Exam 1

what does the common pathway in coagulation end with?

conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

Cushing's disease

excess glucocorticoids (ie. cortisol)

polyuria

excess production of urine is

posterior lobe of pituitary gland --> oxytocin (OXT) -->

females: uterine smooth muscle + mammary glands males: smooth muscle in ductus deferens + prostate glands

hormone derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

.catecholamines

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

1. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine

signs of hypothyroidism

1. mental and physical sluggishness 2. low body temperature

steps of HDN that happen at different times throughout pregnancies

1. mother is exposed to Rh+ fetal blood 2. anti Rh antibody production 3. antibodies bind to Rh blood cells 4. hemolysis

Plasma makes up approximately what percentage of whole blood?

55% (avg)

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

Abnormally low production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) results in what?

hypogonadism

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

insulin

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

Which element is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

iodine

posterior lobe of pituitary gland --> antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin (ADH)

kidneys

The hormone related to appetite control

leptin

anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> growth hormone (GH)

liver --> somatomedins --> bone, muscle, other tissue

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

What binds to heme on the hemoglobin molecule?

oxygen

what are most of the plasma proteins required in the coagulation process are produced by?

the liver

Why are people with type O blood considered "universal donors" for transfusions?

their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens

anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

thyroid gland --> thyroid gland --> T3 + T4

anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> prolactin (PRL)

--> mammary glands

anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -->

--> testes --> inhibin + testosterone --> ovaries --> inhibin, estrogen + progesterone

what is blood made of?

-46-63% plasma -37-54% formed elements

what is plasma made of?

-92% water -7% plasma proteins -1% other solutes

what are formed elements made of?

-99.9% red blood cells - < 0.1%white blood cells -< 0.1% platelets

what changes can excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to?

-elevated blood pressure -elevated blood glucose level -elevated heart rate

Hormones is produced by the pancreas?

-insulin -glucagon -pancreatic polypeptide -somatostatin

Poorly managed diabetes can adversely affect which organ(s)

-kidneys -eyes -nerves -heart -blood vessels

Compared the endocrine system, the nervous system is

-more localized in action -briefer in action -more rapidly acting

what is produced by the pancreatic inslet cells?

-pancreatic polypeptide -insulin -glucagon

what will a rise in blood glucose level will trigger?

-storage of triglycerides -increased beta cell secretion -storage of glycogen

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in...

-the rate of glycogen formation by the liver -fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells -the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver -the level of fatty acids in the blood

when is HDN likely to develop without medical treatment?

1. An Rh- mother gives birth to her first child, who is Rh+, and then becomes pregnant with her second child, who is Rh+ 2. An Rh- mother gives birth to her first child, who is Rh-, and to her second child, who is Rh+, and then becomes pregnant with her third child, who is Rh+

what causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

1. The mother produces antibodies against the fetal red blood cells 2. The mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells 3. Anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells

intracellular hormone binding

1. hormone diffuses through membrane lipids 2. hormone binds to cytoplasm or nuclear receptor 3. hormone receptor complex binds to DNA 4. gene activates 5. transcription + production of mRNA 6. translation + protein synthesis 7. cellular structure or activity is altered 8. target cell response

organs and tissues of the endocrine system

1. hypothalymus 2. pineal gland 3. pituitary gland 4. thyroid gland 5. thymus 6. heart 7. adrenal gland 8. kidneys 9. digestive tract 10. adipose tissue 11. pancreas 12. gonads (testes + ovaries)

Vasopressin is a common term for which hormone?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What directly regulates the secretion of insulin?

blood glucose concentration

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose

excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus

leptin

Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake

leptin

posterior lobe of pituitary gland --> melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) -->

melanocytes

Which of the pathways begins in the damaged vessel wall?

only the extrinsic pathway

what do red blood cells carry to the tissues?

oxygen

How does RhoGAM prevent HDN?

RhoGAM prevents the mother's immune system from actively producing antibodies against fetal Rh antigens by destroying fetal red blood cells that cross the placenta during delivery

Type II diabetes is characterized by

a lack of response by target cells to insulin

Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?

adrenal (suprarenal)

anterior lobe of pituitary gland --> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -->

adrenal gland --> epinephrine/nonepinephrine + glucocorticoids (cortisol/corticosterone)

what are the antibodies that attack antigens on foreign RBCs called?

aggluntinins

what is the most abundant plasma protein?

albumin

what are peptide hormones composed of

amino acids

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens

what do red blood cells carry to the lungs?

carbon dioxide

which target cells have receptors for peptide hormones + and eicosanoids

catecholamines

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ

endocrine

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the

epidermis of the integumentary system

Melatonin is secreted by...

pinealocytes

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones

synthesis + release

Cells that respond to a hormone are called...

target cells

hypogonadism

when sex glands produce little or no sex hormones

Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids and what is the primary mineralocorticoid?

zona glomerulosa; aldosterone

what does the thyroid hormone bind to to increase cellular ATP production?

the mitochondria