Exam 1 Bio1520
The sporophyte generation in plants is ____ and produces _____. Diploid: Diploid spores Haploid: Haploid spores Haploid:Diploid gametes Diploid: Diploid gametes Diploid: Haploid gametes Diploid: Haploid spores
F
Phylum Echinodermata (star fish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers)
-- Eucoelomate deuterostomes -- Dermal endoskeleton -- Bilaterally symmetrical larvae; and pentaradially symmetrical adults -- Water-vascular system with tube feet
The appearance of abundant multicellular organisms coincided with increased levels of _________ in the Earth's atmosphere. Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen All of the above None of the above
A
Prokaryotes include members of the following groups (select all that apply): Viruses Bacteria Fungi Archaea Eukaryota
B and D
Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fishes, sharks No bones No swim bladder Respiration: Gills
The majority of animals are porifera chordata platyhelminthes arthropoda nematoda molluska
D Arthropods have over 1 million estimated species, which is at least 10x greater than the next most specious group.
Phylum Chordata
Notochord Pharyngeal gill slits Postanal tail Dorsal tubular nerve cord
deuterostome
begins formation of anus first from the blastopore
Platyhelminthes
ex: flatworms protostomes bilateral symmetry lophotrochozoans
Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor? protists of the choanoflagellida protists of the chlorophyta protists similar to the chytridiomycete fungi complex bacterial cell line complex archaea cell line scientific study has failed to identify a likely common ancestor to the diverse group of animals living today
A
All terrestrial vertebrates are amniotes. true false
B
Select all of the groups in the list below that appear prior to the Cambrian diversification ("Cambrian explosion") around 542 mya. land plants cyanobacteria aquatic animals terrestrial animals algae dinosaurs fish eukaryotes
B, C, E, and H Cyanobacteria appear in the fossil record as early as 2.5 billion years ago (between the Archaean and Proterozoic eons), and are largely responsible for oxygenating Earth's oceans and atmospheres (thus making multicelluar and eukaryotic life possible). The first eukaryotic fossils appear near the beginning of the Proterozoic, the first algae appear during the middle of the Proterozoic, and aquatic animals (sponges) appear near the end of the Proterozoic. Eukayrotic life rapidly diversified during the Cambrian explosion.
Which of the following mechanism(s) results in increased genetic variability of the resulting prokaryotic cell? (select all that apply) binary fission conjugation transduction transformation
B, C, and D
Which of these have been associated with, and may have contributed to, the end-Permian mass extinction? an increase in atmospheric oxygen to near-present day levels massive flood basalt eruptions that created the Siberian Traps a change in oceanic chemistry a large increase greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane the Cambrian explosion
B, C, and D
Which of the following do protists have that bacteria don't? ribosomes nucleus plasma membrane Golgi apparatus flagella chromosome RNA mitochondria
B, D, and H
Which of the following statements concerning endosymbiosis is true? The endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium allowed for the development of proteins in higher order Eukaryotes. The endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium allowed for the development of the mitochondria. The development of mitochondria occurred before the development of the chloroplasts in Eukaryotic lineages. Plants enabled photosynthetic bacteria to develop chloroplasts via horizontal gene transfer. None of the above are correct
C Organisms with chloroplasts also have mitochondria, so the phylogeny with the most parsimony has mitochondria evolving first.
Alternation of generations in plants is different from the way humans reproduce because: Plants alternate between a diploid and haploid stage Humans use a sperm and egg for reproduction Plant haploid forms have the same number of chromosomes as diploid forms Plants have multicellular forms of both diploids and haploids Answer
D
Chordates are deuterostomes possessing ________________________. lungs articulated appendages a vertebral column a notocord c & d b, c & d all of the above (a,b, c & d)
D
If you were to sequence the rRNA gene found in the DNA from a chloroplast from a plant cell and compare it to several different sources of DNA that are listed below, which would provide the closest match, based on your knowledge of the endosymbiosis theory? The nuclear DNA of the plant cell The rRNA of the plant cell's mitochondria The rRNA of a proteobacteria The rRNA of a cyanobacteria The DNA of an animal that uses this plant as a food source.
D
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms, hookworms, pinworms, heartworms)
-- Pseudocoelom -- Tube-within-a-tube body plan Ascaris, a roundworm parasite found in humans and pigs Phylum Rotifera Rotifers
Phylum Cnidaria (hydra, jellyfish, corals, anemones)
-- Tissue level of organization -- Two germ layers -- Radial symmetry -- Polyp or medusa body form -- Cnidoblasts with nematocysts -- Gastrovascular cavity
Phylum Mollusca (bivalves, snails, octopus, squid)
-- True coelom (eucoelomate) -- Tube-within-a-tube body plan -- Protostome -- Open circulatory system with hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) -- Mantle -- Muscular foot
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
--Cellular level of organization -- No germ layers -- Spicules (organic and inorganic matrix) -- Evolutionary trend increased S.A./vol.
The transitional fossils between lobe-finned fish and tetrapods demonstrate what key characteristic(s) for the evolution of occupying terrestrial habitat? Describe and explain the adaptations for as many features as you can, based on the discussion in HHMI's "great transitions" site.
1+2+many+digits in the bone structure of the fin/limb neck vertebrae that suggest head movement muscularized rib cage eyes on top of the head strengthened pectoral (and pelvic, to a lesser extent) girdle
Arachnids (spiders & scorpions) are predators, and evolved from a marine ancestor which was also a predator. true false
A
In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition throughout its life? moss. fern. conifer. lycophyte. angiosperm.
A
Nothing happens on this planet without significant involvement of prokaryotes, they are indeed the most important group of living organisms as without them large, complex organisms could not survive. True False
A
The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group? green algae red algae brown algae fungi bacteria
A
All members of the Ecdysozoa have jointed (or articulated) appendages. true false
B
Cnideria differ from deuterostomia in that cnideria are protosomes are radially symmetrical have a central nervous system have segmentation
B Cnidaria (think jellyfish) are radially symmetrical. They are neither protostomes nor deuterostomes, they lack a central nervous system (protostomes and deuterostomes) and segmentation (some protostomes).
Class Osteichthyes
Bony fishes Swim bladder Respiration: Gills
Some animal life cycles, such as the Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, anemones), have to body forms within their life cycle. Based on the information in the Cnidarian life cycle below, does this life cycle constitute Alternation of Generations as seen in plant life cycles? Why or why not?
By definition, alternation of generations means that there is a multicellular diploid stage, and a multicellular haploid stage. in plants this is the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid). in animals, only the diploid stage is multicellular, while the haploid stage (sperm/egg) is unicellular.
Given what you know about the phylogenetic placement of fungi on the tree of life, an advantage of using modified yeast cells over bacterial cells to express human proteins could be: yeast cells grow faster yeast cells are easier to manipulate genetically yeast cells are eukaryotic and make/modify proteins similarly to human cells yeast cells are more easily lysed for the extraction and purification of proteins
C
Which of the following statements is not true concerning mammal evolution? All modern lineages were established when dinosaurs roamed the earth. Fossilized mammalian teeth and jaws document the coevolutionary pattern of diversification with grasses. Aquatic mammals descended from mammal-like reptiles. Mammals display unique skull structure in former jaw bones moving to the middle ear canal.
C aquatic mammals are "secondarily aquatic" and decended from now-extinct terrestrial mammals that diverged from the lineage that lead to hippos.
Which of the following statements concerning prokaryote diversity is false? Prokaryotes are essential for the survival of some animal lineages. Prokaryotes are often the source of human disease. Some prokaryotes may be used to clean up dangerous chemical spills. Prokaryotes can survive in considerably harsher environments than can eukaryotes. All of the above are true
E
Which of the following innovations was important for providing support to plants in a gaseous, terrestrial environment? alternation of generations xylem and phloem roots cuticle lignin
E The key here is to think about a gaseous, terrestrial environment. Lignin is providing the support for cell walls and plant body plan. These other innovations helped, but were not structural adaptations.
Class Aves
Feathers Endothermic Lay amniotic eggs
Class Amphibia
Frog, toads ectothermic Dual life Respiration: Lungs 50% Skin 50%
Humans, like most animals, acquire both energy and carbon from organic molecules synthesized by other living organisms. This means we are an example of _____________. heterotrophs autotrophs chemoautotrophs photoautotrophs chemotrophs phototrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs
H
Why do scientists estimate that aerobic (oxygen-releasing) respiration began ~ 350 my prior to the spike in oxygen around 2.4 bya?
Iron band formations existed prior to the evidence of organisms; the iron could have only formed in a specific environment with low/no oxygen.
Class Mammalia
Mammary glands Hair Two sets of teeth Endothermic
three lines of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin theory for mitochondria.
Membranes — Mitochondria have their own cell membranes, just like a prokaryotic cell does. DNA — Each mitochondrion has its own circular DNA genome, like a bacteria's genome, but much smaller. This DNA is passed from a mitochondrion to its offspring and is separate from the "host" cell's genome in the nucleus. bacteria/mitochondria structural comparison Reproduction — Mitochondria multiply by pinching in half — the same process used by bacteria. Every new mitochondrion must be produced from a parent mitochondrion in this way; if a cell's mitochondria are removed, it can't build new ones from scratch.
Order the appearance of adaptations from first to last in the evolution from early chordates to early amphibians. (Hint, there are a total of six "steps" in this evolutionary sequence) Notochord Jaws Cranium Limbs Vertebrae Bony endoskeleton Dorsal hollow nerve cord Lungs Lobe-fins
Notochord = Dorsal hollow nerve cord < Cranium = Vertebrae < Jaws < Bony endoskeleton = Lungs < Lobe-fins < Limbs
Put the following events in order, starting from *most recent* to most distant in the past Origin of eukaryotes The Great Oxygenation Event The first photosynthesis Origin of prokaryotes Origin of the Earth
Origin of eukaryotes , The Great Oxygenation Event , The first photosynthesis , Origin of prokaryotes , Origin of the Earth Eukaryotes>Great Oxygenation Event>Photosynthesis>Prokaryotes>Origin of Earth
Phylogenetic trees of the three domains of life show Eukarya are more closely related to Archaea than to Bacteria. Bacteria have a carbohydrate called peptidoglycan present in their cell walls which is absent from all Archaea and Eukarya. What is the simplest explanation for this pattern?
Peptidoglycan in cell walls evolved after the split between the ancestors to modern bacteria and ancestors to Archaea and Eukarya
which organism in a phylogenetic tree is the most evolved?
Similar to an earlier question, all lineages of extant (living) organisms have been evolving for the same amount of time since the common ancestor. Thus all extant lineages are equally "evolved." For this reason, it doesn't make any scientific or biological sense to refer to one species as more or less "evolved" than any other.
What was the cambrian explosion?
The "Cambrian Explosion" refers to the sudden appearance in the fossil record of complex animals with mineralized skeletal remains. It may represent the most important evolutionary event in the history of life on Earth.
What is a clade (a monophyletic group)?
a group of organisms that forms a clade, which consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
What is a paraphyletic group?
a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.
In your opinion, what is so special about prokaryotes? They comprise all life forms for the 2 billion years of living history They can inhabit nearly every habitat on earth They are diverse in metabolic pathways utilized for energy and food. As we improve our understanding of their role in disease, the field of medicine is likely to be revolutionized with new drug therapies.
all of the above are true of prokaryotes, and any one of them could be a valid reason to think they're interesting
When did oxygenic photosynthesis begin?
between 2.5 to 3 billion years ago
Put the following vertebrate adaptations in chronological order, starting with the earliest adaptation. limbs capable of moving on land bony exoskeleton amniotic egg bony endoskeletons lungs jaws lactation
bony exoskeleton < jaws < bony endoskeletons = lungs < limbs capable of moving on land < amniotic egg < lactation
lophotrochozoans
clade of protostome animals within the Spiralia
What is an animal? List the major traits/characteristics shared by animals.
eukaryotic multicellular most are motile most are heterotrophic most reproduce sexually development of embryo follows predetermined path to an established body plan
pseudocoelomate
has a 'false cavity' which is a fluid filled body cavity organs are held in place loosely and not organized like coelomates
coelomate
has a body cavity
What trait(s) is(are) shared by Anura (frogs) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes
jaws, vertebrae, cranium
What are traits of the amniota?
limbs, amniotic egg
Place the following steps in chronological order for the creation of the The Great Oxygenation Event. oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria oxidizes iron to Fe3+ oxygenic photosynthesis evolved some iron is oxidized by microbes using anoxygenic photosynthesis oceans are full of reduced iron (Fe2+) precipitated iron accumulates in oceanic sediment
oceans are full of reduced iron (Fe2+) = some iron is oxidized by microbes using anoxygenic photosynthesis < oxygenic photosynthesis evolved < oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria oxidizes iron to Fe3+ < precipitated iron accumulates in oceanic sediment
CO2 levels are rising today, largely as a result of human activity. As predicted, temperatures are also rising alongside CO2 levels. Yet the predicted future levels of both CO2 and temperature are within the range of Earth's previous history. So what's the big deal about global climate change?
rate of increase the issue is not the increase in temperature, but the extremely fast rate of increase. the rate and degree of increase is unprecendented for any of the living things currently existing on Earth, increasing the likelihood of mass extinction.
Data from DNA sequencing (Chen & Li 2001 Am J Human Genetics) show the following average sequence divergence in protein-coding genes between humans and other primates: Human-Chimpanzee = 1.1% Human-Gorilla = 1.5% Human-Orangutan = 3.0% Create a phylogenetic tree consistent with this evidence, by matching the letters with the species.
species A - gorilla species B - human species C - chimpanzee species D - orangutan Species C and D could each be either chimpanzee or human; they are interchangeable for the purpose of this phylogenetic tree.
An organism's fitness is defined as its reproductive success, relative to others in the population. A more fit individual leaves more offspring than a less fit individual. Would you expect an individual's microbiome to impact its fitness? Why or why not?
yes, microbiome impacts health (immune, nutrition) and potentially impacts reproductive success
Phylum Arthropoda (Arachnida, Crustacea, Insecta)
-- Eucoelomate protostome -- Exoskeleton w/joined appendages; molting -- Striated muscle -- Well developed nervous system Subphylum Chelicerata -Class Arachnida (book "lungs") Subphylum Crustacea (gills) Subphylum Uniramia Class insecta (spiracles/tracheae)
Phylum Annelida (earthworms, leeches)
-- Eucoelomate protostome -- Metamerism = segmentation -- Closed circ. System/hemoglobin -- Longitudinal and circular smooth muscle = increased motility
Phylum Platyhelminthes (planaria, flukes, tapeworms)
-- Organ level of organization -- Triploblastic (3 germ layers) -- Bilateral symmetry -- Cephalization -- Acoelomate -- Digestive system = blind sac
Do stromatolites have the ability to grow in the absence of oxygen? Yes No We do not know as they are all extinct
A
Feathers on reptiles appear in the fossil record before the appearance of birds. true false
A
Plants have evolved a life cycle involving alternation of generations, where the _________ generation is _____________, followed by the __________ generation which is __________. This cycle is repeated continuously. sporophyte, diploid, gametophyte, haploid sporophyte, haploid, gametophyte, diploid gametophyte, diploid, sporophyte, also diploid sporophyte, haploid, gametophyte, also haploid
A
Plastids are derived from a living cyanobacterium that lived within an ancestral eukaryote which ultimately gave rise to nearly all living photosynthetic eukaryotes found on Earth today. True False
A
Which event coincided with the extinction of dinosaurs? A bolide impact that created the Chicxulub crater The end of the Permian Massive volcanic eruptions that created the Siberian Traps All of the above
A
Which is FALSE about alternation of generations? The gametophyte has become increasingly dominant over evolutionary time Both diploid and haploid individuals can be multicellular The alternate generations can look different from each other The gametophyte and sporophyte can sometimes be parasitic on each other
A
Which of the following phenotypes would most likely be the result of a Hox gene mutation? abnormal body length or height two different eye colors evidence of a genetic disease two fewer appendages than normal two more appendages than normal
A
Which of the following describe ways in which some protists can obtain energy? By ingesting and digesting prey By decomposing dead organic matter By being a parasite within other species By conducting photosynthesis By forming mutualistic symbioses with other specie
A, B, C, D, and E
Fungi "make a living" as: (select all that apply) parasites mutualistic symbiotes free living heterotrophs free living autotrophs chemolithotrophs facultative anaerobes
A, B, C, and F
Select from the list below the traits shared by arthopods. bilateral symmetry protostome development deuterostome development coelom cephalization growth by ecdysis diploblastic triploblastic
A, B, D, E, F, and H
Which of the following are advantages of having a coelom? Space for organ expansion/contraction Improved nervous connections to limbs Shock absorption (cushioning) or organs Improved motility and flexibility Free space for organs to shift during development
A, C, D, and E
Which of the following are characteristics/traits of animals? eukaryotic chordates multicellular radial symmetry most are motile most are heterotrophic most reproduce sexually development of embryo follows predetermined path to an established body plan
A, C, E, F, G, and H
What features do nematodes and arthropods share in common? ecdysis deuterostomes protostomes coelomate pseudocoelomate bilateral symmetry lophotrochozoans jointed appendages
A, C, and F
Which of the following is NOT an attribute used to distinguish protostomes from deuterostomes? origin of mesoderm cleavage pattern presence/structure of coelom fate of blastopore
C origin of the mesoderm (middle tissue layer), the pattern of early cleavage (spiral vs radial), and the fate of the blastopore during gastrulation (mouth vs anus) are all different in protostomes vs. deuterostomes. all protostomes and deuterostomes have a coelum (body cavity), with the exception of a few lineages such as flatworms which have lost the coelum - however, they are derived from an ancestor that did have a coelum)
You have found a new eukaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a photosynthetic protist? It lacks a cell wall. It forms chains of cells. it has a cellulose cell wall. It is able to produce oxygen in the light. it requires only inorganic nutrients and does not require preformed organic matter to grow.
D
Sexual reproduction in fungi is very different from animals. Fungal reproduction via sex (note: sex is the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote; more on this later in the term!) involves the three events listed below (not in order). Select the numbers which place these events in the proper sequence. 1. karyogamy 2. meiosis 3. plasmogamy 1 ---> 2 ---> 3 1 ---> 3 ---> 2 3 ---> 1 ---> 2 3 ---> 2 ---> 1 2 ---> 1 ---> 3 2 ---> 3 ---> 1
C
The first cells to appear on Earth approximately 4 billion years ago made a living as ________________. heterotrophs autotrophs chemolithotrophs phototrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs heterotrophs photoautotrophs
C
The most likely cause of the Cambrian Explosion was: The acquisition of mitochondria to support aerobic respiration. A meteorite impact. Accumulation of O2 in the atmosphere. Vulcanism. None of the above.
C
What is one characteristic that separates deuterostomes from all other animals? true coelom post-anal tail fate of the blastopore, which becomes the anus bilateral symmetry segmentation
C
Which of the following factors will tend to increase the likelihood of an adaptive radiation event? Strong selection. Genetic drift. Evolutionary innovation. All of the above. None of the above.
C
In contrast to sponges, cnidaria have cell specialization have pores have symmetry are heterotrophs are multicellular
C As animals, porifera and cnidaria are multicellular heterotrophs which have pores and specialized cells. Porifera are not symmetrical like cnidaria, however.
Which of the following best describes the location of protists on the tree of life? Protists are a monophyletic sister taxon of plants. Protists are a polyphyletic group that describe various prokaryotes. Protists are vastly diverse paraphyletic group of eukaryotes. Protists are the outgroup of the Kingdom Animalia. Protists are the extinct ancestors of fungi, plants and animals.
C Protists do not share many traits in common.
Which organisms are most likely responsible for causing mass die-off of anaerobic organisms during the pre-Cambrian? spirochaete proteobacteria cyanobacteria firmicutes none of the above
C The "Great Oxygenation Event" was caused by ancestral cyanobacteria's photosynthesis.
Which of the following statements about fungal life cycles is/are true? a short-lived zygote is the only diploid stage in the life cycle sexual reproduction occurs when cells from different mycelia fuse, producing a cell with multiple distinct in contrast to other organisms, fungal sex does not involve gametes All of the above None of the above
D All of the above describe fungi. To review this content, refer back to the figures on fungal reproduction.
Vertebrate species of animals are estimated to be outnumbered by invertebrate species by a ratio of approximately ___:____ (# vertebrate species : # invertebrate species). 1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:30 1:100
E
Which of the following is not a true statement about the kingdom Protista? It is an artificial grouping. Its members are both motile and sessile It contains unicellular, colonial, and multicellular groups. Some members cause disease Its members have DNA that floats in the cytosol
E
The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction is hypothesized to have been caused by volcanic eruption bolide impact sea level drop blocked sunlight A and B B and C All of the above
G The hypotheses are not mutually exclusive; rather, all of these elements potentially created environments that lead to mass extinctions of organisms.
In what way were conditions on the early Earth of more than 3 billion years ago different from those on today's Earth? Only early Earth had an oxidizing atmosphere. Earth's early atmosphere had significant quantities of ozone. Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris. Only early Earth had water vapor in its atmosphere. Less ultraviolet radiation penetrated Earth's early atmosphere
C The amount of space debris that hits Earth now is much, much less than historical levels.
A mollusc is a bilaterially symmetric, eucoelomate, triploblastic, protostome lophotrochozoan invertebrate which may or may not have a hard extrernal shell. true false
A
Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the Cambrian period. Ediacaran period. Permian period. Carboniferous period. Cretaceous period.
A
Yeast is a facultative anaerobe. This means that fermentation takes place only if: the atmosphere lacks oxygen sugar is provided as a carbon source cells are grown in the dark temperature is less than 20 oC carbon dioxide is provided for synthesis of sugars
A
Mammals lived alongside dinosaurs. True False
A Primitive mammals were very small, almost rat-like and lived amongst the dinosaurs. One hypothesis for the diversity of mammals today is that the dying off of the dinosaurs opened niches that surviving mammals colonized.
Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in animals from many other phyla, supporting the hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the results shown in the figure below. These (artificial) results suggest that: appendages evolved independently in protostomes and deuterostomes Dll is not involved in appendage development appendages coevolved with segmentation all animal appendages are homologous
A homology, or similarity due to shared ancestry, is one of the principles of evolutionary relationships. if two lineages share a particular trait, is is highly likely that the common ancestor had the trait, and thus the descendants have the trait because they inherited it from their ancestor. in the hypothetical scenario above, neither echinoderms nor chordates have the Dll gene; yet we know that echinoderms and chordates both have limbs. this result would suggest that limbs had to have evolved independently in protostomes vs deuterostomes, since Dll controls protostome limb development yet deuterostomes don't have the genes, (again, this is hypothetical data; in reality we know that deuterostomes DO have the Dll gene)
If two continents converge and are united, then the collision should cause a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat. the extinction of any species adapted to intertidal and coastal habitats. a decrease in climatic extremes in the interior of the new supercontinent. an overall decrease in the surface area located in the continental interior.
A more and smaller land masses overall means more continent 'edges' and thus more intertidal/coastal zones. amassing small continents into a supercontinent increases the inner surface area of the land mass and decreases the overall coastline. however, some coastal/intertidal areas will remain and thus not all intertidal/coastal species should become extinct. Climate is generally drier and cooler to the interior. For any large continent, temperature extremes are common on the interior because the interior is not exposed to potentially mitigating ocean currents and associated rainfall from ocean evaporation
There was a mass extinction of plants and animals at the end of the Permian period. Which of the following would be a logical prediction for the fungal fossil record? There should be a massive increase in fossils of saprophytic species during the extinction, and then a massive decline shortly after the extinction was complete. There should be a slow increase in all fossils of all fungal species during the time that plant and animal species declined, with their numbers staying relatively high afterward since there was little competition from other species. There should be a massive decrease fossils of all fungal species at the same time that plant and animal species started to decline, and the number of these fossils should remain low throughout the extinction period There should be a massive increase in sossils of mycorrhizal species during the extinction and afterward.
A saprophytic fungi include the decomposers/detritivores; massive die-off of plants and animals would create large quantities of food for detritivores, resulting in massive increased numbers and thus increased presence of fossils. once these dead plant and animals had been decomposed, there would be a huge decrease in available food for detritivores which would then decrease in abundance. this is exactly the pattern observed in the fossil record. mycorrhizal fungi would show a similar fossil pattern to plants, since they live in association with plant roots.
Which of the following are evolutionary adaptations or behaviors seen in insects? Social behavior Feeding strategies like sucking blood Body patterns & colors for camouflage/mimicry Chemical defense mechanisms Flight Hyperfrequency muscle contraction Antifreeze proteins in blood Coevolution with host defenses
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H Insects are complex and can do as many, if not more, things than primates like us can!
There are multiple wet-to-dry transitions in the lineages of animals, compared to only one transition in the lineages of plants. What made it easier for animals (compared to plants) to move to land? Choose all that apply. Ancestral aquatic animals had appendages or limb-like fins. Ancestral aquatic animals had dessication(drying)-resistant coverings. Ancestral aquatic animals had cartilaginous or bony endoskeletons. Ancestral aquatic animals already had mouthparts to eat tough lignin (woody) tissue.
A and C ancestral aquatic animals had limb-like structures, especially in the lineages leading to chordates (such as vertebrates) and arthropods (such as insects). in addition, in the lineage leading to vertebrates, there were already cartilaginous or bony endoskeletons present in ancestral aquatic animals. desiccation-resistant coverings. the first chordates on land were ancestral amphibians, which do not have desiccation-resistant skin and respire in part through their skin. lignin (woody structures) were not present in plants during the time of animal colonization of land, so this would not have been a benefit regardless of mouthparts in animals at the time.
Which of the following is a general feature of mass extinctions? the extinction rate is significantly elevated above the background extinction rate they happen on very rapid time scales, such as hundreds to a few thousand years they are most likely to cause extinctions of organisms that are poorly adapted to the environment they are most likely to cause extinctions of the largest organisms they often cause random and indiscriminate extinctions of organisms they are often followed by adaptive radiations of new species into newly available niches
A, E, and F because mass extinctions are due to sudden and catastrophic environmental changes, they often cause random and indiscriminate extinctions. sometimes there may be some level of size or metabolic selectivity, but often these patterns are difficult to confirm in the fossil record. they do happen on extremely rapid time scales, but 'rapid' in the context of the geologic time scale is hundreds of thousands to a few million years, not hundreds of years. the massive loss of life provides for new niches available for adaptive radiation of new species during the recovery after a mass extinction.
In the Endosymbiotic Theory for the origin of eukaryotes, the final step was the engulfing a functional cyanobacterium to produce photosynthetic eukaryotes ("plants"). Why is this stage considered the final step in the sequence of eukaryote evolution?
All photosynthetic eukaryotes have mitochondria
Where does the common ancestor live now? San Cristobal Santa Cruz Espanola Floreana The South American mainland None of these Picture - phylogenetic tree of the different species of galapogos mockingbirds that supports Darwin's hypothesis
An ancestor, by definition, is no longer living. There are DESCENDANTS of the common ancestor living today, but the ancestral population itself is extinct. Had the question been worded, "where DID the common ancestor live," then the correct answer would have been the South American mainland
Bacteria are sources of many serious diseases in humans (e.g. bubonic plague, Lyme disease, C. diff infections). The development of a "universal antibiotic" that would eliminate all bacteria from the body would be greatly beneficial to promoting human health. True False
B
Cells walls of fungi are composed of (select all that apply): cellulose chitin peptidoglycans glycogen amylose
B
Fungi are mostly closely related to Plants Animals Plants and Animals, equally Bacteria
B
Lungs first appear in early amphibians, direct descendents of the lobe-finned fishes which moved ashore on their primitive legs. true false
B
Prokaryotes are much smaller than unicellular eukaryotes, and lack specialized cell organelles. As a result of their simpler structure, prokaryotes are more sensitive (or less tolerant) of stressful environmental conditions, including high temperature, acidic or alkaline conditions, and high salt content, than eukaryotic cells. True False
B
The Kingdom Protista is a convenient grouping of closely related, well-characterized unicellular eukaryotic taxa. True False
B
The genetic information of a prokaryote is organized into a circular, single strand of DNA. True False
B
Which major event (or events) likely allowed eukaryotes to evolve? (select all that apply) continental drift oxygenation of atmosphere global warming global cooling glaciation impact from a large meteor volcanic activity
B
Which of the following is NOT a challenge faced by the first land plants? Desiccation Animal Predation Lack of support in air vs water Stronger UV radiation All of these were significant challenges to the first land plants.
B
Why are fungi important decomposers? they can grow in many different environments they recycle carbon and inorganic minerals via extracellular digestion they produce mycelia they produce many spores they grow rapidly
B
The first immediate challenge to early land plants was evolving resistant seeds to allow dispersal across dry landscapes. true false
B Although this was a challenge, survival in drier habitats was the first challenge. For that reason, early land plants, like the early land animals, did not live very far from an abundant source of water and developed survival strategies to combat dryness.
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between protists and other organisms? Protists comprise most of the human microbiome. Some pathogenic protists are transported by insects. Protists often form mutualistic relationships with plants, fixing atmospheric nitrogen for the plant while receiving sugars form the plant. A and B A and C
B For example, Plasmodium can infect humans with malaria through mosquitoes.
An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by bacterial photosynthesis was to change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing cause iron in waters to oxidize cause earth to be more susceptible to meteor impact create banded iron formations in terrestrial rock
B Iron is oxidized the presence of oxygen. This oxidization caused iron to precipitate out of solution in the oceans, creating the banded iron formations we see today in terrestrial rock (this reaction occurred in the oceans and is visible in terrestrial rock today due to movement of Earth's crust via plate tectonics). Oxygen in the atmosphere creates an oxidizing, not reducing environment.
Jaws arose from modified ear bones modified gill arches modified rib bones none of the above
B Modified gill arches move forward toward mouths in jawless vertebrates to eventually give rise to jaws.
If an organism is capable of photosynthesis, it is not a protist. True False
B Protists have a diversity of ways they generate energy and gain resources, which includes photosynthesis.
The extinction event that killed the dinosaurs is responsible for the death of what was then 50% of species on the planet. True False
B The extinction separating the Triassic-Jurrasic 200 MYA was this large; the dino extinction was only 65.5 MYA and killed many marine and fewer land animals and plants.
The image shows the generally accepted phylogenetic tree of life. Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic forms of life. Is the term "prokaryote" monophyletic or paraphyletic? Monophyletic Paraphyletic
B prokaryotes are paraphyletic because the group does not include the common ancestor of arcahaea and bacteria
based on the tree below, which of the following is true? giraffe is more closely related to a horse than a hippo. giraffe is more closely related to a hippo than a horse. giraffe is equally related to a horse and a hippo giraffe is related to a horse, but not related to a hippo
B relatedness is determined by time since the common ancestor. The more recently two lineages diverged from their common ancestor, the more closely related they are. Giraffes and hippos share a more recent common ancestor than all the other relationships listed above. To answer this type of question, first identify the direction of time (bottom to top in this case). The identify the location of the common ancestors in question on the tree. Finally, determine the relative time since each common ancestor. The farther back in time the common ancestor, the more DISTANTLY related the species are.
Archeae and Bacteria share the following traits in common (select all that apply): plasma membranes composed of fatty acids cell type is prokaryotic (lacks a nucleus) cell morphology is variable cell membrane is organized as a lipid bilayer cell wall contains peptidoglycans
B and C
What makes a fungus, a fungus? From the list below select all that apply to modern fungi. some fungi are autotrophs cells of fungi are surrounded by a cell wall fungal cell membranes are stabilized by cholestrol, like animal cells some fungal cells have chloroplasts fungi are heterotrophs all fungi are multicellular eukaryotes
B and E
Choose all of the following characteristics that are unique to chordates (only found in chordates). blastopore becomes the anus dorsal, hollow nerve cord Hox genes post-anal tail pharyngeal slits nervous tissue notochord
B, D, E, and G the notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail are the defnining synapomorphies of all vertebrates. hox genes are present in all animals (with the possible exception of sponges). some sort of nervous tissue (central nervous system or nerve net) is present in all animals except sponges.
How do fungi obtain their carbon and energy? Do fungi digest their food inside or outside of their cells? Why can't fungi phagocytose their food? What do most fungi eat? Fungi obtain their nutrients by __. Modified photosynthesis Ingestion of dead animals and plants (mass feeding) Extracellular digestion It varies between the different fungal groups
C
What does the notochord provide to the new organisms forming the base of the chordate lineage? hollow tube for nerves to conduct electrical signals through the body attachment site for bony ribcage to protect lungs and enhance terrestrial breathing flexible rod for muscle attachment to create movement none of these
C the notochord is not hollow, but provides an attachment site for musculature to support movement. the dorsal hollow nerve cord, located alongside the notochord, conducts electrical signals. in vertebrates, the notochord becomes reduced during embryonic development to form the discs between the vertebrae. the vertebrate body ribcage is attached to the vertebrae.
Which character(s) separate(s) bacteria from archaea? (multiple) Bacteria have circular chromosomes. Bacteria are unicellular. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Bacteria do not have a nuclear envelope. Archaeal membranes contain branched isoprene chains.
C and E prokaryotes are defined as a group by the lack of membrane-bound organelles, including the nucleus. both are also typically unicellular and have circular (as opposed to linear) chromosomes. bacteria are unique in having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. Archaeal membranes are made of branched isoprenoid units.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote ancestors (the Endosymbiont Theory being a likely pathway). While eukaryotes share some traits with their prokaryote ancestor(s), some features are unique. From the list below, select those features unique to eukaryotes. circular double-stranded DNA in the nucleus ribosomes are used for protein synthesis membrane-bound organelles mitosis mitochondria photosynthesis motility histones associated with DNA
C, D, and E
Organisms that are able to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic precursors are called _________. chemoautotrophs photoautotrophs heterotrophs autotrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs phototrophs chemotrophs
D
Which of the following pieces of evidence is LEAST consistent with the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of the mitochondria? Mitochondria have their own DNA, which is more similar to modern bacteria than to modern eukaryotes. Mitochondria have circular DNA. Mitochondria replicate separately from the rest of the cell by a process similar to binary fission. Most of the proteins required for mitochondria functioning are found in the cell's nuclear DNA.
D
Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct? Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material. Their genetic material is confined within vesicles known as plasmids. Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, because of their asexual mode of reproduction. They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis.
D Bacterial conjugation is typically one-way transfer of genetic material; prokaryotes do contain extra-chromosomal DNA on plasmids, but their genomes are contained on much larger, circular chromosomes. Just like all organisms, bacteria and archaea have continual genetic variation that arises each generation due to mutation during DNA replication.
You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one that might belong to Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify it as a fungus? presence of mitochondria absence of chloroplasts presence of nuclei presence of chitinous cell walls presence of a single flagella
D Chitinous cell walls are a distinguishing trait of fungal cells. Note that these single celled fungi are called yeasts
The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? the development of an oxidizing atmosphere on Earth the evolution of meiosis the origin of a brain changes in the homeobox genes governing early development
D hox genes control 'segment identity' in animals, determining what specific regions of the body become (head, torso, limbs, etc). thus changes in homeobox (hox) genes are fundamental to evolution of animal body plans.
Organisms which can capture energy from the sun to synthesize organic molecules, but require carbon already in an organic form, are called______________. heterotrophs autotrophs chemoautotrophs photoautotrophs chemotrophs phototrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs
G
The earliest trait to appear in the Chordate lineage was pharyngeal gill slits (see base of tree). How do we infer that Echinoderms also once had pharyngeal gill slits?
Hemichordates, closest relative to Echinoderms, still possess pharyngeal gill slits
Class Reptilia
Turtles, lizards, snakes Complete terrestrial life Ectotherms Respiration: Lungs Lay amniotic eggs
what group do birds belong to: lepidosars archosaurs synapsids
archosaurs
protostomes
begins formation of mouth first
what species is most primitive (like the most common ancestor shown in trees)
can't tell Trees often show only one representative from a lineage; just because only one representative of a lineage is pictured does NOT mean that there has not been a lot of branching in that lineage as well. The outgroup (the taxon outside the group of interest) is often mistaken for the most 'primitive' member of the tree, but this is not necessarily the case. The outgroup is related to the group of interest, but all species in the group of interest are more closely related to each other than they are to the outgroup; thus the outgroup stems from the base of the tree. However, the outgroup lineage has been evolving for just as long as the group of interest, so it is not necessarily 'primitive' compared to the other lineages in the tree.
The body cavity of this animal has a mesodermal lining. What is the name for animals with a similar type of body cavity?
coelomate (or eucoelomate) in this image, the mesoderm is denoted by the red structure. mesoderm is the layer of tissue between the ecdoterm and the endoderm in the developing embryo. it is visible only after gastrulation.
Place the following adaptations from first to most recent appearance in the plant evolutionary history. vascular tissue seeds flowers cuticle fruits
cuticle < vascular tissue < seeds < flowers = fruits The cuticle is present on all land plants, dating to the Ordovician (early Paleozoic). Vascular tissue arose in the lineages that led to vascular plants, during the Devonian (mid Paleozoic). Seeds and true leaves arose in the lineages that led to seeded vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) at the end of the Devonian. Flowers and fruits arose in the lineage leading to angiosperms (flowering plants) during the Cretaceous (end of the Mesozoic). See figures 28.7 and 31.9 for visualization of these traits in the plant phylogeny.
Select the relevant adaptation exhibited by plants in their transition to land from an aquatic lifestyle.
dessication - waxy cuticle gravity - woody (lignin) structures transport of water - xylem gaseous environment - stomata transport of nutrients (sugar) - phloem The waxy cuticle prevents evaporative water loss. Lignin provides structural support against gravity. Water is transported by xylem from roots to shoots Nutrients and other substances are transported throughout the plant by phloem. Stomata are regulated pores which open to allow gas exchange for respiration and photosynthesis, and close in response to dehydration to prevent water loss.
what is simultaneous divergence
divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time. Simultaneous divergence of more than two species from a single common ancestor is thought to be rare, and trees illustrating this are usually illustrating a situation where the relationships have not yet been determined. Relatedness is determined by analyzing the most recent common ancestor between two groups; the glomeromycota, chydrids, and zygomocetes all share the same common ancestor with animals and thus are all equally related to animals.
What do Cephalochordates possess that Hemichordates lack?
dorssal hollow nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail
Place the following plant groups in sequence from the first to most recent appearance in the fossil record. gymnosperms mosses angiosperms ferns
mosses < ferns < gymnosperms < angiosperms
What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? Use "<" to mean "occurred before". origin of mitochondria origin of multicellular eukaryotes origin of chloroplasts origin of cyanobacteria origin of fungal-plant symbioses
origin of cyanobacteria < origin of mitochondria < origin of chloroplasts < origin of multicellular eukaryotes < origin of fungal-plant symbioses
ecdysis
process of shedding old skin