Exam 1

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Weak force

causes radioactive decay Short range force

Velocity

change in position/ change in time

Acceleration

change in velocity/ time taken to change it in meters/second^2

Nucleus=

core of atom, surrounded by electrons (protons+ neutrons)

Vernal equinox where is the sun?

crosses celestial equator

1st quarter/ 3rd quarter

half lit moon

Solar eclipse

moon casts shadow on Earth (black w/ light)

Quarks

protons and neutrons are built of these elementary particles up quark (u) down quark (d)

Celestial equator

right above equator, extension of equator onto celestial sphere

Studying the universe allows us to

1. Identify chemicals found in distant galaxies 2. Explain how our sun and planet were created 3. Demonstrate how lifeforms can change planets

As you travel out the universe

1. Solar system 2. Milky way 3. Local group 4. Virgo cluster 5. Supercluster

Planet orbiting Proxima Centouri

1.3 x the size of Earth Orbits every 11.2 days May have liquid water, rocky like Earth

32.6 light years = how many parsecs?

10

1 light year?

10 Trillion KM 6 Trillion miles

Big bang

13.8 Billion years ago Galaxies are flying away from each other as a result of this explosion

1 AU=

150 Million Km, 93 Million Miles

Sun's distance from Earth

150,000,000 Km

Sidereal day

2 successive meridian crossings of a star 4 mins shorter than solar day

Protons (how many quarks)

2 up and 1 down

Angle tilt of rotation axis

23.5 degrees

Lunar phase length (moon cycle)

29.5 days

Light speed=

300,000 Km/ second

Sun- size

300,000 times the mass of Earth 100x the Diameter

How long is a actual year?

365.2 days

Moon's distance from Earth

400,000 Km away

Earth's Mass

5.972x10^24 Kg

Earth's radius

6371 Km

O with + in it

= International symbol of Earth

Vector

Acceleration, velocity and forces

Sun's mass

All of the solar system doesn't add up to even 1% of the sun's mass

Mass

Amount of inertia

Keplers 3rd Law

Amount of time a planet takes to orbit the sun p^2=a^3

Aristotle

Argued that the Earth is a sphere

Strong force

Associated with color change Binds protons and neutrons 100x electromagnetic force Powerful attraction between quarks

Radioactive decay

Atomic nucleus splits into 2 smaller nuclei, releases radiation

Gravitational force

Attraction between all masses Infinite range Attractive Associated with mass

Tycho Brahe

Measured the stars Invented large protractor like devices Model suggested that sun moves around Earth and other planets move around the sun

8 planets in order (MVEMJSUN)

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Prime meridian

Middle line

Gibbous

More than half of the moon lit

Retrograde motion

Moving East to West

Elementary particles

Neutrino, electrons, quarks

Made of elementary particles

Neutrons &Protons

Law of Gravity

Newton Gravitational force between 2 bodies depends on their mass

Latitude

North to south, declination

How the sun produces energy

Nuclear reactions turn hydrogen into helium

Penumbra

Only see part of sun blocked by moon. Lighter shadow, partial eclipse

Keplers 2nd law

Orbital speed of a planet varies Planet moves fastest perihelion

Kepler's 1st Law

Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus of the ellipse Perihelion- planet is closest to the sun Aphelion- planet is farthest from sun d= (1-e)a

Galileo Galilei

Presented convincing evidence for heliocentric model -Mountains on moon -Moons orbiting Jupiter -Spots on sun -Phases of venus Observed sky with one of the first telescopes

Hypothesis=

Proposed in scientific method, can be tested

Constellation

Recognized grouping of stars, 88

Common Era

Replacing AD, abbreviated as CE

Ptolemy

Retrograde motion Planets move around the earth on small circles called epicylces which move around another circle called deferent Equants were introduced, earth is a little off center

Stars rise and set

Rise in east and set in west (follow the sun)

Model=

Schematic representation of a physical system

Zenith

Straight above you

Nadir

Straight below you

Proxima Centouri

"Pale red dot" Closest star 4.243 Light Years away .12x size of sun 4.85 Billion years old

Atomic #=

# of protons

Atomic mass?=

# of protons +neutrons

Neutrons (how many quarks)

1 up and 2 down

Occam's Razor

Believed that entities must not be multiplied unnecessarily Preferred least complicated explanation of phenomenon

Eratosthenes

Calculated the size of Earth

Electromagnetic force

Carried by photons Infinite range Opposites attract Likes repel

Stellar Evolution

Changes of stars by gravity

Supercluster

Collection of galaxy clusters gravitationally bound to eachother in structures that span hundreds of millions of light years

Milky way galaxy

Collection of hundreds of billions of stars, billions of solar masses of gas and dust Part of the local group galaxy

New moon

Completely dark moon

Virgo cluster

Contains thousands of galaxies part of the local group

Umbra

Darker shadow, complete eclipse

Parallax

Displacement of a distant object along two different lines of sight

Lunar eclipse

Earth casts shadow on moon (red)

Longitude

East to west, right ascension

Earth-Moon System

Equal and opposite forces attract them Earth is more massive- acceleration much smaller

Aristarchus

Estimated size and distance of the sun and moon Studied the size of earth's shadow during lunar eclispes & compared them to sidereal month

Newtons

Measure of force

Weight

Measure of the force of gravity

Nicholas Copernicus

Heliocentric Model Modified Ptolemy's model

Angular size

How big an object looks

Theory=

Hypothesis tested and not yet disproven

O with . in it =

International symbol for the sun

Isaac Newton

Invented calculus Realized planets were held in motion by same force that causes things to fall to the ground on Earth (gravity)

Solstice- sun stands still

June 21 & December 21 Farthest point north or south on the celestial sphere Pauses north-south motion and changes direction

Newton's first law of motion

Law of inertia- a body continues in a state of rest uniform motion in a straight line with a constant speed unless acted on by another force

Photons

Make up light

Strength of a force=

Mass/ Distance between centers^2

Law=

Mathematical statement that encapsulates theory

Atomic mass=

Sum of protons+ neutrons

Inertia

Tendency for object to continue at a fixed speed Measured by mass

Newton's second law of motion

The force acting on an object equals the product of its acceleration and mass. F=m*a

Ecliptic

The path the sun traces across the celestial sphere tilted with respect to the equator 23.5 south in december 23.5 north in june

Why was geocentric model believed for so long?

There was no observation of parallax

Solar day

Time between two successive apparent noons (sun is at highest point)

Atoms, + how many?

Tiny particles that make up Earth, 92 kinds

Asterism

Unofficial grouping of stars (big dipper)

Equinox- equal day and night

Vernal- March 20 Autumnal- September 22

Johannes Kepler

Was Brahe's assitant, received his observations when Brahe died. Observed that Mars (and all planets) move on ellipses around the sun

Newton's third law of motion

When 2 bodies interact they create equal and opposite forces on each other

Phases of the moon

waxing crescent- 1st quarter- waxing gibbous- full- waning gibbous- 3rd quarter- waning crescent- new


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