or adjustments resulting from an exercise training program that promote optimal functioning

physical fitness

physiological state of well-being that provides the foundation for the tasks of daily living, a degree of protection against hypokinetic disease, and a basis for participation in sport

Although it is often controlled by another gland, the ______ gland is referred to as the master gland because the hormones it produces impact almost every tissue and system in the body A) hypothalamus B) pituitary C) adrenal D) pancreas

pituitary

periodization

plan for training based on a manipulation of the fitness components with the intent of peaking the athlete for the competitive season or varying health related fitness training in cycles or harder and easier training

lactate thresholds

points on the linear-curvlinear continuum of lactate accumulation that appear to indicate sharp rises, often labeled as the first (LT1) and second (LT2) lactate threshold

omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids

polyunsaturated fatty acids, not produced by body

sport-specific physical fitness (SSPF)

portion of physical fitness directed toward optimizing athletic performance

protein supplementation before, during, after endurance training

postexercise enhances glycogen resynthesis and reduces muscle damage and soreness

laboratory tests

precise, direct measurement of physiological functions for the assessment of exercise responses or training adaptations; usually involves monitoring, collections, and analysis of expired air, blood, or electrical signals

cellular respiration

process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in a stepwise series of reactions. it relies heavily on the use of oxygen

glycogenolysis

process by which stored glycogen is broken down (hydrolyzed) to provide glucose

oxidative phosphorylation (OP)

process in which NADH + H and FADH2 are oxidized in the electron transport system and the energy released is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and P

carbohydrate loading (glycogen supercompensation)

process of nutritional modification that results in an additional storage of glycogen in muscle fiber up to two to three times the normal levels

positive feedback loop

promotes or intensifies a process Ex: Increase in acidity during exercise further stimulates an increase in blood flow

protein is needed for

protein synthesis, repair and recovery of skeletal muscle and connective tissue

enzyme

protein that accelerates the speed of a chemical reaction

Receptors

proteins designed to bind to specific neurotransmitter - Each neurotransmitter has its own unique receptor, which allows accuracy in communication - On binding a neurotransmitter, receptor opens channels for ions - Each receptor allows only 1 type of ion to pass through channels

sports drinks

provide exogenous glucose to spare muscle glycogen and replace electrolytes

The right ventricle: A) pumps blood to the periphreal circulation B) pumps blood to the aorta C) pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation D) pumps blood into the left atrium

pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation

The right ventricle: A) Pumps blood to the peripheral circulation B) Pumps blood to the aorta C) pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation D) pumps blood into the left atrium

pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation

training volume

quantity of training overload calculated as frequency times duration for anaerobic or aerobic continuous exercise or number of sets times number of repetitions for resistance exercise

Respiratory Qutient (RQ)

ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced divided by the amount of oxygen consumed at a cellular level

respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

ratio of the volume of CO2 produced dived by the volume of O2 consumed in the body as a whole

Cardiac Cycle: Diastole

relaxation phase; blood fills chamber - requires constant supply of oxygen to cardiac muscle

after competition meals

replenish carbs quickly, ingest protein to supply needed amino acids, create anabolic environment for muscle protein repair

Choose the answer that is NOT correct: Proprioceptors play a role in: A) returning muscle fiber to original length during relaxation B) how the body senses where it is in space C) the learning effect associated with performing a skill D) preventing damage to the muscle

returning muscle fiber to original length during relaxation

Blood returning to the heart from the periphery enters into what chamber: A) right ventricle B) right atrium C) left ventricle D) left atrium

right atrium

metabolic pathway

sequence of enzyme-mediated chemical reaction resulting in a specific product

Krebs Cycle

series of eight chemical reactions that begins and ends with the same substance; energy is liberated for direct substrate phosphorylation of ATP from ADP and P, carbon dioxide is formed and hydrogen atoms removed and carried by NAD and FAD to the electron transport system; does not directly utilize oxygen by requires its presence

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions - Oxidative phosphorylation: production of ATP by ETC

absolute submaximal workload

set exercise load performed at any intensity from just above resting to just below maximum

FEV1/FVC

should be >80 in non-diseased -You get 80% of air out of the lungs in the first second

carb loading

shown to improve endurance in events longer than 1 hr

The ________ is the tissue in the heart where a contraction impulse is initiated A) atrioventricular node B) sinoarterial node C) purkinji fibers D) bundle of His

sinoarterial node

oxygen drift

situation that occurs in submaximal activity of long duration, or above 70% VO2 max, or in hot and humid conditions where oxygen consumption increases, despite the fact that the oxygen requirement of the activity has not changed

The _______ describes how the nervous system recruits individual motor units in an orderly, predictable fashion from smaller to larger motor units A) Action Potential B) Size principle C) asynchronous recruitment D) All-or-none-law

size principle

Fasciculus

small bundle of fibers

Venules

small veins that carry blood toward heart

Arterioles

small, branch arteries

simple carbs

soda

velocity at VO2 max

speed at which an individual can run when working at his or her maximal oxygen consumption, based on both submaximal running economy and VO2 max

Select the option that is NOT true: A typical neuron consists of: A) dendrites B) a cell body C) axons D) spindles

spindles

stress

state manifested by the specific syndrome that consists of all the non specifically induced changes within a biological system; a disruption in body homeostasis and all attempts by the body to regain homeostasis

overtraining syndrome (OTS)

state of chronic decrement in performance and ability to train, in which restoration may take several weeks, months, or even years

homeostasis

state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

stored chemical energy that links the energy-yielding and energy-requiring functions within all cells

glycogen

stored form of carb composed of chains of glucose molecules chemically linked together

Vitamin C may combat

stress, fatigue and muscle injury, delayed onset musclar soreness

branched chain

substrates for oxidation and thus ATP production, most important stimulators of protein synthesis

Where does the sensory division receive signals from in the sensory-somatic nervous system?

tendons, joints, skin, muscles, eyes, nose, ears, tongue, etc.

health-related physical fitness (HRPF)

that portion of physical fitness directed toward the prevention of or rehabilitation from disease, the development of a high level of functional capacity for the necessary and discretionary tasks of life, and the maintenance or enhancement of physiological functions in biological systems that are not involved in performance but are influenced by habitual activity

What physiological adaptation does NOT occur when muscle fibers are recruited to perform an endurance exercise workout? A) the capillary density inn the type I fibers increase B) the # of mitochondria increases C) the concentration of myoglobin increases D) the # of type I fibers increases

the # of type I fibers increases

phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate (Pi)

The peripheral nervous system may be subdivided into: A) the automatic and autonomic nervous system B) the autonomic and sensory-somatic nervous system C) the distal and proximal peripheral motor nervous system D) the central and voluntary nervous system

the autonomic and sensory-somatic nervous system

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. - Two ATP consumed during first 3 reactions • Total of 4 ATP generated later in process • Hydrogen produced in sixth reaction accepted by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

During exhalation: A) Accessory muscles may contract, pulling the ribcage upward B) the diaphragm relaxes increasing intrapulmonic pressure C) lung volume increases D) atmospheric pressure increases

the diaphragm relaxes increasing intrapulmonic pressure

During exhalation: a) accessory muscles may contract, pulling the ribcage upward b) the diaphragm relaxes, increasing intrapulmonic pressure c) lung volume increases d) atmospheric pressure increases

the diaphragm relaxes, increasing intrapulmonic pressure

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

the energy expenditure of the body under BMR conditions plus other daily sedentary activities - varies with age, sex, body temp, stress, body surface area

venous return

the flow of blood back to the heart

Vital Capacity

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

exercise response

the pattern of homeostatic disruption or change in physiological variables during a single acute bout of physical exertion

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

the ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed at the level of the lungs -In general, for our purposes RQ ~ RER - RER (also abbreviated as "R") is more common

Cardiac Wall Thickness

the thicker the wall of cardiac chamber, the greater the force - Regular physical training & chronic hypertension (high resting BP - 140/90 mm Hg) result in: • thickening of L ventricle wall • increase in L ventricular mass

Functional Residual Capacity

the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

Abnormal respiration

this can be due to pulmonary diseases such as asthma or Cystic Fibrosis

Basal metabolic rate is regulated by: A) Cortisol hormone B) Beta-endorphin hormone C) thyroid hormones T3 and T4 D) Luteinizing hormone

thyroid hormones T3 and T4

The amount of air moved per breath is classified as ___________ A) Pulmonary ventilation B) residual volume C) cardiac output D) tidal volume

tidal volume

During the onset of exercise, pulmonary ventilation increases first as a result of an increase in _____________, then as an increase in ____________

tidal volume & frequency

Why do people tend to open their mouths to breathe during heavy exercise? a. to reduce the anatomical dead space b. to reduce the resistance to airflow c. to reduce the calories consumed with temperature changes in the nasal passages d. to alter the pressure difference

to reduce the resistance to airflow

energy system capacity

total amount of energy that can be produced by an energy system

metabolism

total of all energy transformations that occur in the body

Training effect on stroke volume

training leads to increased blood volume - more blood -> + venous return -> + cardiac filling -> force of contraction -> + SV

substrate level phosphorylation

transfer of P directly from a phosphorylated intermediate or substrates to ADP without any oxidation occuring

transamination

transfer of the NH2 amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid

sports anemia

transient decrease in RBC and hemoglobin level (grams per deciliter of blood)

exercise intensity

triglyceride or carbohydrate metabolism

ATP is produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation, but by oxidative phosphorylation in the ETS

true

aerobic metabolism can be assessed by measuring oxygen consumption or heat production

true

alactic anaerobic metabolism, the phosphagen system, and the ATP-PC system are different terms to describe the same process

true

because resting individuals rarely, if ever, use only one fuel, an RQ of .93 indicates a high reliance on carbs, .75 indicates a high reliance on fat, and .82 indicates either a normal mixed diet or all three fuels or a fasting individual burning muscle protein

true

before amino acids (derived from proteins) can be converted to keto acids and ultimately enter the Krebs cycle, electron transport system/oxidative phosphorylation pathways, they must undergo the process of oxidative deamination or transamination

true

brain cells produce energy anaerobically and cardiac muscle cells have only a minimal capacity for anaerobic energy production

true

during incremental exercise to maximum, the appearance of elevated levels of lactic acid/lactate is as a continuous positive curvlinear rise or recticlinear breakpoints represent anaerobic thresholds

true

during long-term exercise, growth hormone and cortisol stimulate both glycogen breakdown and formation as well as fat mobilization and amino acid uptake

true

during very short term, high intensity anaerobic exercise (~20-40 s), CP stores have depleted rapidly and ATP levels drop to <25% of normal resting

true

most Wii fit active video games have been shown by research to fall into the moderate (3-5.9 METs) and vigorous (>6 METs) activity classification

true

muscle cells both produce and consume lactate at the same time

true

one MET for an adult is set at 3.5 mL*kg/min or 1 kcal/kgh

true

open-circuit indierct spirometry accurately measures aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during rest, steady state submaximal, non steady state submaximal and maximal exercise

true

the RER that is measure during exercise does not provide any indication of the amount or percentage of protein used as fuel

true

the anaerobic exercise response can be described either by changes in chemical substances (ATP,PC, lactate) or by measuring the amount of work performed or power generated during short-duration, high-intensity activity

true

the most important rate-limiting or regulatory enzyme in ETS/OP is cytochrome oxidase

true

the most important rate-limiting reaction in the Krebs cycle is isocitrate dehydrogenase

true

the time point at which the aerobic and anaerobic energy contribution to ATP production becomes approximately equal in maximal exercise is 75 s

true

two shuttle systems operate to transport hydrogen across the inner mitochondrial membrane: the malate-aspartate shuttle predominates in cardiac muscle and the glycerol-phosphate shuttle predominates in most skeletal muscle

true

lactic acid is always produced in the body; the amount of lactate measured in blood represents the balance between lactic acid production and removal

true; RBCs, kidneys, and eyes

lactic anaerobic metabolism, the glycotic system, and the LA system are different terms to describe the same process

true; anaerobic glycolysis

once inside any particular muscle cell, glucose and glycogen are trapped there. however, glycogen stored in the liver can be released into the blood stream as glucose and travel to any cell where it is needed

true; step 1 glycolysis

exercise mode

type of activity or sport; usually classified by energy demand or type of muscle action

MET

unit that represents the MET in multiples of the resting rate of oxygen consumption of any given activity

At rest, the largest amount of body water is lost as: A) insensible perspiration B) feces C) sweat D) urine

urine

O2 storage limited

use it or lose it

adequate intake (AI)

used when an RDA cannot be determined. the AI is an estimate of intake by healthy individuals

complex carbs

veggies, grains

micronutrients (organic)

vitamins, minerals, iron, calcium

Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)

volume expired in 1 second when exhale as fast and as forceful as possible (~2-4L)

myelin sheath

white substance high in lipid that covers axon

O2 transport in blood

~99% of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin (HGB) ~1% us dissolved in plasma *every HGB molecule can carry 4 O2 molecules

Metabolic substrates for rest and exercise

• Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise - Enzyme adaptations - increase number of mitochondria & enzyme activity within mito. - Substrate adaptations - prolong CHO availability • substrate availability - ↑ muscle glycogen, ↑ IMTG • substrate use during exercise - less CHO use at same intensity - Lactate threshold adaptations • ↑ buffering capacity

Blockage is the result of plaque formation in CAD, plaque formation leads to:

• Atherosclerosis: progressive narrowing of artery • Arteriosclerosis: thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial wall

Name the three neuron components and what they do

• Dendrites: receive impulses & send to cell body • Cell body: contains nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc. • Axons: send impulses from cell body to another neuron or target tissue

RER > 1

• During high intensity exercise, RER can be measured to be > 1.0 • Violates the rule of 0.70 - 1.0! • Due to excess CO2 not produced from substrate breakdown - CO2 released in response to buffering lactic acid by bicarbonate - HLa+NaHCO3NaLa+H2CO3H2O+CO2lungs

Indirect Calorimetry (Open circuit spirometry)

• Measures - % O2 expired - % CO2 expired - Volume expired or inspired (l/min) • Assumes - % O2 inspired (20.93%) - % CO2 inspired (0.03%)

Oxygen Consumption During Exercise

• Oxygen consumption = (O2 IN) - (O2 OUT) - Pulmonary oxygen uptake • Oxygen is measured at lung, not tissues...but O2 is used in tissue not lungs - VO2

oxygen consumption during exercise

• Oxygen consumption = (O2 IN) - (O2 OUT) - Pulmonary oxygen uptake • Oxygen is measured at lung, not tissues...but O2 is used in tissue not lungs - VO2

what are the two nerve fibers apart of the Extrinsic control of the cardiac cycle

• Parasympathetic nerve fibers • Sympathetic nerve fibers

Aerobic metabolism for long term energy

• Provides means to synthesize large amounts of ATP • Important for exercise lasting longer than a few seconds or minutes • Aerobic production takes place in mitochondria and involves two major enzymatic systems: - Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - Electron transport chain

VO2 and Exercise Intensity

• VO2 increases in proportion to the increase in energy expenditure • Therefore, VO2 increases linearly with submaximal exercise intensity • Point where VO2 no longer increases with increasing intensity = VO2max

Much of the effect of CHO ingestion is due to __________

• increased blood glucose concentration • increased plasma insulin concentration

parasympathetic nerve fibers

• release acetylcholine at SA & AV nodes - decreased activity of nodes= decreased heart rate (bradycardia)

Sympathetic nerve fibers

• release norepinephrine - Increased activity of nodes= increased heart rate (tachycardia)

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