Exam #1

Sachplakat

- The very simplified message seen in these posters, translates roughly to 'Object-poster'. - We see a reference to the past: strong Japanese influence, and to the future: radical simplification and blunt messages that would become essential to modern advertising -.This was a direct rejection of the ornamental complexity of Art Nouveau -

French Art Nouveau: recurring themes/graphics seen

- women in the Rococo style depicted as sensual

Gesamtunswerk

-'total work of art'. Means that it is art that encompasses every possible type of aesthetic expression.

Justified text

-A format where both sides of the paragraph are straight -both sides are aligned with each side

Sans Serif Typeface

-A typeface that does not contain thin lines on characters -fonts without serifs; good for headlines; work well on monitors (Arial)

Expressionism

-Another trend in graphic design that came from the Viennese Secession movement (secession movement: wanted to unify different media, underlying principle was Gesamtkunstwerk, or 'total work of art'. Means that it is art that encompasses every possible type of aesthetic expression.) -These artists did not favor realism-how the world looks like, rather how the world feels. -Expressionists sought to represent the storm and stress of a tortured soul of a trying situation. The style often shows a generalized feeling of anxiety, unease about the world. -use distortions of form, color and space that are designed to increase the emotional impact on the viewer.

Scottish Art Nouveau

-Art nouveau artist developed a style that was more symmetrical, rectilinear, and abstract than the French and English. -This trend deemphasized the evocative nature of line, form and color in pursuit of simplicity and clarity. -Three requiring themes: 1. continued attempts to eliminate the gap between the 'fine arts' (painting, sculpture, architecture) and the less valued 'crafts', which was a category graphic design fell into. 2. Creating perfect 'utopias' or worlds, that was an escape from the industrial age. 3. Use of design as a national or regional identity

The End of Art Nouveau

-BY 1910, A. N was in decline. -This was due to the social changes bought about by the First World War (1914-1918). -A. N was only really widespread by the graphic arts, because works created using other media were expensive and therefore could not be mass manufactured or reproduced.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

-Bars, dancehalls, theatres and so on were very popular at this time. One of the most famous clubs was the Moulin Rouge.

Art Nouveau

-During the 19th Century, designers in Europe believed that the urban world during the Industrial Revolution lacked beauty. -Therefore, Art Nouveau, or 'New Art' became the term to define all the various design movements of the late 19th C in Europe and America -A fresh new style that was vibrant and exciting -Became the term to define all the various design movements

Jugendstile

-German art nouveau style -This means 'Youth Style', because this movement saw a clash of the generations. Progressive young artists -These artists also rejected the historical styles of the early 19th c, defended their art against objections from conservatives.

Johannes Gutenberg

-German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) -was originally a metal smith

What are illuminated manuscripts?

-Hand written original works of art -These "illuminated" manuscripts were so called because of their frequent incorporation of gold or silver leaf onto the page. -It was not until about 1100 that the production of manuscripts began to flourish in earnest. This "golden age" of manuscript illumination lasted until the arrival of Gutenberg's printing press in 1450-55, signaling the beginning of the end of hand-made illuminated manuscripts. -The whole process of book illumination was very time-consuming and costly, thus the illuminated manuscript was a luxury item for wealthy customers.

All about the industrial revolution and what it is defined by?

-The Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the eighteenth century. -This is the name given to the period when European economies shifted from being rural based, to one focused on the production of goods in factories. - There was an increasing concentration of populations in large cities , therefore there was a rise in mass culture. -The Industrial Revolution is usually defined by the invention of the steam engine, railroads, iron, steel etc. - as the industrial revolution bought prosperity and excitement to societies, European and American women experienced a newfound economic independence through factory and retail work. -Women became engaged in design as both producers and consumers.

Jules Chéret

-The most influential poster designer of the late 19th C ( in France) -He is credited for dramatically enhancing the technique of Chromolithography. -two major influences of his work was 1) Japanese art and 2) Rococo

Graphic Design

-The term graphic design was coined by William A. Dwiggins (1880-1956), a book and type designer during the 1920's. Became the term to define the artful creation of visual communication much later -Note that the posters, magazines, book covers etc we have seen were not really 'designed' -These materials were put together by printers with simple intentions: Get the message out there to the public.

Blackletter

-This is a German script, and is a term that represented all scripted lettering from the Middle Ages. -Tried to resemble the letters formed using the blunt quill pen used to write manuscripts. Small spacing between words, stylized ligatures

"The Four"

-Two sisters MacDonald (both artists) and two brothers Mackintosh and MacNair (both architects) -Was a Celtic revival of the era -Used the colors green and indigo -depicted mysticle creatures -Used androgynous type figures

Japanese aesthetics, Ukiyo-e

-Ukiyo-e means pictures of the floating world -These are Japanese woodblock prints produced between the 17th and 20th centuries and feature landscapes, tales from history, geishas/courtesans etc. -The art form rose to great popularity in the metropolitan culture of Edo (Tokyo) At first, only India ink was used, then some prints were manually colored in with brushes. -We see black contour lines, crisp and clear elements, flat colors -The collection of several Japanese works of art began to be called Japonisme.

Serif Typeface

-a certain class of font whose serifs look like slabs ( e.g. flat lines or blocks ) and not hooks; serifs are simple and strong (New Century Schoolbook)

Lithography

-the process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required for printing

What are scribes?

A person who copies documents

Chromolithography

Colors were added to the lithographic print by drawing the area to receive the color on a different stone, and printing the new color onto the paper. Each color in the image must be separately drawn onto a new stone or plate and applied to the paper one at a time.

Letterpress

Created by a metal smith named Gutenberg. Style of letter - compete with calligraphers by imitating their style - Each character in font had to be engraved into steel bar to make a punch - Type mold - particular alloy with perfect composition for to hold up to thousands of impressions, but soft enough to mold - Ink - composition, thick, tacky ink - Sturdy press capable of sufficient force to pressure ink from type to paper.

What are illuminators?

Draw and make the pages decorative.

Why a designer should study graphic design history?

Helps us to understand where things came from, what they mean, to understand style and to communicate better.

What is the Chinese Chop?

How people would sign or seal documents

Papyrus: The Egyptian paper

Paper like substance that was made from reeds that were found along the Nile River.

Why writing was important in ancient civilizations

So the people could keep records of things instead of using the method of word by mouth where a person would pass it on. Also because our memories can not always stay with us.

What was the first known printed book?

The Gutenberg Bible. 180 copies were made, about 60 still exist

Sumerian cuneiform

The earliest known form of writing. Documents were written on clay tablets, by using a blunt reed for a stylus. The impressions left were wedge shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform. 3200 BCE

Typography

printing through the use of independent, movable and reusable bits of metal

Rococo

style characterized by subject matter that was playful and sensual.