Exam 1 Questions

During the motion of full shoulder ADDUCTION (180°), which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be accurate? A. 60° of the motion is attributed to ST upward motion B. 120° of the motion is attributed to GH abduction C. 35-40° is attributed to GH internal rotation D. 25° is attributed to SC posterior rotation E. 25° is attributed to SC elevation

35-40° is attributed to GH internal rotation (35-40° is attributed to GH EXTERNAL rotation)

1. Ligaments and tendons lose 50% of their tensile strength after how long a period of immobilization? A. 3 months B. 7 days C. 8 weeks D. 24 hours

8 weeks

Tendons and ligaments can generally tolerate approximately ______ strain without rupturing. A. 1% B. 8% C. 25% D. 100%

8%

The moment arm of the biceps brachii is greatest at what angle? 0 30 90 120

90

ground reaction force

An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.

Based on Newton's 2nd law, Acceleration is equal to: A. Force x distance B. length x width x height C. Force / Mass D. Force + Mass

Force / Mass

Hip ABDUCTION occurs in the ____ plane. A. Frontal B. Sagittal C. Transverse D. None of the above

Frontal

Which of the following has the greatest mechanical advantage? Biceps brachii (at elbow) Quadriceps (at knee) SCM (at cervical spine) Gastrocnemius (at ankle)

Gastrocnemius (at ankle)

The portion of the sarcomere that contains only myosin fibers without overlap. A. A band B. H band C. M band D. Z disc

H band

A rapid stretch of the muscle spindle activates _______ fibers, which causes the homonymous muscle to _________. A. Ib; contract B. Ia; relax C. Ia; contract D. II; contract E. Ib; relax

Ia; contract

What effect do Axillary crutches have on an individual's BOS? Increase (Medial - Lateral) Decrease (Medial - Lateral) Increase (Anterior - Posterior) Decrease (Anterior - Posterior)

Increase (Medial - Lateral)

The ____ is the measure of the cross-sectional area of the muscle perpendicular to the muscle fibers. PCSA Z band fiber length H band

PCSA

When one moves the leg away from the midline, the motion is called: A. abduction B. adduction C. extension D. flexion

abduction

When the arm is moved out to the side, away from the midline, it is called: A. abduction B. adduction C. elevation D. pronation

abduction

The term "AC joint" refers to the: A. acromioclavicular joint B. acromiocoracoid joint C. anterior costal joint D. anterior clavicular joint

acromioclavicular joint

Posterior scapular tilting is a combination of the: A. acromion rotating back and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting backward B. acromion rotating forward and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting backward C. acromion rotating back and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting forward D. acromion rotating forward and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting forward

acromion rotating back and the inferior angle of the scapula tilting forward

If he were to squeeze a dynamometer in this position, the external force produced would be LOWER due to: active insufficiency force-velocity relationship passive insufficiency flexor tendon compliance

active insufficiency passive insufficiency

Your patient attempts to strengthen his left hamstring muscle by positioning his leg at the end of range hip extension and knee flexion. He reports weakness and inability to extend his hip further in this position. His report may best be explained by which of the following? A. active insufficiency of the rectus femoris B. active insufficiency of the hamstrings C. passive insufficiency of the rectus femoris D. passive insufficiency of the hamstrings

active insufficiency of the hamstrings

Which of the follow will contribute to a STRONGER muscle contraction (greater force production): larger diameter of motion axon faster frequency of motor unit firing larger number of cross bridges formed all of the above

all of the above

"The humeral head rolls up and glides down on the glenoid fossa" is an example of: A. an arthrokinematic description of what happens during shoulder abduction B. an arthrokinematic description of what happens during shoulder external rotation C. an osteokinematic description of what happens during shoulder abduction D. an osteokinematic description of what happens during shoulder external rotation

an arthrokinematic description of what happens during shoulder abduction

Which of the following muscles is NOT a flexor of the elbow? A. anconeus B. biceps C. brachialis D. brachioradialis

anconeus

Which ligament wraps around the radial head? A. anconeus B. annular C. capitulum D. trochlear

annular

The hip joint (femoracetabular joint) is an example of a(n): A. hinge joint B. saddle joint C. ellipsoid joint D. ball and socket

ball and socket

Which of the following muscles are biarticulate? A. biceps brachii and triceps brachii B. biceps brachii and brachialis C. brachialis and brachioradialis D. brachialis and triceps brachii

biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Ligaments attach bone to _______ and are composed primarily of _______. A. bone; collagen B. bone; elastin C. muscle; collagen D. muscle; elastin

bone; collagen

Which muscle commonly provides a strong compression force at the humeroradial joint while a person is carrying heavy objects at their side (suitcase, bucket) A. flexor carpi ulnaris B. brachioradialis C. pronator teres D. flexor digitorum profundus E. anconeus F. palmaris longus

brachioradialis

Which of the following statements is correct about the optimal force generation of the elbow flexors? A. biceps force is greatest with the forearm in pronation B. brachialis force is greatest with the forearm in supination C. brachioradialis force is greatest with the forearm in neutral

brachioradialis force is greatest with the forearm in neutral

Gravity can be assumed to act on a segment's: A. base of support B. center of mass C. axis of rotation D. proximal end

center of mass

The "collar bone" is also known as the: A. acromion B. clavicle C. coracoid D. manubrium

clavicle

If ankle dorsiflexion range of motion is limited: A. closed chain knee extension will be limited B. closed chain knee flexion will be limited C. open chain knee extension will be limited D. open chain knee flexion will be limited

closed chain knee flexion will be limited

When performing open-chain elbow flexion, what is the configuration of the joint surfaces? A. concave on concave B. concave on convex C. convex on concave D. convex on convex

concave on convex

If the active muscle shortens, it is creating a(n) ___________ action. A. isometric B. isokinetic C. eccentric D. concentric

concentric

When a muscle shortens, it is creating a(n) ____ contraction. concentric isometric eccentric all of the above

concentric

Patient standing doing band exercise: shoulder muscles that would likely show the highest muscle activity in shoulder FLEXION:

concentric: anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis

Two or more forces that act on the same object that lie at an angle to each other make up: A. linear force system B. parallel force system C. concurrent force system D. simple force system

concurrent force system

When the humerus moves in the glenoid fossa, the moving joint surfaces are: A. concave on concave B. concave on convex C. convex on concave D. convex on convex

convex on a concave

The structure that controls superior displacement of the clavicle is the: A. acromioclavicular ligament B. coracoclavicular ligament C. coracoacromial ligament

coracoclavicular ligament

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

The normal angle associated with elbow alignment is one of: A. cubital valgus B. cubital varus C. genu valgus D. genu varus

cubital valgus

Which of the following is an example of an open chain activity? A. squat B. push-up C. dart throwing D. leg press

dart throwing

Placing your hands at the patient's ankle to resist hip abduction instead of at the knee will make your job ________ because you have ________ your resistance moment arm. A. easier; shortened B. harder; shortened C. easier; lengthened D. harder; lengthened

easier; lengthened

When a muscle lengthens under load it is known as a(n) _______ action. A. concentric B. eccentric C. isometric

eccentric

When the biceps is used to lower the elbow to a straight position, it is called: A. concentric extension B. concentric flexion C. eccentric extension D. eccentric flexion

eccentric extension

Patient prone with weights in hand: should muscles that would show the highest muscle activity in shoulder FLEXION:

eccentric: posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii

When holding onto the armrests of a chair to sit down, the triceps are working: A. concentrically to extend the elbow B. concentrically to flex the elbow C. eccentrically to extend the elbow D. eccentrically to flex the elbow

eccentrically to flex the elbow

The optimal position to stretch the muscles that attach to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow is: A. elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist extension B. elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist flexion C. elbow extension, forearm supination, and wrist extension D. elbow extension, forearm supination, and wrist flexion

elbow extension, forearm pronation, and wrist flexion

Individual muscle fibers are surrounded by: A. endomysium B. epimysium C. perimysium

endomysium

The endomysium and perimysium are continuous with the outer connective tissue sheath called the ____. epimysium sarcolemma superficial fascia

epimysium

To what motion at the shoulder does the triceps brachii contribute? A. abduction B. adduction C. extension D. flexion

extension

The biceps brachii is considered to produce a 1st class LEVER for Elbow Flexion?

false - 3rd class lever

Standing on your "tippy toes" will lower your COM?

false - increase

torque is typically measured in pounds

false - measured in N m or slugs

Plyometric exercises involve a quick stretch, followed by a "forceful eccentric contraction."

false - muscles exert maximum force in short intervals of time, with the goal of increasing power

An external force applied anterior to the hip causes: A. extension B. compression C. flexion D. internal rotation

flexion

Which of the following motions occurs in the sagittal plane? A. abduction B. external rotation C. flexion D. internal rotation

flexion

When the biceps brachii is activated it causes elbow _______ and joint ___________. A. flexion; distraction B. flexion; compression C. extension; distraction D. extension; compression

flexion; compression

The fibrocartilage ring that encircles the glenoid fossa is called the: A. glenoid labrum B. glenoid ligament C. humeral labrum D. humeral ligament

glenoid labrum

An individual experienced a distal humerus fracture and was immobilized for 6 weeks. The person now presents with limited range of motion. When planning how to help this person improve elbow flexion, the arthrokinematic motion that would be most helpful is: A. glide radius anterior on the humerus B. glide radius posterior on the humerus C. glide ulna anterior on the humerus D. glide ulna posterior on the humerus

glide ulna anterior on the humerus

A muscle fiber that fires more slowly typically has a _______ capillary density and is called a type _______. A. higher; I B. higher; II C. lower; I D. lower; II

higher; I

The articular cartilage covering bone in a synovial joint is: A. elastic cartilage B. fibrocartilage C. hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage

All of the following occur in response to exercise EXCEPT: A. bone deposition increases B. high magnitude loading induces fibrocartilage formation C. hyaline cartilage damage repairs itself to the previous structure D. number of collagen fiber cross linkages increases in the tendons

hyaline cartilage damage repairs itself to the previous structure

A patient is attempting to perform a sit to stand motion, however is unable to complete this task without assistance. The PT has determined the cause of this difficulty is that the patient's knee extensors are not developing sufficient contraction force during the concentric phase. Which of the following would result in increase active muscle tension that would enable the muscle to produce greater torque/tension? A. increased firing rate of the activated motor units B. decreased number of motor units activated C. increased thickness of the muscle fascia D. decreased number of cross-bridges formed

increased firing rate of the activated motor units

Active muscle force increases with all of the following EXCEPT: A. increased length of muscle B. increased number of cross-bridges formed C. increased number of motor units recruited D. increased speed of eccentric action

increased length of muscle

The superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments contribute to glenohumeral stability. Which one of these ligaments has an increased contribution when the arm is abducted more the 60°? A. inferior glenohumeral ligament B. middle glenohumeral ligament C. superior glenohumeral ligament

inferior glenohumeral ligament

An individual is lacking elevation of the glenohumeral joint. To facilitate the arthrokinematics to enhance the motion, you should perform a(n) ______ of the humerus on the glenoid. A. anterior glide B. inferior glide C. posterior glide D. superior glide

inferior glide

Performing a "calf raise" with the gastrocnemius/soleus muscles means that the calf muscles are producing a(n): A. internal ankle dorsiflexion moment B. internal ankle plantarflexion moment C. external ankle dorsiflexion moment D. external ankle plantarflexion moment

internal ankle plantarflexion moment

Which of the following is NOT true about the glenoid labrum? A. it increases the concavity of the fossa B. it is an attachment for the short head of the biceps C. it reduces joint friction D. it resists humeral head translation

it is an attachment for the short head of the biceps

Which of the following positions represents a position of "active insufficiency" of the hamstrings? A. knee flexed; hip flexed B. knee flexed; hip extended C. knee in midrange; hip in midrange D. knee in extension; hip in extension

knee flexed; hip extended

PTs will typically measure gait speed in which unit of measurement? Newtons mph kph m/s

m/s

Select ALL of the factors that affect torque: A. magnitude force B. location of force application C. direction (angle) of force application D. total surface of force application

magnitude force location of force application direction (angle) of force application

A large motor unit has _______ muscle fiber connections and the muscle it is part of typically has a relatively _______ number of motor units. A. few; large B. few; small C. many; large D. many; small

many; small

Which of the following statements about "tennis elbow" is correct? A. may involve the lateral collateral ligament, common extensor tendon, and extensor carpi radialis brevis B. may involve the lateral collateral ligament, annular ligament, and extensor carpi radialis longus C. may involve the medial collateral ligament, pronator teres, and flexor carpi radialis D. may involve the medial collateral ligament, flexor tendon, and flexor carpi radialis

may involve the lateral collateral ligament, common extensor tendon, and extensor carpi radialis brevis

Valgus stress at the elbow is resisted by the: A. lateral/radial collateral ligament B. lateral/ulnar collateral ligament C. medial/radial collateral ligament D. medial/ulnar collateral ligament

medial/ulnar collateral ligament

The perpendicular distance between an applied force and the axis of rotation is called: A. torque B. moment arm C. instantaneous axis of rotation D. muscle tendon unit

moment arm

"Ball and socket," "saddle," and "hinge" joints are _____, _____, and _____, respectively. A. biaxial, multiaxial, and uniaxial B. multiaxial, biaxial, and uniaxial C. multiaxial, uniaxial, and biaxial D. uniaxial, multiaxial, and biaxial

multiaxial, biaxial, and uniaxial

The soleus and subscapularis are examples of which type of muscle arrangement? fusiform unipennate bipennate multipennate

multipennate

The thick filament portion of a myofilament is composed primarily of myosin endomysium actin ATP

myosin

The thick filament portion of a myofilament is composed primarily of: A. actin B. myosin C. sarcosine D. tropomyosin

myosin

The thin filament is composed of all of the following EXCEPT: A. troponin B. myosin C. tropomyosin D. actin

myosin

When non-contractile tissues are most likely responsible for load distribution between the radius and ulna during forearm distraction and compression, respectively? A. oblique ligament; annular ligament B. interosseous membrane; oblique ligament C. oblique ligament; interosseous membrane D. brachioradialis; interosseous membrane

oblique ligament; interosseous membrane

Fibroblasts that specialize to create bone are called: A. chondroblasts B. osteoclasts C. osteoblasts D. tenoblasts

osteoblasts

Which structure is an example of a connective tissue cell? A. elastin B. collagen C. water D. osteocyte

osteocyte

The motion performed is the ____ motion of shoulder flexion. This occurs in the ____ plane around the x-axis. osteokinematic; sagittal arthrokinematic; sagittal osteokinematic; frontal arthrokinematic; transverse

osteokinematic; sagittal

The joint range of motion measured with goniometry refers to the joints: A. arthrokinematics B. osteokinematics C. slide

osteokinematics

An individual has weakness when going into shoulder external rotation. To differentiate which of the rotator cuff muscles are involved, you resist shoulder abduction and adduction. Which of the following statements would be true? A. pain with abduction incriminates the infraspinatus B. pain with abduction incriminates the subscapularis C. pain with adduction incriminates the teres minor D. pain with adduction incriminates the supraspinatus

pain with adduction incriminates the teres minor

When under excessive passive tension, what muscle limits scapular upward rotation, posterior tilting, and external rotation? A. anterior deltoid B. pectoralis major C. pectoralis minor D. posterior deltoid

pectoralis minor

external moment arm

perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force

A large force that causes an increase in the length of a ligament suggests that the load-deformation curve reached the _______ region. A. toe B. elastic C. plastic D. compression

plastic

Arthrokinematics of the right huumeroulnar (HU) joint during elbow extension? A. posterior roll and posterior glide of the ulna B. posterior roll and anterior glide of the ulna C. anterior roll and posterior glide of the ulna D. anterior roll and anterior glide of the ulna

posterior roll and posterior glide of the ulna

When turning a screwdriver in a clockwise direction with the right hand, the supinator is the ______ and the pronator teres is the ______. A. antagonist; prime mover B. antagonist; protagonist C. prime mover; antagonist D. protagonist; antagonist

prime mover; antagonist

The carrying angle of the elbow disappears when the elbow is: A. pronated in extension and supinated in flexion B. pronated in flexion and supinated in extension C. supinated in extension and pronated in extension D. supinated in flexion and pronated in flexion

pronated in extension and supinated in flexion

A structure that acts to redirect a force without changing its magnitude is called: A. tendon B. pulley C. axis D. moment arm

pulley

The two bones of the forearm are the: A. fibula and tibia B. humerus and tibia C. radius and ulna D. radius and humerus

radius and ulna

When performing forearm pronation, the osseous movement is: A. radius moving on fixed ulnar B. radius moving on fixed humerus C. ulna moving on fixed radius D. ulna moving on fixed humerus

radius moving on fixed ulnar

Which of the following activities involves a concentric muscle action? A. pectoralis muscle on the downphase of a push-up B. gastrocnemius muscle on the downphase of a "calf raise" C. biceps brachii muscle on the downphase of a pull-up D. rectus abdominus muscle during a "crunch"

rectus abdominus muscle during a "crunch"

A ligament that is very stiff: A. contains a lot of elastin B. has a flat slope on the load-deformation curve C. is very compliant D. requires a lot of force to deform the ligament

requires a lot of force to deform the ligament

Pull up would cause a ______ action of the biceps brachii muscle to occur. normal reverse

reverse

Motion that takes place around an axis is called: A. translation B. rotation C. planar D. linear

rotation

Most muscles pull a segment both perpendicular and parallel to the segment. This creates both _______ and ________, respectively. A. rotation; translation B. translation; rotation C. tension; compression D. internal force; external force

rotation; translation

Flexion/extension occur in which plane? A. frontal B. sagittal C. transverse

sagittal

The plane that splits the body into two symmetrical halves. A. frontal B. horizontal C. sagittal

sagittal

The cell membrane of the muscle is called: A. nucleus B. myofilament C. ATP D. sarcolemma

sarcolemma

Your patient completes a step-up onto a 4-inch step and returns to her start position. Which statement below provides the BEST description regarding her work and/or energy expenditure: A. in total, she performed positive work B. she did not perform any work C. she expended energy

she did not perform any work she expended energy

In closed kinetic chain, forearm pronation is associated with: A. shoulder abduction B. shoulder adduction C. shoulder external rotation D. shoulder internal rotation

shoulder external rotation

The position of active insufficiency of the biceps brachii is: A. shoulder flexion and elbow flexion B. shoulder extension and elbow flexion C. shoulder flexion and elbow extension

shoulder flexion and elbow flexion

Which of the following has the smallest base of support? A. single limb stance B. standing with a walker C. standing in tandem stance (heel to toe) D. sitting on a couch

single limb stance

Serial casting places a joint in a stretched position for approximately 2 weeks to increase the length of the tight tissue. Holding the joint at the elongated position is an example of: A. creep B. stress-relaxation C. hysteresis D. strain-rate sensitivity

stress-relaxation

When you move your forearm from a palm down to a palm up position, the movement is called: A. pronation B. radial deviation C. supination D. ulnar deviation

supination

The subacromial bursa is located between the acromion and the: A. biceps B. rhomboids C. pectoralis major D. supraspinatus

supraspinatus

Which of the following muscles is NOT attached to the coracoid process? A. coracobrachialis B. pectoralis minor C. short head of the biceps D. supraspinatus

supraspinatus

Viscoelastic structures exhibit all of the following features EXCEPT for: A. strain-rate sensitivity B. creep C. syndesmosis D. stress-relaxation

syndesmosis

A muscle pulling on its tendon represents a ________ force. A. tensile B. compressive C. shear D. minor

tensile

A force applied through the axis creates: A. tension B. rotation C. flexion D. abduction

tension

When a tissue is pulled on, it is subjected to: A. shear B. tension C. compression

tension

When a cross-bridge forms in a muscle: A. ATP is formed from ADP B. it forms permanently C. pain is felt D. tension is developed

tension is developed

Golgi tendon organs are a sensory receptor that responds to _______ and is considered a group _____ fiber. A. length; Ib B. length; II C. tension; Ia D. tension; Ib E. tension; II

tension; Ib

Which of the following is NOT a rotator cuff muscle? A. infraspinatus B. subscapularis C. supraspinatus D. teres major

teres major

Identify the muscle that is NOT an internal rotator of the shoulder. A. latissimus dorsi B. subscapularis C. teres major D. teres minor

teres minor

All of the following structures are found inferior to the acromion EXCEPT the: A. infraspinatus tendon B. subacromial bursa C. supraspinatus tendon D. teres minor tendon

teres minor tendon

In a joint's closed-packed position: A. the intra-articular pressure is lowest B. the articular surfaces are least congruent C. the connective tissue structures are tightest D. the joint is usually in midrange of its ROM

the connective tissue structures are tightest

Holding a cup of water straight out in front of you means that: A. the force of gravity pulling the cup down is counteracted by the deltoid muscle B. the force of the deltoid pulling the cup down is counteracted by the force of gravity C. the force of gravity and the force from the deltoid are working to support the cup D. gravity is not acting on the cup

the force of gravity pulling the cup down is counteracted by the deltoid muscle

synovial membrane

the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

joint cavity

the space between two connecting bones filled with synovial fluid

A PT is conducting a kinesiology review of the elbow. Which of the following is correct? A. the humeroulnar joint is considered to have 2 degrees of freedom B. there is generally a greater amount of trochlear contact with CKC activities as compared to OKC activities C. the MCL resists varus forces at the elbow D. a "sidearm" throwing style typically reduces the valgus load at the elbow

there is generally a greater amount of trochlear contact with CKC activities as compared to OKC activities

All of the following are true about the muscle fibers within a pennate muscle EXCEPT: A. they represent a parallel force system B. they are an internal force C. they are an external force D. they have the potential to produce joint torque

they are an external force

Most muscles have a short moment arm. What is the advantage of this? A. they can produce large torque B. they can go through a larger range of motion with less shortening C. they can hypertrophy easier D. they can stretch more

they can go through a larger range of motion with less shortening

The ______filament generates tension, and the ______ filament regulates tension. A. thick; thin B. thick; thick C. thin; thick D. thick; titan E. thin; titan

thick; thin

Most of the muscles in the human body work as: A. first class levers B. second class levers C. third class levers

third class levers

Taking up the slack on a tissue occurs in the: A. toe region B. elastic region C. plastic region

toe region

Which of the following muscles does not contribute to elbow flexion? A. biceps brachii B. brachialis C. brachioradialis D. triceps brachii

triceps brachii

A closed packed positon of a joint commonly refers to the position of greatest joint congruence

true

Based on the convex-concave rule: if a convex surface moves on a stable concave surface, it glides in the opposite direction as the moving body segment (lever)

true

each skeletal muscle in the body is a combination of Type 1, 2A, and 2X muscle fibers.

true

When muscle fibers are arranged obliquely to the muscle's long axis, the muscle is considered: A. parallel B. unipennate C. multipennate

unipennate

Which of the following create a force couple for upward rotation of the scapula? A. lower trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboids, and serratus anterior B. middle trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and rhomboids C. upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and rhomboids D. upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior

upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior

When the inferior angle of the scapula moves in the superior and lateral direction, the motion is called: A. depression B. protraction C. retraction D. upward rotation

upward rotation

Which of the following is an example of an internal force? A. gravity B. floor supporting the feet C. chair supporting the buttocks D. vastus lateralis contraction

vastus lateralis contraction

What muscle groups attach to the medial epicondyle of the elbow? A. wrist extensors and forearm pronators B. wrist extensors and forearm supinators C. wrist flexors and forearm pronators D. wrist flexors and forearm supinators

wrist flexors and forearm pronators