EXAM 1

At which point during prenatal development are the internal organs developed fully enough to allow the baby to survive outside the womb if born prematurely (age of viability)?

24 weeks

To examine the effectiveness of two types of interventions for anxiety, researchers randomly assigned participants to a 12-week course of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a 12-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program, or a waitlist control group. The researchers administered a standardized measure of anxiety to participants before and after the interventions or waitlist period. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

Anxiety

Why do most women choose to have general prenatal screening before deciding whether or not to have more invasive testing?

Because invasive testing such as amniocentesis and CVS procedures can increase the risk of miscarriage and fetal damage.

Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

This thick, nutrient-dense substance is produced during the first few days of breastfeeding, and helps a child build immunities.

Colostrum

Researchers conducted an experiment to study the effects of sleep training on sleep duration and quality. They randomly assigned some participants to a treatment condition where they received eight sessions of sleep enhancement training and some participants to a control condition where they did not receive the training. If the participants who received sleep enhancement training had better sleep duration and quality than the people who did not receive the training, then the researcher can conclude that the training works. What advantage of experimental research does this demonstrate?

Experimental research helps establish cause and effect relationships.

Which is the most compelling reason parents should introduce new solid foods to children one at a time?

Food allergies may present

Jonah, a 12-month-old, uses the shortened word, ba- to indicate he wants his bottle. What kind of speech does this shortened use of a word represent?

Holophrasic speech

Which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol during prenatal development?

It can lead to a spectrum of symptoms that include both physical and behavioral abnormalities.

Which of the following describes a difference between how monozygotic and dizygotic twins develop?

Monozygotic twins are the same sex, while dizygotic twins can be different sexes.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between sexes and twin type?

Monozygotic twins are the same sex, while dizygotic twins can be different sexes.

A theorist proposes that children learn language by observing and imitating their parents, who in turn reinforce the sounds and words their children produce. In the nature versus nurture debate, where does this theorist's proposal fit?

Nurture

In a study of empathy across young adulthood to older adulthood, researchers found a negative correlation (r= -.75) between empathy and age. How is this finding interpreted?

Older adults tended to have lower empathy scores than younger adults.

In this type of attachment, a child views the parent as a safe base from which to explore the world around themselves.

Secure

8-month-old Marvin cries when his father drops him off at daycare every day, even though they do this every day. What does Marvin display?

Separation anxiety

Lucy is an overprotective mother, constantly trying to keep her toddler out of potentially dangerous situations, like playing on the slide at the playground. What message does Lucy's overprotective tendency send her child, who is trying to establish autonomy?

Shame and doubt

In the nature/nurture debate, those on the "nature" side would argue:

That who we are is determined by our genetics.

In which of these scenarios is it more ideal for a mother to use formula than to breastfeed?

The mother has a transmittable disease, such as HIV.

Jeanie's infant turns his head toward a hand placed near his cheek. What does this head-turning behavior exemplify?

The rooting reflex

When researchers select participants for their studies in a random way to insure that all members have an equal chance of being selected, they are demonstrating which value of the scientific method?

The scientific method offers a systematic way to make comparisons and guard against bias.

What is the main goal of prenatal screening?

To detect problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus.

Petersen designed a correlational study to determine if time spent playing video games is related to obesity. What was the objective of this research?

To formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables.

The idea that children are resilient helps compensate for possible missteps or downright failures in caregiving early in life. If a baby is resilient and learns to believe the world is a safe place, which Eriksonian task has the child tackled?

Trust vs. mistrust

Many forms of communicable disease are preventable. Some immunities are transferred to children through the mother's breast milk. Immunities to other diseases are administered to children at medical appointments, in what form?

Vaccinations

A therapist advises a client who is struggling to feel motivated to complete schoolwork to watch a favorite TV show after finishing an assignment. This therapist is recommending that the client use ________.

a reinforcer

Which of the following is the most common reason for spontaneous abortions or miscarriages?

chromosomal abnormalities

When describing how difficult it is for her patients to quit smoking, a specialist in substance abuse medicine states, "Smoking is associated with so many things, like waking up in the morning, after a meal, on breaks at work, when getting home at work. When my patients try to quit, everything that was associated with smoking makes them crave a cigarette." The specialist is describing ________.

classical conditioning

Parents track the number of new words their toddler learns each day and are surprised by how many new words their child has learned at the end of one month. By charting their child's language development, these parents are showing an interest in the ________ of human development.

cognitive domain

A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

A research advisor tells a graduate student, "Now that you have developed hypotheses based on a theory, you can ________ to test your hypotheses."

conduct research

A team of researchers are interested in studying changes in parenting style over time, as children and parents grow older. One researcher states, "If we choose a ________, then it would be less time consuming and expensive. Another researcher comments, "If we choose that design, then we have measurements of parenting style for one point in time, and we can't be sure about changes with age over time." They are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of which research design? Question

cross-sectional research design

Which of the following pain relief methods is most common during birth?

epidural

Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Social cognitive theory (social learning theory) proposes that ________, whereas Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that ________.

learning is unique to each person; there are distinct stages of development

Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed ________.

object permanence

A store clerk witnesses the following exchange that she has seen numerous times between a parent and child who are regular customers. A child asks for a toy. The parent refuses to get it. The child throws a temper tantrum. The parent puts the toy in the shopping basket. The child stops crying. The store clerk thinks, "Behavior is controlled by its consequences," and is referring to ________.

operant conditioning

A counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with a client and asks questions to better understand the client's feelings, relationships, identity, and personality. This counselor is exploring the ________ of human development.

psychosocial domain

A researcher wants to understand parents' attitudes and opinions toward residential school programs for academically gifted students. This researcher would likely choose a ________ research method.

survey

Jacqueline just found out that she is pregnant. She is aware that exposure to harmful substances can damage her baby. During which period of prenatal development is the baby most vulnerable to damage if exposed to harmful substances?

the embryonic period

A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on ________.

unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties