Exam 1

Which scholar of rhetoric helped divide the process of preparing a speech into five parts?

Cicero

According to elocutionists, speechmaking should be natural and without artifice

False

Addressing issues only from the speaker's point of view is a way for speakers to avoid ethnocentrism.

False

Audiences are more engaged with speakers that remain still while giving a speech

False

Copyright laws are designed to protect the public domain.

False

Generally, people only pay attention to speakers they agree with.

False

Impromptu speeches are the only type of speech that should wander off-topic a bit.

False

It is best to use a key-word outline for speeches that contain highly technical information.

False

Manuscript delivery is not advisable even when you must convey a very precise message.

False

Using terms that are unique to another culture to win audience support is a characteristic of cultural intelligence.

False

When listening to a speaker of a different culture, the listener can't help but tune out if the speaker has an accent, awkward grammatical phrases, and word choice.

False

In order to actively listen, it can be helpful to do which of these?

Identify your listening needs.

What is a rhetorical situation?

a circumstance that calls for a public response

As a general rule, how many times should you practice delivering your speech?

about six times

Which step in the speechmaking process requires the speaker to study potential listeners using strategies like interviewing or surveying?

analyzing the audience

In the process of outlining your speech, when do you begin keeping track of where you need to credit a source?

as you are creating your working outline

When an audience interprets and assigns meaning to a speaker's message, that process is referred to as

decoding

Which type of listener disregards what the speaker has to say or prematurely decides that he or she won't like what the speaker has to say?

defensive

What are transitions, pauses, vocal changes, and presentation aids examples of?

delivery cues

Choosing to give a speech that informs, persuades, or that marks a special occasion means that the speaker is

determining the general speech purpose.

What does a working outline enable you to do?

develop supporting points

Which type of communication requires listeners to practice empathy and speakers to practice collaboration?

dialogic

When a speaker makes audience members feel worthy and honored, the speaker is using which rule for ethical speaking?

dignity

Composing, organizing, and making a message is called

encoding

Public speaking skills can help you enter the public conversation about issues that matter to you, making you a(n)

engaged citizen

One way to gain confidence in public speaking is to

enjoy it

The ancient Greeks referred to a speech that was delivered on a special occasion, such as a wedding, as

epideictic oratory

Speakers who act as if everyone shares their point of view and points of reference are engaging in

ethnocentrism

The Greek word for "character" is

ethos

Which type of speech focuses on communicating ideas from an outline of key words and phrases, rather than from an exact, prepared message?

extemporaneous

Which method of speech delivery is most conducive to achieving a conversational style?

extemporaneous speaking

Which is an internal listening distraction?

fatigue

What is the verbal or nonverbal listener response to a message?

feedback

In the moments before, during, and after a speech, a rise in heart rate and breathing, dry mouth, faintness, freezing up, or other uncomfortable sensations are often the result of a

fight or flight response

What method of public speaking have corrupt leaders such as Hitler used to manipulate their listeners?

forceful delivery

In order to avoid plagiarism in a speech, a speaker must

give oral credit to any sources that require written credit.

Adjusting to and maintaining respect for all types of speakers is a sign of

good listening.

Researchers have found that source credibility is based on a speaker's

grasp of the subject, sound reasoning, and honesty.

Which is a characteristic of positive ethos?

having a good moral character

Which often contributes to public speaking anxiety (PSA)?

having high levels of trait anxiety

The purpose of a presentation aid is to

help your audience better understand your points

Which would be considered a benefit of moving around as you deliver your speech?

holds your audience's attention

If your teacher asks for your opinion on a topic in class, your answer is considered a(n)

impromptu answer

What type of listening distractions include daydreaming or distress over an argument?

internal

Which canon of rhetoric deals with the discovery of evidence and constructing arguments?

invention

Which kind of outline is least conspicuous to the audience?

key-word

Which outline allows greater freedom of movement and eye contact during the speech?

key-word

Which outline would be least helpful to a speaker who has forgotten what they plan to say next during a speech?

key-word

What are the primary ideas or key arguments that make claims in support of the thesis of your speech?

main points

The following quote best represents which step for dealing with anxiety? "Just before a speech, those feelings of anxiety undoubtedly try to sneak in. . . As long as I keep positive thoughts of confidence in my head, anxiety doesn't stand a chance!"

modifying thoughts and attitudes

In successful communication, including public speaking, listeners and speakers are

mutually dependent

Interference or barriers to the communication process are known as

noise

Which skill does employers consider to be the most important, above all others, among potential new hires?

oral communication

For the ancient Greeks, a necessary tool for settling arguments, determining public policy, and establishing laws was

oratory

Which is a form of speech that requires the speaker to commit words to memory?

oratory

Which action provides the framework upon which to arrange the elements of your speech in support of your thesis?

outlining the speech

This quote best illustrates which stage of public speaking anxiety? "Anxiety does not really hit me until the few minutes left right before I speak."

performance anxiety

Which outline is most appropriate when the speaker is familiar enough with the speech that a glance at a few words associated with each point will serve as a reminder of what to say?

phrase

When a speaker uses another person's information without citing their sources, he or she is

plagiarizing

Individuals whose public speaking anxiety begins during rehearsal, when the reality of the situation sets in, are experiencing

pre-performance anxiety

The first step to achieving confidence in public speaking should be

preparing and practicing

In order to ensure that your audience is paying attention to your message and not to your behavior,

project a sense of confidence

Which type of communication is unique in that the speaker, with little interruption, delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present?

public speaking

Stress-control breathing and meditation are examples of

relaxation techniques

Which ethical system dictates that it is our duty to do what is inherently right?

rules-based ethics

Using declarative statements means you're writing a(n)

sentence outline.

What is the mutual understanding of a message between a speaker and audience called?

shared meaning

In order to build a positive relationship with your audience, maintain eye contact and a friendly tone. These strategies ensure that your presentation

shows concern for audience members

Which method of delivery makes it hardest to maintain eye contact?

speaking from manuscript

Which form of speaking rarely occurs in the United States anymore, though this form of delivery is common in other parts of the world?

speaking from memory

The statement, " . . . to inform my audience about the reasons to start a retirement fund," is an example of a speech's

specific speech purpose

People are more likely to pay attention to information if it

strikes them as important.

An ethical speaker does an analysis of

the audience's values.

Pre-preparation anxiety usually sets in at which point?

the moment a speech is assigned

What part of the speechmaking process identifies the speech's central idea?

thesis statemen

What is the function of comprehensive listening?

to gain understanding

To ensure that your speech flows smoothly from one thought to another among and within the coordinate points of your outline, use

transition statements.

As you plan your speech, anticipate that audience members will hold a range of judgments or standards of what's good and bad in life and of what's important to them, which are also known as

values

Which attitude toward public speaking can increase a speaker's confidence?

viewing feedback as a learning opportunity

Which technique should a speaker use to summon feelings and actions consistent with successful performance?

visualization

While developing a speech, a speaker will create both a

working outline and a speaking outline.

When developing a working outline, it is recommended that you do which of the following?

Separate the introduction and conclusion from the body.

The ability to look for flaws in arguments and resist claims that have no supporting evidence is called

critical thinking

Which statement is a form of compassionate constructive criticism?

"I wanted to hear more about the reasons behind the increasing rent prices.""I would have liked more visuals.""I just couldn't get into your topic."

Which famous philosopher and rhetorician spoke about the unethical use of public speaking?

Plato

Which should occur first when creating a working outline?

Prepare the body of the speech.

A critical thinker should recognize that there are multiple perspectives to every argument.

True

It is important to select an appropriate speaking outline format because it will affect the delivery of your speech.

True

Observing or listening to a recording of your speech may help public speaking seem less scary.

True

Our right to speak freely is limited by types of speech that are considered illegal, including "fighting words."

True

Using animated facial expressions is an effective way to deliver a speech.

True

The illusion of transparency is associated with which reason for public speaking anxiety (PSA)?

being the center of attention

Acknowledging your sources of information during a speech

can help demonstrate your trustworthiness

Redirecting your thought processes to think in a more positive way about something that makes you anxious is called

cognitive restructuring

Listening is defined as a(n)

conscious act of recognizing, understanding, and interpreting messages.

Anything that influences both the speaker and the audience would be considered the

context

James Albert Winans states that public speaking is nothing more than an extension of

conversation

Which is a form of plagiarism?

copying and rearranging words from a source as if they were one's own

The final step in the outline process, which communicates the essence of the speech and invites the audience to listen, is

creating a title.