Exam 1 Practice Questions

Verified reports of child abuse and neglect number over _______ in the United States.

1 million

The process of attachment typically begins between the ages of:

6 and 12 months

Which statement about our genetic makeup is FALSE? A.Genes determine behavior B.Genes are composed of DNA C.Genes produce proteins D.The expression of genes is influenced by the environment

A. Genes determine behavior

What is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal behavior?

Abnormal behavior is solely determined by the child's environment. Abnormal behavior is determined by continuities and discontinuities.

One of the major limitations of observational research methods is:

Behavior may be altered since the patient is aware they are being observed

During the 1950s and 60s, _______ emerged as the systemic approach to the treatment of childhood disorders.

Behavior therapy

The _____ gives us the distinct qualities that are human, and allows us to think about the future, to be playful, and to be creative.

Cerebral cortex

Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms that are associated with:

Distress and increased risk of suffering or harm

________ serve as filter for organizing large amounts of new information and avoiding potential harm.

HPA Axis

Which method did Jean Marc Itard use to tame the wild boy of Aveyron?

Hot baths, tickling, massages, emotional excitement, and electrical shocks

Research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called

Hypothesis

Consequences of child psychopathology?

Increased demands on health systems

The greater the degree of control that a researcher has over ________, the more a study approximates a true experiment.

Independent variables

A child's problems must be considered in relation to the influence of:

Individual, family, community, and culture

Which description of a child would be describing a child rather than labeling her?

Instead of saying "Carly is a depressed child", say "Carly is a child with depression"

______ theorists emphasize attributional biases, modeling, and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior.

Social learning theorists

Children with the most chronic and serious disorders are likely to:

Struggle throughout their lives

Ideology refers to the _____ of childhood disorders.

treatments

The failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is considered:

Adaptational Failure

Infants that are weary of new situations and strangers and who often cannot be comforted by their caregiver are likely to have a ______ attachment pattern.

Anxious-resistant

Which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems?

Anxious-resistant

_______ means the child shows some form of agreement to participating research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research.

Assent

What are the developmental tasks of infancy?

Attachment to caregivers, language, differentiation of self from environment

Which risk factors are likely to increase a child's vulnerability to psychopathology?

Chronic poverty, caregiving deficits, parental mental illness, divorce, homelessness, and racial prejudice

______ explains the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli, like homework, and unconditioned stimuli, like food.

Classical conditioning models

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ___.

Comorbidity

Checklists are used to:

Compare to a reference group

The C in the ABCs of behavioral assessment stands for:

Consequences

In the 17th and 18th centuries, acts of child maltreatment were:

Considered to be the norm for educating or disciplining a child

What is an example of resiliency?

Coping skills

To know if a treatment will truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment __________.

Effectiveness

Intervention for children and for adolescents are to:

Eliminate stress and promote further development

Children's early care taking experiences play an important role in designing parts of the brain that involve:

Emotion, personality, and behavior

Attachment theory considers crying in an infant to be a behavior that:

Enhances the relationship with the caregiver

A common disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, in a concept known as:

Equifinality

During the early part of the 20th century, the biological disease model of mental illness led to:

Eugenics and segregation

Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because

Experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree

Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____

Failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress

__________ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others.

Family systems theorists

Which phrase describes the slow to warm up child?

Fearful or inhibited

The _____ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities.

Frontal lobes

In the first half of the 20th century, most children with mental disorders were:

Institutionalized

Which theoretical orientation best explains the various behaviors or disorders in childhood?

Integrative

In an AB AB design, the B stands for:

Intervention/treatment

Who was the father of behaviorism?

John Watson

What do case studies provide?

Narratives that are rich in detail, and valuable insight into a child's disorder.

Amy was observed by a researcher both at home and at school. What kind of observation is this?

Naturalistic observation

James often appears to be in a bad mood and is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be considered:

Negative affect or irritability

Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should _________.

Never be used

Isabella is three years old and she frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses bedtime. These behaviors are considered:

Normal behavior for a child her age.

Research presented in the media is typically __________.

Oversimplified

The work of Rene Spitz led to the development of

Raised serious questions about the harmful impact of institutionalization on a child's development

________ evaluate treatment outcomes for children who are unsystematically assigned to treatment and control conditions.

Randomized control trials

The relationship between assessment intervention is best viewed as:

Related and ongoing

Jessica age 15 gossips, verbally insults peers, and often ostracizes others. Jessica is displaying:

Relational aggression

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be:

Reliable

What is true in respect to resilience?

Resilience may vary over time and across situations

Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ____ design.

Retrospective

What are the most commonly used assessment types?

Scales and tests

The windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called:

Sensitive Periods

Temperament refers to ________.

Shapes the child's approach to his or her environment, and vice versa.

What is the purpose of the Individualized Education Plan (IEP)?

To tailor the child's schooling to his/her needs

A central belief of developmental psychopathology is to understand maladaptive behavior, we must consider:

What is normal for a given period of development

Which of these issues make adolescence a particularly vulnerable period? a. risky sexual behavior b. sporting teams c. chores at home d. technology use

a. risky sexual behavior

The _______ of research findings are what advances the field of psychology.

accumulation

ABA involves the examination of:

behavior, antecedents, and consequences

Children who receive treatment are: __________

better off than children who do not receive treatment

Participation in research is done through direct informed consent except when the participants are:

children

To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____. a. institutional norms b. animal behavior c. adult dysfunctions d. developmental tasks

d. developmental tasks

Girls have higher rates of ___ than boys

depression

Freud was the first to link mental disorders to:

early childhood experiences

________ models portray the child's environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures

ecological

John Locke advanced the belief that children were:

emotionally sensitive beings

The ________ view of child development recognizes the importance of balancing the abilities of individuals with the challenges and risks of their environment.

health promotion

Qualitative Research is characterized by:

in depth narratives and observations

The process through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a ______ variable.

mediating

Because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by using:

multiple strategies and multiple methods

_______ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified period.

prevalence

A variable that precedes the outcome of interest and decreases the chance that the negative outcome will occur is:

protective factor

Isabella appears sad and is having difficulty academically and with her peer group. Isabella has a close relationship with her mother. This relationship with her mother can be considered a ____.

protective factor

Ideally, a measure of psychopathology should be

randomized

The use of ________ is rare in studies of child psychopathology

randomly selected samples

Individual differences in emotion ______ account for differing responses to a stressful environment.

reactivity

A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion ______.

regulation

_________ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world.

social cognition

Neuroimaging techniques are least useful in determining:

the reason for abnormal brain activity

Emotions serve ______

to provide motivation for action

Multifinality refers to the observation that

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings