Exam 1 Review

How do addressable technologies affect audience unity?

They make audiences increasingly fragmented.

By the mid-1700s, printing and libraries of information were among the engines driving the ______ Revolution.

Industrial

New technologies that have changed the way we interact with mass media have caused a great deal of turmoil for the established media industries.

True

How is Schramm's Mass Communication Model different from the Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication?

Unlike the interpersonal model, the mass communications model offers many identical messages. The new model also specifies "feedback" . Things are not nearly as simple in mass communications.

Gutenberg's contribution to mass communication

With the spread of printing, written communication was available to a much larger portion of the population, and the need for literacy among the lower and middle classes grew. More material from various sources was published, and people were freer to read what they wanted when they wanted. New understandings of the existing world flourished (cross-pollination of ideas)

metaethics

a culture's fundamental values

genre

a form of media content with a standardized, distinctive style and conventions

oligopoly

a media system whose operation is dominated by a few large companies; a concentration of media industries into an ever smaller number of companies

mass medium

a medium that carries messages to a large number of people ex: radio, television, books, magazines, newspapers, movies, sound recordings, and computer networks

basic communication process according to Laswell

a source sends a message, through a medium, to a receiver, producing some effect

Valentine v. Christensen (1942)

ad content- advertising, or commercial speech, enjoys 1st Amendment protection; just because expression was commercial did not necessarily mean it was unprotected

narrowcasting

aiming broadcast programming at smaller, more demographically homogeneous audiences

niche marketing

aiming media content or consumer products at smaller, more demographically homogeneous audiences

targeting

aiming media content or consumer products at smaller, more specific audiences

normative theory

an idea that explains how media should ideally operate in a given system of social values

meme

an online idea or image that is repeatedly copied, manipulated, and shared

music licensing company

an organization that collects fees based on recorded music users' gross receipts and distributes the money to songwriters and artists

noise

anything that interferes with successful communication ex: biases

Which of the following refers to the process by which the audience becomes less of a mass audience and its individual segments become more narrowly defined?

audience fragmentation

appointment consumption

audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor ex: your fav tv show at 9:00 p.m. on Tuesdays

audience fragmentation

audiences for specific media content becoming smaller and increasingly homogeneous; individual segments of the audience are becoming more narrowly defined; the audience itself is less of a mass audience

Print helped foster the Industrial Revolution

because it helped build and disseminate bodies of knowledge that led to scientific and technological development and the refinement of new machines.

Miller v. State of California (1973)

brought forth the test for obscenity that holds today; the issue: what is patently offensive to one person may be quite acceptable for others.

The major challenge facing media industries today is that of

capturing a mass audience that has become fragmented.

Culture is constructed and maintained through

communication

In its simplest form, ______ is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver.

communication

interpersonal communication

communication between two or a few people

news deserts

communities starved for news vital to their existences due to a lack of journalistic resources

When Dan Rather stated that "The larger the entities that own and control the news operations, the more distant they become," he was alluding to the idea that

conglomeration has made news outlets more responsible to the profit motive than to news reporting.

We can think of mass communication as a giant courtroom where, as a people, we discuss and debate our culture—what it is and what we want it to be. This view sees mass communication as a

cultural forum

In general, the courts have ruled that the FCC should be able to

decide if broadcasters are serving the public interest.

Osgood-Schramm Model

demonstrates the ongoing and reciprocal nature of the communication process, all participants are "interpreters", no source, no receiver, and no feedback

Time, Inc v. Hill (1967)

entertainment content- the 1st Amendment grants the same protection to entertainment content as it does to nonentertainment content

pornography

expression calculated solely to supply sexual excitement; protected by the 1st Amendment

Today's top-rated TV show draws how many television viewers compared to Cheers, the top-rated program in 1990?

fewer

The application of media ethics involves which of the following?

finding the most morally defensible answer to a problem

As the characteristics of media consumption have changed, media industries are adjusting to be able to cater to an audience that is

fragmented into a great number of niches.

normative ethics

generalized theories, rules, and principles of ethical or moral behavior ex: how far a reporter must go to ensure fairness

Mass communication can be considered similar to a

giant courtroom in which our culture is discussed and debated

taste publics

groups of people or audiences bound by little more than their interest in a given form of media content

platform agnostic

having no preference where media content is accessed

editorial policy

identify company positions on specific issues

copyright

identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression to protect the creators' financial interest in it

moral agent

in an ethical dilemma, the person making the decision

indecency

in broadcasting, language or material that depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way offensive to contemporary community standards (guilty until proven innocent if accused)

public domain

in copyright law, the use of material without permission once the copyright expires

ad hoc balancing of interests

in individual First Amendment cases, several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted; less-than-absolutist

conventions

in media content, certain distinctive, standardized style elements of individual genres

mass communication feedback

in the mass com process, feedback is typically indirect and inferential; typically comes too late to enable corrections or alterations in failed communication

hypercommercialism

increasing the amount of advertising and mixing commercial and noncommercial media content

Code of Ethics

industry professional codes of conducts that help with decision making

decoding

interpreting sign/symbol systems

According to critics of technological determinism, technology is ______ economic and cultural change.

just one of the many factors that shape

shield law

legislation that expressly protects reporters' rights to maintain sources' confidentiality in courts of law, or court precedent upholding that right; not in place in federal courts

The Gutenberg revolution, which caused printing to become widespread, also had a direct impact on the spread of

literacy, education, and ideas

Alien and Sedition Acts

made it illegal to print criticism of government or its leaders

Johannes Gutenberg changed the world forever when, in or around 1446, he invented

movable metal type

Critics of technological determinism maintain that technology is ______, and that what really matters is how humans ______ technology.

neutral; use

social responsibility theory

normative theory asserting that media must remain free of government control but, in exchange, must serve the public

The concentration of control of the media industries into ever-smaller numbers of companies is

oligopoly

concentration of ownership

ownership of different and numerous media companies concentrated in fewer and fewer hands.

globalization

ownership of media companies by multinational corporations

Libertarianism

philosophy of the press asserting that good and rational people can tell right from wrong if presented with full and free access to information; therefore, censorship is unnecessary

pornography v.s obscenity

pornography is sexually explicit until a court rules it illegal; then it becomes obscene and unprotected.

prior restraint

power of the government to prevent publication or broadcast of expression

digital rights management (DRM)

protection of digitally distributed intellectual property

access journalism

reporters acting deferentially toward news sources in order to ensure continued access

ascertainment

requires broadcasters to ascertain or actively and affirmatively determine the nature of their audiences' interest, convenience, and necessity; no longer enforced

ethics

rules of behavior or moral principles that guide actions in given situations

who?

says what? through which channel? to whom? with what effect?

Roth v. United States (1957)

sex and obscenity were not synonymous, a obscenity was seen as unprotected expression.

One problem with Lasswell's simple model of communication is that it fails to account for the fact that there must be a(n) ______ of meaning in order for communication to take place.

sharing

media multitasking

simultaneously consuming many different kinds of media

day-and-date release

simultaneously releasing a movie to the public in some combination of theater, cable, DVD, and download

When a media company has content that it can use across a number of its different holdings, this is

synergy

Groups of demographically targeted people who share an interest in a specific form of media content are called

taste publics

zonecasting

technology allowing radio stations to deliver different commercials to specific neighborhoods

Chandler v. Florida (1981)

television cameras in the courtroom were not inherently damaging to fairness. Today, all 50 states allow cameras in some courts—47 permit them in trial courts—and the U.S. Congress periodically debates opening federal courts, including the Supreme Court, to cameras.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

the 1st Amendment is "among the fundamental personal rights and 'liberties' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states". Given this, "Congress shall make no law" should be interpreted as "government agencies shall make no law." Today, "no law" includes statutes, laws, administrative regulations, executive and court orders, and ordinances from government, regardless of locale.

consumption of demand

the ability to access any content, anytime, anywhere

applied ethics

the application of metaethics and normative ethics to very specific situations

third-person effect

the common attitude that others are influenced by media messages, but we are not

"Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed" is

the cultural definition of communication

abridgment

the curtailing of rights

convergence

the erosion of traditional distinctions among media

social responsibility

the ethical environment in which media professionals must work as they strive to fulfill their socially responsible obligations.

libel

the false or malicious publication of material that damages a person's reputation

self-righting principle

the free flow or trade of ideas, even bad or uncomfortable ones, will inevitably produce the truth because a rational and good public will correct, or right, any errors; introduced by John Milton

technological determinism

the idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change

hostile media effect

the idea that people see media coverage of important topics of interest as less sympathetic to their position, more sympathetic to the opposing position, and generally hostile to their point of view regardless of the quality of the coverage

conglomeration

the increase in the ownership of media outlets by non media companies

product placement

the integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content

Today, how long does copyright remain with creators of media?

the life of creator plus 70 years

medium

the means by which messages are carried

platform

the means of delivering a specific piece of media content

slander

the oral or spoken defamation of a person's character

communication

the process of creating shared meaning

feedback

the response to a given communication

actual malice

the standard for libel in coverage of public figures consisting of "knowledge of its falsity" or "reckless disregard" for whether or not it is true

confirmation bias

the tendency to accept information that confirms one's beliefs and dismiss information that does not

synergy

the use by media conglomerates of as many channels of delivery as possible for similar content

culture

the world made meaningful; it is socially constructed and maintained through communication.

encoding

transforming ideas into an understandable sign/symbol system

obscenity

unprotected expression determined by (1) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; (2) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (3) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

embedding

war correspondents exchanging control of their output for access to the front (reporters accepting military control over their reporting in exchange for close contact with the troops)

brand entertainment

when commercials are part of and essential to a piece of media content

First Amendment

"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press."

distinction between slander and libel

"published defamation, whether it is in a newspaper, on radio or television, in the movies, or whatever, is regarded since the 1990s as libel. And libel rules apply"

free press (1st amendment) v.s. free trial (6th amendment)

Irvin v. Dowd (1961) - the Court reversed the death sentence conviction of accused killer Leslie Irvin because his right to a fair trial had been hampered by extremely prejudicial press coverage; 370 out of 430 potential jurors already thought he was guilty due to pretrial publicity

Which of the following best describes the Fairness Doctrine?

It required broadcasters to fairly cover issues that are important to the public.

Which of following best describes Canon 35

It was a rule that prohibited cameras and radio broadcasting of trials.

Which of the following statements about cameras in the courtroom today are true?

-Cameras are prohibited in federal trials. -All 50 states allow cameras in some courts.

Which of the following statements about culture are correct?

-Culture provides us with guidelines for how to behave in specific situations. -Cultural traditions and values can be seen as patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. -Culture limits our options by equipping us with knowledge of what is the "right" and "wrong" way to respond to a situation.

Which of the following were decided in the 1925 U.S. Supreme Court case Gitlow v. New York?

-Government agencies can make no law regarding free expression. -The First Amendment is protected from state governments by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following are true of Gutenberg's invention of movable metal type?

-Gutenberg's invention allowed mass communication. -Prior to Gutenberg's invention, literacy had been reserved for the elites.

Which of the following statements about social responsibility theory are true?

-It believes that both the media and audiences have an obligation to use media responsibly. -It recognizes the need for some form of control on the media.

Which of the following are general concerns when large, multinational conglomerates make the majority of media acquisitions?

-Local media industries and local cultures will be overwhelmed by the programs of large, multinational conglomerates. -With an eye toward an expanding worldwide market, media companies may tailor their content to the widest possible global audience. -Foreign corporations may try to influence media content to suit their own purposes.

Which of the following statements about cultural traditions and values are correct?

-Not everything that a culture teaches is helpful, and sometimes it can be downright harmful. -Thanks to these traditions and values, we know that it would usually be inappropriate to tell jokes at a funeral. -Depending on the situation, cultural traditions and values can either liberate or limit us.

In what ways is the concentration of ownership of media companies a disaster for democracy, according to Senator Bernie Sanders?

-Owners do not feel bound to the idea of providing diverse opinions on an issue. -The function of media companies that control the news has become to make as much money as they possibly can. -Major media conglomerates are not focused on educating the American people.

Which of the following explain the current state of hypercommercialism?

-Reaching fragmented audiences is more costly than reaching mass audiences. -Media conglomerates need to find ways to pay for large media acquisitions.

Which of the following statements are true about a television network's products and customers?

-The television network sells its programs as a product to its audience. -The television network sells its audience as a product to advertisers.

Which of the following statements about the impact of media are accurate?

-We may respond to media on an emotional or intellectual basis, or both. -Media both delight and annoy. -Media are so all-pervasive in our lives that we often fail to notice their presence.

Which of the following are examples of mixing genre conventions?

-a film that employs fictional elements while presenting itself as a documentary -a show that focuses on celebrity gossip presenting itself as a serious news program -a TV show that's really one long commercial for its sponsor

Which of the following fall under First Amendment protection?

-advertising -television -violence in movies

Which of the following have fueled media convergence?

-high-speed connectivity -the digitization of information -continual advancement in technology

Which of the following are types of formal controls, external to the industry, aimed at ensuring media professionals operate in an ethical manner?

-laws and regulations -codes defining permissible content

Which of the following are among the informal controls, external to the industry, aimed at ensuring media professionals operate in an ethical manner?

-pressure groups -advertisers -consumers

As our cultural storytellers, the mass media have a responsibility to tell their stories in the most ______ manner possible.

-professional -ethical

When a receiver gives feedback to a source,

-the receiver now becomes the source -the source now becomes the receiver

libel and slander tests

1. Truth (protected) 2. Privilege (protected) -press cannot be deterred from covering these important news events for fear that a speaker's or witness's comments will open it to claims 3. fair comment (protected) -the press has the right to express opinions or comment on public issues.

Which of the following explains why the media literacy skill of having a knowledge of genre conventions and the ability to recognize when they are being mixed is important?

Knowledge of genre conventions direct our meaning making.

How has concentration of ownership of media companies impacted the information that is available to consumers?

Media mergers have limited the range of information available to consumers.

Which of the following influenced the American Bar Association to adopt Canon 35?

Newspaper photographers intruded on the 1935 trial of Bruno Hauptmann.

Why is it that people rarely question their own role in the mass communication process?

People participate almost without conscious effort.

Gutenberg's contribution to the Industrial Revolution

Print was responsible for building and disseminating bodies of knowledge, leading to scientific and technological developments and the refinement of new machines. Leisure time.

Which of the following statements describes how cable copyright issues are currently handled?

Cable copyright issues are handled by several different arbitration panels under the Library of Congress.

financial conflict of interest

Should they accept speaking fees, consulting contracts, or other compensation from groups that may have a vested interest in issues they may someday have to cover?

cultural forum

TV reflects and comments on culture's hopes/dreams/values/conflicts

A reporter's commitment to equity is how well he or she affords the subjects in a story as much self-respect as possible.

False

From the beginning, newspapers have been an advertiser-supported medium.

False

The "day-and-date release" experiment has been largely unsuccessful, as it makes it seem like the producers already know the program will fail.

False

The general decline in revenues for the traditional media can be traced to overall declines in media consumption.

False

When media professionals are faced with ethical dilemmas, they are moral agents.

False

Which of the following best describes what happened when early newspaper publishers began selling advertising space based on their readership?

The newspapers were, in effect, selling their readers to their advertisers.

fair use

1. limited noncommercial use, such as photocopying a passage from a novel for classroom use 2. use of limited portions of a work, such as excerpting a few lines or a paragraph or two from a book for use in a magazine article 3. use that does not decrease the commercial value of the original, such as videotaping a daytime football game for private, at-home evening viewing 4. use in the public interest, such as Consumer Reports's use of pieces of drug company television commercials to highlight its media literacy efforts

The Fairness Doctrine was dissolved during the deregulation of broadcasting in what decade?

1980s

clear and present danger

1st Amendment rights are NOT protected in this case because the level of protection is one of degree; "the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent." - Oliver Wendell Holmes

What are the two biggest music licensing companies?

ASCAP and BMI

What is the difference between actual malice and libel?

Actual malice is intended to hurt a person, and libel is false or malicious published material that damages a person's reputation.