Exam 1 Revel

Lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, Lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, Lisa panics at first but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. Her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of

latent learning

Bandura's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as?

learning/performance distiction

In a ______ study, the participants do not know if they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group.

single-blind

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Angelica has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is not only afraid of the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of

stimulus generalization

Would be active if you have just had an automobile accident?

sympathetic division

Which brain structure allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others?

reticular formation

Which perspective focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics?

evolutionary

Which technique analyzes blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain?

fMRI

Which would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness?

+0.01

Cindy had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

Cindy will probably get nauseated next time she eats cheesy tacos

If you were suffering from neurological problems and your neurologist wanted to have a study done of your brain and its electrical functioning, which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?

EEG

Which theory is commonly referred to as the "aha!" phenomenon?

Kohler's insight theory

Who was the first woman to complete the coursework for a doctorate at Harvard University?

Mary Whiton Calkins

You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What's more, your friends don't seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she holds up your lunch box and repeats, " You know, your tree limb." Your predicament in your dream is most like which of the aphasia disorders?

Wernicke's aphasia

Which early psychologist was the first to try to bring objectivity and measurement to the concept of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

Which early psychologists would have been most likely to agree with the statement, "The study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life"?

William James

What is the main advantage of a survey?

a large amount of data can be gathered

Tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. Such an approach is an example of

a token economy

The neurons of the sensory pathway contain

afferent neurons

The venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n)______by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine

agonist

If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?

amygdala

Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently. What is this an example of?

applied behavior analysis

What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?

attention, memory, imitation, desire

Which of the following is an ethical consideration when using animals in research?

avoiding exposing them to unnecessary pain

Which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells?

axon

Wesley has learned that if he cries with his mother in public, she will often get him a new toy or a piece of candy so as to quiet him. Which of the following perspectives explains Wesley's behavior?

behavioral

Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness?

behaviorism

Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?

biopsychological

As a young child, Tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider. What is this an example of?

classical conditioning

Michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus

What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the "rind" or outer covering?

cortex

Dr. White noticed something odd happening to the behavior of his students as midterm exams neared. He decided to take notes about this behavior to find out exactly what was happening and the circumstances surrounding the behavior. His goal is clearly

description

Dr. Roll is conducting a research study. She wants to measure the physical connectivity in the research participants' brains by imaging their white matter. Which of the following methods will she use?

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

To a dog, _____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

dog food; a Frisbee

Which technique involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structures without damaging them?

electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)

Is associated with pain relief

endorphins

T or F. Adults are not negatively affected by viewing or playing violent media

false

Which is NOT a function of glial cells?

generating action potentials

In Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats

had already learned the maze in the first 9 days

Leticia wanted to help her father prepare breakfast. She had watched him crack eggs into a bowl many times, paying careful attention to how he did it. But when she went to crack her own eggs, they smashed into many pieces. Which of the following elements of observational learning was Leticia's problem?

imitation

In the definition of psychology, mental processes means

internal, covert processes

Yvonne's ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the _____ pathway of the _______ nervous system.

motor;somatic

Edgar cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So Edgar decides to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up to nearly 3 a.m., he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Edgar will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. Such behavior is an example of

negative reinforcement

When a neuron's resting potential is occurring, the neuron is ______ charged on the inside

negatively

What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?

neroplasticity

You develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment.

observer bias

In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex?

occipital

Your friend Melissa has suffered from diabetes for her entire life. She regularly tests her blood to make sure her sugar levels are not too high or low. Which gland in her endocrine system is responsible for regulating her blood sugar?

pancreas

Which gland(s) have the greatest influence over other components of the endocrine system?

pituitary

Rescorla found that the CS must _______ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

predict

Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a client's early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self?

psycho-dynamic

Which professional in psychology has a doctoral degree but is not in medicine?

psychologist

Little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on the top of the refrigerator. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline did she use?

punishment by removal

Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the

synapse

Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?

thalamus

In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep 8 hours while another group is made to stay awake. In this experiment, the control group is

the group that gets sleep

Although oxytocin has been tied to a variety of prosocial behaviors such as "love" and "trust", some researchers believe that in humans, it may actually work to increase ___________.

the importance of some social stimuli

If you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientists call

the reflex arc

What happens when the results of a study create an undesirable outcome for the participant?

the researcher must find some way of helping the participant deal with the negative impact

What is the first guideline for doing research with people?

the rights and well-being of the participants must come first

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus was

the white rat

Andrew has always been thin. In fact, he often seems to be able to eat whatever he wants without gaining weight. The doctor told his parents that Andrew's ______ gland is the cause of his fast metabolism.

thyroid

T or F. Prosocial behavior can be positively influenced by the viewing/playing of prosocial media.

true

T or F. There is a strong link between viewing violent media and an increase in aggressive behavior among young people.

true

T or F. Young people spend more than 7 hours a day viewing various forms of media.

true

If Dr. Swasey is like most psychologists, where does she probably work?

university/college

Joe owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done for them. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?

variable interval

Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher level region of the brain known as the __________ which helps subjects determine what is controllable.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

What is the biggest reason we use animals in research?

we can do things to animals we can't do to people