Exam 1 Questions
During the motion of full shoulder ADDUCTION (180°), which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be accurate? A. 60° of the motion is attributed to ST upward motion B. 120° of the motion is attributed to GH abduction C. 35-40° is attributed to GH internal rotation D. 25° is attributed to SC posterior rotation E. 25° is attributed to SC elevation
35-40° is attributed to GH internal rotation (35-40° is attributed to GH EXTERNAL rotation)
1. Ligaments and tendons lose 50% of their tensile strength after how long a period of immobilization? A. 3 months B. 7 days C. 8 weeks D. 24 hours
8 weeks
Tendons and ligaments can generally tolerate approximately ______ strain without rupturing. A. 1% B. 8% C. 25% D. 100%
8%
The moment arm of the biceps brachii is greatest at what angle? 0 30 90 120
90
ground reaction force
An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.
Based on Newton's 2nd law, Acceleration is equal to: A. Force x distance B. length x width x height C. Force / Mass D. Force + Mass
Force / Mass
Hip ABDUCTION occurs in the ____ plane. A. Frontal B. Sagittal C. Transverse D. None of the above
Frontal
Which of the following has the greatest mechanical advantage? Biceps brachii (at elbow) Quadriceps (at knee) SCM (at cervical spine) Gastrocnemius (at ankle)
Gastrocnemius (at ankle)
The portion of the sarcomere that contains only myosin fibers without overlap. A. A band B. H band C. M band D. Z disc
H band
A rapid stretch of the muscle spindle activates _______ fibers, which causes the homonymous muscle to _________. A. Ib; contract B. Ia; relax C. Ia; contract D. II; contract E. Ib; relax
Ia; contract
What effect do Axillary crutches have on an individual's BOS? Increase (Medial - Lateral) Decrease (Medial - Lateral) Increase (Anterior - Posterior) Decrease (Anterior - Posterior)
Increase (Medial - Lateral)
The ____ is the measure of the cross-sectional area of the muscle perpendicular to the muscle fibers. PCSA Z band fiber length H band
PCSA
When one moves the leg away from the midline, the motion is called: A. abduction B. adduction C. extension D. flexion
abduction
When the arm is moved out to the side, away from the midline, it is called: A. abduction B. adduction C. elevation D. pronation
abduction
The term "AC joint" refers to the: A. acromioclavicular joint B. acromiocoracoid joint C. anterior costal joint D. anterior clavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
Posterior scapular tilting is a combination of the: A. acromion rotating back and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting backward B. acromion rotating forward and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting backward C. acromion rotating back and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting forward D. acromion rotating forward and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting forward
acromion rotating back and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting forward
If he were to squeeze a dynamometer in this position, the external force produced would be LOWER due to: active insufficiency force-velocity relationship passive insufficiency flexor tendon compliance
active insufficiency passive insufficiency
Your patient attempts to strengthen his left hamstring muscle by positioning his leg at the end of range hip extension and knee flexion. He reports weakness and inability to extend his hip further in this position. His report may best be explained by which of the following? A. active insufficiency of the rectus femoris B. active insufficiency of the hamstrings C. passive insufficiency of the rectus femoris D. passive insufficiency of the hamstrings
active insufficiency of the hamstrings
Which of the follow will contribute to a STRONGER muscle contraction (greater force production): larger diameter of motion axon faster frequency of motor unit firing larger number of cross bridges formed all of the above
all of the above
"The humeral head rolls up and glides down on the glenoid fossa" is an example of: A. an arthrokinematic description of what happens during shoulder abduction B. an arthrokinematic description of what happens during shoulder external rotation C. an osteokinematic description of what happens during shoulder abduction D. an osteokinematic description of what happens during shoulder external rotation
an arthrokinematic description of what happens during shoulder abduction
Which of the following muscles is NOT a flexor of the elbow? A. anconeus B. biceps C. brachialis D. brachioradialis
anconeus
Which ligament wraps around the radial head? A. anconeus B. annular C. capitulum D. trochlear
annular
The hip joint (femoracetabular joint) is an example of a(n): A. hinge joint B. saddle joint C. ellipsoid joint D. ball and socket
ball and socket
Which of the following muscles are biarticulate? A. biceps brachii and triceps brachii B. biceps brachii and brachialis C. brachialis and brachioradialis D. brachialis and triceps brachii
biceps brachii and triceps brachii
Ligaments attach bone to _______ and are composed primarily of _______. A. bone; collagen B. bone; elastin C. muscle; collagen D. muscle; elastin
bone; collagen
Which muscle commonly provides a strong compression force at the humeroradial joint while a person is carrying heavy objects at their side (suitcase, bucket) A. flexor carpi ulnaris B. brachioradialis C. pronator teres D. flexor digitorum profundus E. anconeus F. palmaris longus
brachioradialis
Which of the following statements is correct about the optimal force generation of the elbow flexors? A. biceps force is greatest with the forearm in pronation B. brachialis force is greatest with the forearm in supination C. brachioradialis force is greatest with the forearm in neutral
brachioradialis force is greatest with the forearm in neutral
Gravity can be assumed to act on a segment's: A. base of support B. center of mass C. axis of rotation D. proximal end
center of mass
The "collar bone" is also known as the: A. acromion B. clavicle C. coracoid D. manubrium
clavicle
If ankle dorsiflexion range of motion is limited: A. closed chain knee extension will be limited B. closed chain knee flexion will be limited C. open chain knee extension will be limited D. open chain knee flexion will be limited
closed chain knee flexion will be limited
When performing open-chain elbow flexion, what is the configuration of the joint surfaces? A. concave on concave B. concave on convex C. convex on concave D. convex on convex
concave on convex
If the active muscle shortens, it is creating a(n) ___________ action. A. isometric B. isokinetic C. eccentric D. concentric
concentric
When a muscle shortens, it is creating a(n) ____ contraction. concentric isometric eccentric all of the above
concentric
Patient standing doing band exercise: shoulder muscles that would likely show the highest muscle activity in shoulder FLEXION:
concentric: anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
Two or more forces that act on the same object that lie at an angle to each other make up: A. linear force system B. parallel force system C. concurrent force system D. simple force system
concurrent force system
When the humerus moves in the glenoid fossa, the moving joint surfaces are: A. concave on concave B. concave on convex C. convex on concave D. convex on convex
convex on a concave
The structure that controls superior displacement of the clavicle is the: A. acromioclavicular ligament B. coracoclavicular ligament C. coracoacromial ligament
coracoclavicular ligament
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
The normal angle associated with elbow alignment is one of: A. cubital valgus B. cubital varus C. genu valgus D. genu varus
cubital valgus
Which of the following is an example of an open chain activity? A. squat B. push-up C. dart throwing D. leg press
dart throwing
Placing your hands at the patient's ankle to resist hip abduction instead of at the knee will make your job ________ because you have ________ your resistance moment arm. A. easier; shortened B. harder; shortened C. easier; lengthened D. harder; lengthened
easier; lengthened
When a muscle lengthens under load it is known as a(n) _______ action. A. concentric B. eccentric C. isometric
eccentric
When the biceps is used to lower the elbow to a straight position, it is called: A. concentric extension B. concentric flexion C. eccentric extension D. eccentric flexion
eccentric extension
Patient prone with weights in hand: should muscles that would show the highest muscle activity in shoulder FLEXION:
eccentric: posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii
When holding onto the armrests of a chair to sit down, the triceps are working: A. concentrically to extend the elbow B. concentrically to flex the elbow C. eccentrically to extend the elbow D. eccentrically to flex the elbow
eccentrically to flex the elbow
The optimal position to stretch the muscles that attach to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow is: A. elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist extension B. elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist flexion C. elbow extension, forearm supination, and wrist extension D. elbow extension, forearm supination, and wrist flexion
elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist flexion
Individual muscle fibers are surrounded by: A. endomysium B. epimysium C. perimysium
endomysium
The endomysium and perimysium are continuous with the outer connective tissue sheath called the ____. epimysium sarcolemma superficial fascia
epimysium
To what motion at the shoulder does the triceps brachii contribute? A. abduction B. adduction C. extension D. flexion
extension
The biceps brachii is considered to produce a 1st class LEVER for Elbow Flexion?
false - 3rd class lever
Standing on your "tippy toes" will lower your COM?
false - increase
torque is typically measured in pounds
false - measured in N m or slugs
Plyometric exercises involve a quick stretch, followed by a "forceful eccentric contraction."
false - muscles exert maximum force in short intervals of time, with the goal of increasing power
An external force applied anterior to the hip causes: A. extension B. compression C. flexion D. internal rotation
flexion
Which of the following motions occurs in the sagittal plane? A. abduction B. external rotation C. flexion D. internal rotation
flexion
When the biceps brachii is activated it causes elbow _______ and joint ___________. A. flexion; distraction B. flexion; compression C. extension; distraction D. extension; compression
flexion; compression
The fibrocartilage ring that encircles the glenoid fossa is called the: A. glenoid labrum B. glenoid ligament C. humeral labrum D. humeral ligament
glenoid labrum
An individual experienced a distal humerus fracture and was immobilized for 6 weeks. The person now presents with limited range of motion. When planning how to help this person improve elbow flexion, the arthrokinematic motion that would be most helpful is: A. glide radius anterior on the humerus B. glide radius posterior on the humerus C. glide ulna anterior on the humerus D. glide ulna posterior on the humerus
glide ulna anterior on the humerus
A muscle fiber that fires more slowly typically has a _______ capillary density and is called a type _______. A. higher; I B. higher; II C. lower; I D. lower; II
higher; I
The articular cartilage covering bone in a synovial joint is: A. elastic cartilage B. fibrocartilage C. hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage
All of the following occur in response to exercise EXCEPT: A. bone deposition increases B. high magnitude loading induces fibrocartilage formation C. hyaline cartilage damage repairs itself to the previous structure D. number of collagen fiber cross linkages increases in the tendons
hyaline cartilage damage repairs itself to the previous structure
A patient is attempting to perform a sit to stand motion, however is unable to complete this task without assistance. The PT has determined the cause of this difficulty is that the patient's knee extensors are not developing sufficient contraction force during the concentric phase. Which of the following would result in increase active muscle tension that would enable the muscle to produce greater torque/tension? A. increased firing rate of the activated motor units B. decreased number of motor units activated C. increased thickness of the muscle fascia D. decreased number of cross-bridges formed
increased firing rate of the activated motor units
Active muscle force increases with all of the following EXCEPT: A. increased length of muscle B. increased number of cross-bridges formed C. increased number of motor units recruited D. increased speed of eccentric action
increased length of muscle
The superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments contribute to glenohumeral stability. Which one of these ligaments has an increased contribution when the arm is abducted more the 60°? A. inferior glenohumeral ligament B. middle glenohumeral ligament C. superior glenohumeral ligament
inferior glenohumeral ligament
An individual is lacking elevation of the glenohumeral joint. To facilitate the arthrokinematics to enhance the motion, you should perform a(n) ______ of the humerus on the glenoid. A. anterior glide B. inferior glide C. posterior glide D. superior glide
inferior glide
Performing a "calf raise" with the gastrocnemius/soleus muscles means that the calf muscles are producing a(n): A. internal ankle dorsiflexion moment B. internal ankle plantarflexion moment C. external ankle dorsiflexion moment D. external ankle plantarflexion moment
internal ankle plantarflexion moment
Which of the following is NOT true about the glenoid labrum? A. it increases the concavity of the fossa B. it is an attachment for the short head of the biceps C. it reduces joint friction D. it resists humeral head translation
it is an attachment for the short head of the biceps
Which of the following positions represents a position of "active insufficiency" of the hamstrings? A. knee flexed; hip flexed B. knee flexed; hip extended C. knee in midrange; hip in midrange D. knee in extension; hip in extension
knee flexed; hip extended
PTs will typically measure gait speed in which unit of measurement? Newtons mph kph m/s
m/s
Select ALL of the factors that affect torque: A. magnitude force B. location of force application C. direction (angle) of force application D. total surface of force application
magnitude force location of force application direction (angle) of force application
A large motor unit has _______ muscle fiber connections and the muscle it is part of typically has a relatively _______ number of motor units. A. few; large B. few; small C. many; large D. many; small
many; small
Which of the following statements about "tennis elbow" is correct? A. may involve the lateral collateral ligament, common extensor tendon, and extensor carpi radialis brevis B. may involve the lateral collateral ligament, annular ligament, and extensor carpi radialis longus C. may involve the medial collateral ligament, pronator teres, and flexor carpi radialis D. may involve the medial collateral ligament, flexor tendon, and flexor carpi radialis
may involve the lateral collateral ligament, common extensor tendon, and extensor carpi radialis brevis
Valgus stress at the elbow is resisted by the: A. lateral/radial collateral ligament B. lateral/ulnar collateral ligament C. medial/radial collateral ligament D. medial/ulnar collateral ligament
medial/ulnar collateral ligament
The perpendicular distance between an applied force and the axis of rotation is called: A. torque B. moment arm C. instantaneous axis of rotation D. muscle tendon unit
moment arm
"Ball and socket," "saddle," and "hinge" joints are _____, _____, and _____, respectively. A. biaxial, multiaxial, and uniaxial B. multiaxial, biaxial, and uniaxial C. multiaxial, uniaxial, and biaxial D. uniaxial, multiaxial, and biaxial
multiaxial, biaxial, and uniaxial
The soleus and subscapularis are examples of which type of muscle arrangement? fusiform unipennate bipennate multipennate
multipennate
The thick filament portion of a myofilament is composed primarily of myosin endomysium actin ATP
myosin
The thick filament portion of a myofilament is composed primarily of: A. actin B. myosin C. sarcosine D. tropomyosin
myosin
The thin filament is composed of all of the following EXCEPT: A. troponin B. myosin C. tropomyosin D. actin
myosin
When non-contractile tissues are most likely responsible for load distribution between the radius and ulna during forearm distraction and compression, respectively? A. oblique ligament; annular ligament B. interosseous membrane; oblique ligament C. oblique ligament; interosseous membrane D. brachioradialis; interosseous membrane
oblique ligament; interosseous membrane
Fibroblasts that specialize to create bone are called: A. chondroblasts B. osteoclasts C. osteoblasts D. tenoblasts
osteoblasts
Which structure is an example of a connective tissue cell? A. elastin B. collagen C. water D. osteocyte
osteocyte
The motion performed is the ____ motion of shoulder flexion. This occurs in the ____ plane around the x-axis. osteokinematic; sagittal arthrokinematic; sagittal osteokinematic; frontal arthrokinematic; transverse
osteokinematic; sagittal
The joint range of motion measured with goniometry refers to the joints: A. arthrokinematics B. osteokinematics C. slide
osteokinematics
An individual has weakness when going into shoulder external rotation. To differentiate which of the rotator cuff muscles are involved, you resist shoulder abduction and adduction. Which of the following statements would be true? A. pain with abduction incriminates the infraspinatus B. pain with abduction incriminates the subscapularis C. pain with adduction incriminates the teres minor D. pain with adduction incriminates the supraspinatus
pain with adduction incriminates the teres minor
When under excessive passive tension, what muscle limits scapular upward rotation, posterior tilting, and external rotation? A. anterior deltoid B. pectoralis major C. pectoralis minor D. posterior deltoid
pectoralis minor
external moment arm
perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force
A large force that causes an increase in the length of a ligament suggests that the load-deformation curve reached the _______ region. A. toe B. elastic C. plastic D. compression
plastic
Arthrokinematics of the right huumeroulnar (HU) joint during elbow extension? A. posterior roll and posterior glide of the ulna B. posterior roll and anterior glide of the ulna C. anterior roll and posterior glide of the ulna D. anterior roll and anterior glide of the ulna
posterior roll and posterior glide of the ulna
When turning a screwdriver in a clockwise direction with the right hand, the supinator is the ______ and the pronator teres is the ______. A. antagonist; prime mover B. antagonist; protagonist C. prime mover; antagonist D. protagonist; antagonist
prime mover; antagonist
The carrying angle of the elbow disappears when the elbow is: A. pronated in extension and supinated in flexion B. pronated in flexion and supinated in extension C. supinated in extension and pronated in extension D. supinated in flexion and pronated in flexion
pronated in extension and supinated in flexion
A structure that acts to redirect a force without changing its magnitude is called: A. tendon B. pulley C. axis D. moment arm
pulley
The two bones of the forearm are the: A. fibula and tibia B. humerus and tibia C. radius and ulna D. radius and humerus
radius and ulna
When performing forearm pronation, the osseous movement is: A. radius moving on fixed ulnar B. radius moving on fixed humerus C. ulna moving on fixed radius D. ulna moving on fixed humerus
radius moving on fixed ulnar
Which of the following activities involves a concentric muscle action? A. pectoralis muscle on the downphase of a push-up B. gastrocnemius muscle on the downphase of a "calf raise" C. biceps brachii muscle on the downphase of a pull-up D. rectus abdominus muscle during a "crunch"
rectus abdominus muscle during a "crunch"
A ligament that is very stiff: A. contains a lot of elastin B. has a flat slope on the load-deformation curve C. is very compliant D. requires a lot of force to deform the ligament
requires a lot of force to deform the ligament
Pull up would cause a ______ action of the biceps brachii muscle to occur. normal reverse
reverse
Motion that takes place around an axis is called: A. translation B. rotation C. planar D. linear
rotation
Most muscles pull a segment both perpendicular and parallel to the segment. This creates both _______ and ________, respectively. A. rotation; translation B. translation; rotation C. tension; compression D. internal force; external force
rotation; translation
Flexion/extension occur in which plane? A. frontal B. sagittal C. transverse
sagittal
The plane that splits the body into two symmetrical halves. A. frontal B. horizontal C. sagittal
sagittal
The cell membrane of the muscle is called: A. nucleus B. myofilament C. ATP D. sarcolemma
sarcolemma
Your patient completes a step-up onto a 4-inch step and returns to her start position. Which statement below provides the BEST description regarding her work and/or energy expenditure: A. in total, she performed positive work B. she did not perform any work C. she expended energy
she did not perform any work she expended energy
In closed kinetic chain, forearm pronation is associated with: A. shoulder abduction B. shoulder adduction C. shoulder external rotation D. shoulder internal rotation
shoulder external rotation
The position of active insufficiency of the biceps brachii is: A. shoulder flexion and elbow flexion B. shoulder extension and elbow flexion C. shoulder flexion and elbow extension
shoulder flexion and elbow flexion
Which of the following has the smallest base of support? A. single limb stance B. standing with a walker C. standing in tandem stance (heel to toe) D. sitting on a couch
single limb stance
Serial casting places a joint in a stretched position for approximately 2 weeks to increase the length of the tight tissue. Holding the joint at the elongated position is an example of: A. creep B. stress-relaxation C. hysteresis D. strain-rate sensitivity
stress-relaxation
When you move your forearm from a palm down to a palm up position, the movement is called: A. pronation B. radial deviation C. supination D. ulnar deviation
supination
The subacromial bursa is located between the acromion and the: A. biceps B. rhomboids C. pectoralis major D. supraspinatus
supraspinatus
Which of the following muscles is NOT attached to the coracoid process? A. coracobrachialis B. pectoralis minor C. short head of the biceps D. supraspinatus
supraspinatus
Viscoelastic structures exhibit all of the following features EXCEPT for: A. strain-rate sensitivity B. creep C. syndesmosis D. stress-relaxation
syndesmosis
A muscle pulling on its tendon represents a ________ force. A. tensile B. compressive C. shear D. minor
tensile
A force applied through the axis creates: A. tension B. rotation C. flexion D. abduction
tension
When a tissue is pulled on, it is subjected to: A. shear B. tension C. compression
tension
When a cross-bridge forms in a muscle: A. ATP is formed from ADP B. it forms permanently C. pain is felt D. tension is developed
tension is developed
Golgi tendon organs are a sensory receptor that responds to _______ and is considered a group _____ fiber. A. length; Ib B. length; II C. tension; Ia D. tension; Ib E. tension; II
tension; Ib
Which of the following is NOT a rotator cuff muscle? A. infraspinatus B. subscapularis C. supraspinatus D. teres major
teres major
Identify the muscle that is NOT an internal rotator of the shoulder. A. latissimus dorsi B. subscapularis C. teres major D. teres minor
teres minor
All of the following structures are found inferior to the acromion EXCEPT the: A. infraspinatus tendon B. subacromial bursa C. supraspinatus tendon D. teres minor tendon
teres minor tendon
In a joint's closed-packed position: A. the intra-articular pressure is lowest B. the articular surfaces are least congruent C. the connective tissue structures are tightest D. the joint is usually in midrange of its ROM
the connective tissue structures are tightest
Holding a cup of water straight out in front of you means that: A. the force of gravity pulling the cup down is counteracted by the deltoid muscle B. the force of the deltoid pulling the cup down is counteracted by the force of gravity C. the force of gravity and the force from the deltoid are working to support the cup D. gravity is not acting on the cup
the force of gravity pulling the cup down is counteracted by the deltoid muscle
synovial membrane
the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
joint cavity
the space between two connecting bones filled with synovial fluid
A PT is conducting a kinesiology review of the elbow. Which of the following is correct? A. the humeroulnar joint is considered to have 2 degrees of freedom B. there is generally a greater amount of trochlear contact with CKC activities as compared to OKC activities C. the MCL resists varus forces at the elbow D. a "sidearm" throwing style typically reduces the valgus load at the elbow
there is generally a greater amount of trochlear contact with CKC activities as compared to OKC activities
All of the following are true about the muscle fibers within a pennate muscle EXCEPT: A. they represent a parallel force system B. they are an internal force C. they are an external force D. they have the potential to produce joint torque
they are an external force
Most muscles have a short moment arm. What is the advantage of this? A. they can produce large torque B. they can go through a larger range of motion with less shortening C. they can hypertrophy easier D. they can stretch more
they can go through a larger range of motion with less shortening
The ______filament generates tension, and the ______ filament regulates tension. A. thick; thin B. thick; thick C. thin; thick D. thick; titan E. thin; titan
thick; thin
Most of the muscles in the human body work as: A. first class levers B. second class levers C. third class levers
third class levers
Taking up the slack on a tissue occurs in the: A. toe region B. elastic region C. plastic region
toe region
Which of the following muscles does not contribute to elbow flexion? A. biceps brachii B. brachialis C. brachioradialis D. triceps brachii
triceps brachii
A closed packed positon of a joint commonly refers to the position of greatest joint congruence
true
Based on the convex-concave rule: if a convex surface moves on a stable concave surface, it glides in the opposite direction as the moving body segment (lever)
true
each skeletal muscle in the body is a combination of Type 1, 2A, and 2X muscle fibers.
true
When muscle fibers are arranged obliquely to the muscle's long axis, the muscle is considered: A. parallel B. unipennate C. multipennate
unipennate
Which of the following create a force couple for upward rotation of the scapula? A. lower trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboids, and serratus anterior B. middle trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and rhomboids C. upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and rhomboids D. upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior
upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior
When the inferior angle of the scapula moves in the superior and lateral direction, the motion is called: A. depression B. protraction C. retraction D. upward rotation
upward rotation
Which of the following is an example of an internal force? A. gravity B. floor supporting the feet C. chair supporting the buttocks D. vastus lateralis contraction
vastus lateralis contraction
What muscle groups attach to the medial epicondyle of the elbow? A. wrist extensors and forearm pronators B. wrist extensors and forearm supinators C. wrist flexors and forearm pronators D. wrist flexors and forearm supinators
wrist flexors and forearm pronators