Exam 1
what does the common pathway in coagulation end with?
conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
Cushing's disease
excess glucocorticoids (ie. cortisol)
polyuria
excess production of urine is
posterior lobe of pituitary gland --> oxytocin (OXT) -->
females: uterine smooth muscle + mammary glands males: smooth muscle in ductus deferens + prostate glands
hormone derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
.catecholamines
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
1. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine
signs of hypothyroidism
1. mental and physical sluggishness 2. low body temperature
steps of HDN that happen at different times throughout pregnancies
1. mother is exposed to Rh+ fetal blood 2. anti Rh antibody production 3. antibodies bind to Rh blood cells 4. hemolysis
Plasma makes up approximately what percentage of whole blood?
55% (avg)
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
Abnormally low production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) results in what?
hypogonadism
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
insulin
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin
Which element is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?
iodine
posterior lobe of pituitary gland --> antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin (ADH)
kidneys
The hormone related to appetite control
leptin
anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> growth hormone (GH)
liver --> somatomedins --> bone, muscle, other tissue
Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
low blood glucose
What binds to heme on the hemoglobin molecule?
oxygen
what are most of the plasma proteins required in the coagulation process are produced by?
the liver
Why are people with type O blood considered "universal donors" for transfusions?
their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens
anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyroid gland --> thyroid gland --> T3 + T4
anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> prolactin (PRL)
--> mammary glands
anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -->
--> testes --> inhibin + testosterone --> ovaries --> inhibin, estrogen + progesterone
what is blood made of?
-46-63% plasma -37-54% formed elements
what is plasma made of?
-92% water -7% plasma proteins -1% other solutes
what are formed elements made of?
-99.9% red blood cells - < 0.1%white blood cells -< 0.1% platelets
what changes can excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to?
-elevated blood pressure -elevated blood glucose level -elevated heart rate
Hormones is produced by the pancreas?
-insulin -glucagon -pancreatic polypeptide -somatostatin
Poorly managed diabetes can adversely affect which organ(s)
-kidneys -eyes -nerves -heart -blood vessels
Compared the endocrine system, the nervous system is
-more localized in action -briefer in action -more rapidly acting
what is produced by the pancreatic inslet cells?
-pancreatic polypeptide -insulin -glucagon
what will a rise in blood glucose level will trigger?
-storage of triglycerides -increased beta cell secretion -storage of glycogen
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in...
-the rate of glycogen formation by the liver -fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells -the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver -the level of fatty acids in the blood
when is HDN likely to develop without medical treatment?
1. An Rh- mother gives birth to her first child, who is Rh+, and then becomes pregnant with her second child, who is Rh+ 2. An Rh- mother gives birth to her first child, who is Rh-, and to her second child, who is Rh+, and then becomes pregnant with her third child, who is Rh+
what causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
1. The mother produces antibodies against the fetal red blood cells 2. The mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells 3. Anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells
intracellular hormone binding
1. hormone diffuses through membrane lipids 2. hormone binds to cytoplasm or nuclear receptor 3. hormone receptor complex binds to DNA 4. gene activates 5. transcription + production of mRNA 6. translation + protein synthesis 7. cellular structure or activity is altered 8. target cell response
organs and tissues of the endocrine system
1. hypothalymus 2. pineal gland 3. pituitary gland 4. thyroid gland 5. thymus 6. heart 7. adrenal gland 8. kidneys 9. digestive tract 10. adipose tissue 11. pancreas 12. gonads (testes + ovaries)
Vasopressin is a common term for which hormone?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
blood glucose concentration
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose
excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism
The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids
Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus
leptin
Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake
leptin
posterior lobe of pituitary gland --> melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) -->
melanocytes
Which of the pathways begins in the damaged vessel wall?
only the extrinsic pathway
what do red blood cells carry to the tissues?
oxygen
How does RhoGAM prevent HDN?
RhoGAM prevents the mother's immune system from actively producing antibodies against fetal Rh antigens by destroying fetal red blood cells that cross the placenta during delivery
Type II diabetes is characterized by
a lack of response by target cells to insulin
Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?
adrenal (suprarenal)
anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -->
adrenal gland --> epinephrine/nonepinephrine + glucocorticoids (cortisol/corticosterone)
what are the antibodies that attack antigens on foreign RBCs called?
aggluntinins
what is the most abundant plasma protein?
albumin
what are peptide hormones composed of
amino acids
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
androgens
what do red blood cells carry to the lungs?
carbon dioxide
which target cells have receptors for peptide hormones + and eicosanoids
catecholamines
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
diabetes mellitus
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ
endocrine
Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
epidermis of the integumentary system
Melatonin is secreted by...
pinealocytes
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones
synthesis + release
Cells that respond to a hormone are called...
target cells
hypogonadism
when sex glands produce little or no sex hormones
Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids and what is the primary mineralocorticoid?
zona glomerulosa; aldosterone
what does the thyroid hormone bind to to increase cellular ATP production?
the mitochondria