EXAM 1 Bio 232 Fillmore

Coronal Plane

"frontal plane" is a vertical plane dividing into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse Plane

"horizontal" or "cross-sectional" dividing into superior and inferior parts.

Hydolysis Reactions

"lysis"=cleave/cut it apart hydro=water break something with water

Midsagittal Plane

"median plane" -vertical plane that divides into left half and right half. A plane parallel to it is the sagittal plane.

Anatomy

"to cut apart" The study of the structure of the human body. Anatomized

Base

(Alkaline) OH- high pH, greater than 7 Proton acceptor, scoops up the protons.

Proton

+1 magnitude and direction located in nucleus definition of amu 1 (green balls)

Monomer

1,

Levels of Structural Organization

1.) Chemical Level - involves atoms and molecules, macromolecules, organelles. 2.) Cellular Level - consists of cells. which are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms. Cells vary in size. 3.) Tissue Level - consists of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions. There are four major types of tissues. Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. Connective tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs. Muscle tissue produces movement. Finally, nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses for communication. 4.) Organ Level - consists of organs. which contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions. The small intestine is an example of an organ that is composed of all four tissue types, which work together to process and absorb digested nutrients. 5.) Organ System Level - contains related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. 6.) Organism Level - all body systems function interdependently in an organism.

Components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism

1.) Stimulus - changes in a variable that is regulated (body temperature, etc). 2.) Receptor - Structure that detects the stimulus (sensory neurons in the skin, etc.) 3.) Receptor sends input information to the control center. 4.) Control Center - integrates input and initiates change through the effector (usually brain or endocrine gland) 5.) Control Center sends output info to an effector. 6.) Effector - Structure (muscle or gland) that brings about a change to the stimulus. 7.) Homeostasis is Restored!

Polymer

2+ by dehydration synthesis. Some important carbohydrates (e.g., glycogen, starch), nucleic acids, and proteins are polymers, whereas lipids are not. Carbohydrate polymers contain sugar monomers, nucleic acids have nucleotide monomers, and proteins are composed of amino acid monomers.

Periodic Table

43 min on Sep 25

Isotopes and Radioactivity

50 on Sep 25

Electron Shells

= Valence Shell. The innermost shell may hold up to two electrons and the second shell up to eight electrons. All subsequent shells have a capacity of eight electrons but may also house more than eight electrons (the conditions for when the third and higher shells hold more than eight electrons are beyond our purposes here). The electron shells closest to the nucleus must be filled prior to filling any potential shells at some greater distance from the nucleus when diagramming an atom

Amphipathic

= dual nature. part of molecule loves water, part hates it. micelles

pH

=1/log(H+) ...entity gets smaller when bottom number is bigger. small numbers are acids because of this

Octet Rule

Atoms obtain an outer shell with eight electrons and gain chemical stability through the loss, gain, or sharing of electrons. Not all elements follow the octet rule, but it is accurate for our purposes here. Ions are formed from the loss or gain of electrons, and covalently bonded molecules are formed by the sharing of electrons.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Because two atoms of the same element, such as two hydrogen atoms, two oxygen atoms, or two carbon atoms, have equal attraction for electrons, they share the electrons equally.

Suspension

Blood-large solutes or cells that scatter light and settle if mix is not in motion

Life Support Systems (Cardiovascular and Respiratory)

Cardio- transport nutrients, waste products, gas, and hormones. play a role in the immune response and regulation of body temp. heart, blood vessels, and blood. Respiratory- exchanges ocygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates pH levels. lungs and respiratory passages

Dehydration Synthesis

Condensation. Dehydration synthesis involves the loss of a water molecule from simpler components as they are formed into a complex molecule

Negative Feedback Control Systems

DOMINANT feedback control system Response reduces or eliminates original stimulus decreasing output or activity. ex.) I'm hot, body sweats, take off clothes ex.) I'm cold, body shivers, put on clothes

Polar Covalent Bon

Different types of atoms have varying degrees of electronegativity, or attraction for electrons, and thus may share the electrons unequally.

Hydrolysis

Digestion. Hydrolysis occurs with the addition of a water molecule to a complex molecule as it is digested into simpler components.

Waste Management Systems (Digestive and Urinary)

Digestive- mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes. mouth, stomach, esophagus, etc Urinary-removes waste products from blood and regulates pH levels in blood, ion balance, and water. kidney, bladder, ducts that carry urine

Hydrophobic

Do not dissolve. Fears water, fat and water don't mix (italian dressing) (mixing = emulsification)

Water Molecule

Every water molecule has the ability to form four hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecules. This is because each of the two hydrogen atoms forms one hydrogen bond, and each oxygen atom forms two hydrogen bonds

Acid

H+ (just a proton whose electrons left him) low pH, less than 7 A species that will lose a proton, or a proton donor. Something that has disassociated. Proton is unchecked and can go wherever

Abdominalpelvic Cavity

Houses organ of digestion Location of liver Location of reproductive organs Location of kidneys Inferior boundary is the pelvic girdle

Cranial Cavity

Houses organs of sensory relay to higher cortical areas

Thoracic Cavity

Inferior boundary is the diaphragm Location of the heart Includes the mediastinum Houses organs of respiration lungs Includes a superficial serous lining called the parietal pleura Includes the major organ of circulation

Structural formulas provide a means for differentiating ____

Isomer

Colloid

Jello. smaller solutes that scatter light but do not settle (Intraccelular fluid)

The Essential Characteristics of Life

Maintaining Boundaries Organization- All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order. In the next section, we note that the human body has several increasingly complex levels of organization. Metabolism- All organisms engage in metabolism, which is defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within the body. Metabolism consists of both anabolism, in which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules, and catabolism, in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. An example of a metabolic reaction is the use of cellular energy, called ATP,for muscle contraction. Growth and Development- During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and often exhibit increased size (growth) and increased specialization as related to form and function (development). As the human body grows and develops, structures such as the brain become more complex and sophisticated. Responsiveness- All organisms exhibit responsiveness, which is the ability to sense and react to stimuli (changes in the external or internal environment). A stimulus to the skin of the hands, such as an extremely hot temperature, causes the human to withdraw the hand from the stimulus so as to prevent injury or damage. Responsiveness occurs at almost all levels of organization. Regulation-An organism must be able to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes. When body temperature rises, the body regulates this change by circulating more blood near its surface to facilitate heat loss, and thus return the body to within normal range. Homeostasis- The process of maintaining body structures and function is called homeostasis. Reproduction-All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair. The somatic (body) cells divide by a process called mitosis, whereas sex cells (called gametes) are produced by another type of cell division called meiosis. The sex cells, under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism.

Reproductive Systems

Male and Female

Organic Biomolecules

Mostly monomers Lipids-fats Carbohydrates-sugar and starch Nucleic Acids- instructions, tell everybody what to do, how you build proteins Proteins- "of first importance" Adenosine TriPhosphate- ATP polymer KNOW THEIR FUNCTIONS

Control Systems (nervous and endocrine)

Nervous - detects sensations and controls movements, and intellectual functions, brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors Endocrine- major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth and development, reproduction and others. consists of glands such as pituitary and secrete hormones

Isotopes

Neutron number is different, dif atomic masses is all that changes.

Hydrogen Bond

One important intermolecular attraction is called a hydrogen bond. A hydrogen bond forms between polar molecules. It is a weak attraction between a partially positive (δ+) hydrogen atom within a polar molecule and a partially negative (δ−) atom within a polar molecule. The partially negative atom is usually oxygen, but sometimes nitrogen.

Oblique Plane

Pass through the body or object at an angle.

Ionic Bonds

Positively charged cations and negatively charged anions may bind together by electrostatic interactions. The structures formed are referred to as salts.

Positive Feedback Control Systems

Response enhances original stimulus and activity or output is accelerated or increased. ex.) breast feeding, labor and delivery ex.) blood clotting - hemostasis

Choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology

Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.

Organ Systems

Skeletal- stores calcium and hemopoieses Muscular - moves the body and generates heat Cardiovascular- Transport of Nutrients and Waste Respiratory- Exchanging of Gases

Solution

Soda. smaller solutes do not scatter light or settle

Amphipathic Molecule

Sometimes a molecule is large enough that it can have one major part that is nonpolar and another part that is polar. Molecules that contain both nonpolar and polar components . Phospholipid is an example

Strong Acid

Strong acids dissociate to a greater extent and produce more H+. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), secreted by cells lining the stomach, is a good example of a strong acid.

Strong Base

Stronger bases dissociate to a greater extent and bind more H+ than do weak bases, leaving less H+ in solution. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a strong base. Ammonia and bleach are effective cleaning agents because they are strong bases.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment. The process of maintaining body structures and function is called homeostasis. Refers to the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment, or "steady state," in response to changing internal or external conditions.

Covalent Bond

The sharing of electrons between atoms. A covalent bond forms when both atoms require electrons to become stable. This takes place when the participating atoms that form the chemical bond have four, five, six, or seven electrons in the outer shell

Hydrophilic

The substances that dissolve in water are appropriately called. Water loving

Phases/Properties of Water

Transports. Substances are dissolved in water and moved throughout the body in water-based fluids (e.g., blood and lymph). Lubricates. Water-based fluids located between body structures decrease friction (e.g., serous fluid between the heart and its sac, synovial fluid within joints). Cushions. The force of sudden body movements is absorbed by water-based fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord). Excretes Wastes. Unwanted substances are eliminated in the body dissolved in water (e.g., urine)

Anatomical Position

Universal Language No 2 bones in the body are crossing

What is the universal solvent?

Water

Weak Acid

Weak acids, such as carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the blood, dissociate to a lesser extent, producing fewer H+ ions.

Weak Base

Weak bases bind less H+, leaving more H+ in solution. Bicarbonate (HCO3−) is one of the most important weak bases in the body; it is both transported in the blood and released into secretions from the liver and pancreas that enter the small intestine.

Emulsion

a polar substance (water) and a non polar substance (oil) form this when agitated. The combination of water and a nonpolar liquid when forcibly mixed. example is breast milk

Ions

are atoms or groups of atoms with either a positive charge or a negative charge. They are produced from the loss or gain of one or more electrons, respectively. Function as electrolytes

Pelvic Cavity

bladder uterus

Matter

cannot be created or destroyed. occupies space and has mass. The stuff of the universe! Liquid, Solid, and Gas. Can change phases. All matter is composed of atoms.

Polyatomic Ions

composed of one or more atom. These form when one or more atoms in a structure composed of many atoms has lost or gained electrons.

Nonpolar Molecules

contain nonpolar covalent bonds, which are bonds formed between the same elements (e.g., C—C, O—O), by C—H bonds, or both. Oxygen (O2) and triglyceride (fat) molecules are examples of nonpolar molecules . Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and a triglyceride are examples of nonpolar molecules

Ventral Cavity

contains the abdominal pelvic and thoracic cavities

Posterior Body Cavities

cranial vertebral

glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of a polymer called ___ CH 3

glycogen

The four most common elements of the human body that form covalent bonds are ..

hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C). These four elements account for over 96% of the body's weight.

Specific Heat (High Heat Capacity)

is the amount of energy (measured in calories) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (C). The specific heat of water has one of the highest values of any substance (1 calorie/gram/°C). This is because most of the energy imparted into water during heating is first used to break hydrogen bonds. Thereafter, the energy from heating increases the kinetic energy of water molecules. =I can hold a lot of heat before I phase change, boiling point of water is 212 F. 100 C. change to solid at 0 C. Don't have to worry about your blood boiling etc.

Adhesion

is the attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water. This occurs when hydrogen bonds form between water molecules and the molecules that compose those other substances.

Cohesion

is the attraction between water molecules. They are inclined to "stick together" because hydrogen bonds form between these molecules

Heat of Vaporization

is the energy required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into the gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance. Water has a high heat of vaporization because the hydrogen bonds between individual water molecules must first be broken before these molecules can be released from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase. This is the reason why sweating is an effective measure in helping to cool the body. As water molecules evaporate from the surface of the skin, excess heat is dissipated from the body as liquid water is changed to a gas.

Surface Tension

is the inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water. This inward attraction occurs because water molecules at the surface are pulled by hydrogen bonds in only three directions, whereas water molecules that are internal in the liquid are pulled by hydrogen bonds in four directions

Atoms

is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element. There are 92 naturally occurring elements. Basic building blocks for molecules. Subatomic Particles are : Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

As a general rule, electronegativity increases both from ..

left to right across a row of the periodic table and from bottom to top in a column

A patient complaining of pain on his left side just deep to the ribs would be referring to which abdominopelvic quadrant?

left upper

Vaporization

liquid becomes a gas.

Abdominal Cavity

liver small intestine spleen

Water

makes up 60-80% of volume of a living cell universal solvent- solutions, hydration layers reactivity cushioning high heat capacity high heat of vaporization

Organic Molecules

mostly carbon "electroneutral" have to share, make up macromolecules,

Anion

negatively charged ion. have extra electrons

Electrons

on the energy shell has a mass but it is so small that we ignore it 1/1800 1 unit, but negative flying everywhere around electron orbital

Polar Molecules

ontain polar covalent bonds. These molecules contain different elements that are bonded together, such O—H, C—O, N—H, and N—O. Water (H2O) and glucose (C6H12O6) are both polar molecules. Notice that oxygen is bonded to two hydrogen atoms in a water molecule, and several C—O and O—H bonds are within a glucose molecule. One exception to this general pattern exists: A molecule containing polar covalent bonds that extend in opposite directions can be nonpolar because the partial charges cancel each other.

pH

pH scale is a measure of the relative concentration of H+ and OH−. A neutral solution has equal amounts of H+ and OH−, acidic solutions contain greater amounts of H+ than OH−, and basic solutions contain lesser amounts of H+ than OH−. Examples of common solutions that exhibit a specific pH are shown.

The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the __

parietal peritoneum

The outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the

parietal pleura

Physiology

physio="nature/life" ology- study of The study of the functions or processes of the human body

Cation

positively charged ion lack electrons

Muscular System

produces body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat, consists of muscles attached to skeletons by tendons

AMU

protons+neutrons

Skeletal System

provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints

Integumentary System

provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and produces vitamin D processors. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

Dehydration Synthesis

pull water out of it

Lymphatic System/Immunity

removes foregin substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fat from the fat digestive track. Lymphatic vessel, lymph nodes, and other lymph organs

Substances that dissolve in water __

solutes

Neutrons

uncharged 0 equal to amu 1 blue balls located in nucleus

Other types of intermolecular attractions involve nonpolar molecules. These interactions are collectively called ___

vander Waals forces

Inorganic Molecules

water, salts, NaCl, acids and bases, ions, molecules,

Buffer

weak acid and a weak base, dissolved in water, can resist changes in pH. =Is either a single substance or an associated group of substances that helps prevent pH changes if either excess acid or base is added. A buffer acts either to accept H+ from excess acid or donate H+ to neutralize excess base. Both carbonic acid (H2CO3), a weak acid, and bicarbonate (HCO3−), a weak base, are present within the blood and serve as buffers to maintain the pH of the blood within the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45. It is critical to maintain acid-base balance because even small changes in pH (called an acid-base disturbance or imbalance) can be fatal.

Isomers

which are molecules composed of the same number and types of elements but arranged differently in space. Two important isomers in humans are glucose and galactose. Isomers contain the same number and types of elements that are arranged differently in space. (a) Glucose, (b) galactose, and (c) fructose are isomers that share the same chemical formulas (C6H12O6) but have different structural formulas (highlighted in yellow).