Exam 1 (Units 1-5)

How do flagship species and the umbrella effect contribute to insect conservation?

"Flagship species are used to generate public support and funding for conservation goals beyond the needs of the specific species, it draws efforts and can effectively draw attention to conservation efforts..."

Describe complete metamorphosis and which insects represent this group.

(neopterous and holometabolous) ie. wasps, beesm fleasm beetles, moths and butterflies - are successful because the larval form is more specialized

zoraptera (pure without wings)

- angel insect - clear - food in rotting wood or sawdust - some are winged

hymenoptera

- bees, wasps - holo - membranous wing, 4 wings

coleoptera

- beetles - holo - chewing mouthparts

archaeognatha (ancient jaw)

- bristle tails - ametabolous - primitive jaw and short cerci - herbivores and nocturnal - wingless

lepidoptera

- butterflies - holo

blattodea (cockroach)

- cockroach and fleas - hemi - filiform antennae, chewing mouthparts - can be a pest - cursorial legs

protura

- conehead anamorphic - enlarged forelegs, eyeless, lack of antennae - feed on fungi and vegetable matter - 5 segmented legs

gryllobattodea (rock crawlers)

- cricket cockroach - hemi - filiform antennae - cold climate - wingless

odonata (toothed ones)

- damselflies, dragonflies - compound eyes - carnivorous

diplura

- diplunar - molts - 2 prong tail, 700 species, eyeless, 1 pair of antennae - feed on mites - 10 body segments, have cerci

megloptera

- dobson flies - holo - look like ugly dragonflies - large wings

dermaptera (skin wing)

- earwings - hemi - beaded antennae, pincher like cerci - scavengers - wingless are predators

embioptera (web spinner)

- filiform antennae - hemi - males are winged - build silk tunnels - spin silk with legs

siphonaptera

- fleas - holo - piercing sucking mouthparts - transmit disease - secondarily wingless

diptera

- flies - holo - hindwings - functional wings

orthoptera

- grasshopper, cricket and katydids - hemi - legs for jumping (saltatorial) - destructive to crops - have straight wing

mantodea (mantids)

- hemi - chewing mouthparts, triangular head - predaceous and carniverous - raptoral front legs

mantophasmatodea (mantid and phantom)

- hemi - looks like walking stick with legs - only in Africa

strepsiptera

- holo - parasite of insects - twisted wing parasites

neuroptera (nerve wing)

- lacewings, antlions, mantis flies - holo - predators - membranous with wings

psocodea (wingless louce)

- lice, book and bark lice - hemi - flatbody, ectoparasites can chew or suck - scavengers/ blood sucking - wingless

ephemeroptera (short lived)

- mayflies - hemi - vestigial mouthparts, have gills - acquatic and determine water quality - triangular wings

Subphylum Hexapoda

- protura - diplura - collembola

mecoptera

- scorpion flies - holo - scorpion-like tail - predators - twisted wing, hind wings only

zygentoma/thysanura

- silverfish and firebrats - ametabolous - silver scales, compound eyes, and caudal filaments - invades homes - wingless

raphidioptera

- snake flies - holo - predators

collembola

- springtails - anamorphic - 1 pair of antennae, no compound eyes, collophore for water management - decomposers - have a furcula for jumping

hemiptera (true bugs)

- stink bug, wheel bugs, chrinch bugs - hemi - scuttellum, piercing sucking mouthpart - predators, herbivores - half wing

plecoptera (folded wing)

- stoneflies - hemi - first to have flexicon, live in water - feed on algae - winged but stay near water

thysanoptera

- thrips - sucking mouthparts, black/clear - herbivores - wings have fringes on them

phasmatodea (phantom)

- walking sticks - hemi - chewing mouthparts, slender antennae - move with wind - can regenerate legs

Chelicerata

1. Arachnida (spiders, ticks) 2. Merostonata (horse-shoe crabs)

Arachnida

1. Araneae (spider) 2. Uropygi (whip-scorpion, has a slender nonvenomous whip) 3. Opiliones (harvestmen, extremely long legs and resemble spiders) 4. Scorpiones (scorpion, long venomous tail) 5. Acari (ticks and mites, blood sucking and disease transmitting) 6. Psuedo-scorpiones (psuedo-scorpiones, 2-8 mm, harmless and feed on pests)

Mandibulata

1. Crustacea - Class: Malacostraca - Distinguishing Characteristics: biramous appendages, two pair of antennae, periodic molting, 3 mouthparts, breather with gills - Example: Crabs 2. Myriapoda - Class (a): Chilopoda - Distinguishing Characteristics: nocturnal, one pair of legs per segment, antennae, jaw, carniverous - Example: centipede - Class (b): Diplopoda - Distinguishing Characteristics: two pairs of legs per segment, chewing mouthparts, detritivore - Example: millipede 3. Hexapoda - Class: Insecta - Distinguishing Characteristics: Exoskeleton of chitin, 3 body segments, 3 pairs of mouthparts, 1 pair of antennae, 3 pairs of legs, varied appendages - Example: Wasp

Classification System

1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Genus 6. Species

What layers make up the exoskeleton?

1. epicuticle 2. exocuticle 3. endocuticle 4. epidermis

Name and describe the four molting steps

1. epidermal cells secrete enzymes to break cuticles. 2. exoskeleton is recycled 3. epidermis secrete foundation for new cuticle 4. new cuticle builds upon itself

Advantages of having an exoskeleton

1. protect 2. retardation of water movement 3. protection from physical damage 4. barrier 5. concealing colors and shapes

Disadvantages of having an exoskeleton

1. special change for gas exchange and sensory pick up 2. major restriction of growth

Decapoda

8 pairs of thoracic appendages, 5 pairs of appendages, 3 pairs of mouthparts

Why are insects considered to be "Key" terrestrial animals?

90% of all species are insects, they are mobile and can reach other habitats easily, co-evolve with plants,

What are some advantages wings and flights provide?

Ability to get more food sources

Why can muscles in insects be used so efficiently and what exactly is an exoskeleton?

An exoskeleton is a rigid external covering for the body in arthropods, which provides both support and protection for muscles.

Kingdoms

Animal, Plant, Protozoa, Chromista, Archezoa, Rhizaria, Excavata, Chromeveola and Fungus

Distinguish apolysis from ecdysis

Apolysis: outer cuticle separates from epidermal cells Ecdysis: Insect leaves old cuticle and enters new one

Which phylum do insects, crabs and spiders belong to?

Arthropoda

Which age is referred to as the "Age of Cockroaches"?

At the end of the apocalypse, only cockroaches will be left.

How are the subphyla divided?

Based off of the mouth parts

Who is the father of Classification?

Carolus Linnaes is the father of classification and created binomial nomenclature.

Which layer is waterproof? What makes it waterproof?

Epicuticle, lipid bilayer

What distinguishes arthropod from other phylum?

Exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, one pair of appendages per segment, appendages for feeding, ventral cord and dorsal brain

gastric caeca

Gastric caeca are finger-like projections of the digestive tract Gastric caeca increase the surface area in the digestive tract, thus increasing digestive enzyme secretion and nutrient absorption.

meroistic ovary

In the polytrophic meroistic ovary, the nurse cells and oocytes alternate along the length of the ovariole. In the telotrophic meroistic ovary, the nurse cells are restricted to the germarium and are connected to oocytes in early stages of their development by cytoplasmic processes called nutritive chords

How have insects contributed to our understanding of broader biological principles?

Insects are used as environmental indicators, for archeological and anthropological purposes, for forensics, medicine, and research.

What are two crustacean orders discussed in this unit?

Isopoda and decapoda

What would an (L) mean after a species name?

It was discovered by Linnaeus.

What are some factors that affect conservation status and conservation programs?

Lack of funding, lack of understanding the importance of a species, habitat loss.

Arthropod subphyla

Mandibulata, chelicerata, trilobata, crustacea, myriapoda and hexopoda

List the variety of insects used as food. What animals eat insects?

Many Asian and African countries have made insects a delicacy. Humans and other carnivorous animals eat insects.

How does classification help us identify an organism?

Naming

What observations did you make from the Arthropod Activity?

Open circulatory system, dorsal heart, molts, segmented body, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, ventral nerve cord

lateral oviduct

Paired canals of the female system, leading from ovaries, frequently mesodermal, and joining the common (median) oviduct.

Where do insects live and what are some of their food habitats?

Terrestrial or aquatic in various biomes.

Explain the difference between the direct flight musculature found in dragonflies and the indirect musculature found in mayflies and other winged insects.

The direct flight mechanism is more primitive and is found in evolutionary older species. In the indirect flight mechanism, the flight muscles invest their energy into deforming the insects thorax which allows it to move up and down.

midgut

The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop

deuterotoky

The production of both male and female offspring by parthenogenesis.

Describe the range of ways insects contribute to commerce.

They can destroy or help grow crops, they can damage or kill livestock, supply natural products, regulate population densities of many pests, dispose of waste, bury the dead and recycle organic nutrients.

Why did wings evolve?

To gain access to food on land.

Describe the different reasons insects may be cultured.

To produce technology or data for research studies.

Name some the insects and their roles that are or were important in other cultures.

Used a food around the world, used in medicine (grasshoppers treat the liver), drosophila used to study science, caterpillars produce silk in Asia, Japan used insects in war, beetles worshiped in Egypt...

homeoplasty

a character that is shared by multiple species due to a cause other than common ancestry

apormorphy

a derived state

ovary

a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair.

triungulin

a larva that is the first larval stage of various hypermetamorphic beetles (as oil beetles and blister beetles), is active and of the campodeiform type but during later development becomes legless and parasitic, and in the best-known forms feeds on eggs of bees, wasps, or locusts

spermatheca

a receptacle in which sperm is stored after mating.

malphigian tubules

a tubular excretory organ, numbers of which open into the gut in insects and some other arthropods.

What is another name for an imago?

adult insect after metamorphosis

What is the function of spiracles?

air enter through them

pterygote

all winged insects

Types of metamorphosis

ametabolous, hemimetabolous, holometabolous

plesiomorphy

ancestral

Paleopterous

ancient of old wings. - have an old wing that only moves straight up.

Hox genes

are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the cranio-caudal (head-tail) axis.

scarabaeiform

are larvae that are grub shaped and their bodies are curled to form a shape like the letter C

Taxonomy

basic work of recognizing, describing, naming and classifying; also, a modern system used to classify all living things.

why is insect blood not red?

body fluid

Why don't have insects have lungs?

body size limits them from having this

trichoptera

caddisfly

describe the immune response of insects

cellular and systemic response

What is the lining made of?

chitin and protein

What is the exocuticle made of? How do these two compound interact?

chitin-protein microfibers which are linked

testes

component of the male reproductive system that produces sperm

Where is Juvenile Hormone secreted?

corpora allata

Which layer makes up the integument?

cuticle and epidermis

seminal vesicle

each of a pair of glands that open into the vas deferens near its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen.

Which one formed to the hindgut?

ectoderm

Holometabolous

egg, larva, pupae, adult ex. mosquito

Which layer of the exoskeleton is flexible but still contains protein and chitin?

endocuticle

Which embryonic layer formed the midgut?

endoderm

Which layer is cellular?

epidermis

viviparity

etention and growth of the fertilized egg within the maternal body until the young animal, as a larva or newborn, is capable of independent existence. The growing embryo derives continuous nourishment from the mother, usually through a placenta or similar structure. This is the case in most mammals, many reptiles, and a few lower organisms. A more primitive condition, known as ovoviviparity and found in certain snakes, is the simple retention of the egg until it hatches. In this case the embryo derives food from the yolk present in the egg and is not dependent on the mother except for physical protection.

Molting Process

formation of new cuticle of greater surface area

panoistic ovary

found in insects belonging to the more primitive orders (Archeognatha, Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Phasmida, Orthoptera, and Dictyoptera)

Ametabolous

hatches an egg, continuously molts until a juvenile age ex. thysanura

quiescence

in a state or period of inactivity or dormancy.

ovoviviparity

in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.

Cephalathorax

includes the head, thorax and abdomen (opisthosoma)

arrhenotoky

is a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males.

adeagus

is a reproductive organ of male arthropods through which they secrete sperm from the testes during copulation with a female insect. Very loosely, it can be thought of as the insect equivalent of a mammal's penis, though the matter is actually quite more complex.

Explain the haploid/diploid sex determination system.

is a sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.[1] Haplodiploidy is sometimes called arrhenotoky.

hypermatamorphosis

is a term used in entomology that refers to a class of variants of holometabolism, that is to say, complete insect metamorphosis, but where some larval instars are distinct from each other

crop

is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion.

thelytoky

is a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs, as for example in aphids.

ejaculatory duct

is about two centimeters in length and is created when the seminal vesicle's duct merges with the vas deferens. At this point, these ducts travel through the prostate and, at its far end, drain into the colliculus seminalis's urethra.

ovarioles

is one of the tubes of which the ovaries of most insects are composed. Typically an insect will have two ovaries. The constituent ovarioles lead to two oviducts, which converge into a single oviduct.

eruciform

is the entomological term describing a certain class of shapes of insect larvae.

Polyphenism

is the phenomenon where two or more distinct phenotypes are produced by the same genotype

pedogenesis

is the process of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history.

esophagus

is the tube that carries food, liquids and saliva from your mouth to the stomach

malphigian tubules are most similar to what human organ

kidney

colon

large intestine

elateriform

larvae (usually of beetles) that are worm-like in shape

hemipneustic

less than 9 spiracles

What is the epicuticle made of?

lipids and polyphenols

What is the function of taenidia?

maintain flexibility without collapsing for tracheal system

salivary gland

makes saliva

Explain three methods of color production.

mimicry, chemicals

Hemimetabolous

mold into nymphs and then eventually an adult ex. exopterigots

Why is the growth of an insect saltatory?

molts to next phase of development

Neopterous

new wing ex. crickets, cockroaches, preying mantis - wings can be tucked - animals can crawl into small spaces

apneustic

no spiracles, but use diffusion

Insects are best preserved in amber. How can the abundance of only amber fossils and the other fossil types bias the fossil records?

only shows the remains of insects that lived in a specific environment, therefore, decreasing species richness.

The evolution of what other organisms contributed most to the evolution of insects.

plants

What is the function of JH in larval stage?

prevents premature growth

accessory gland

produce products that mix with the sperm to protect and preserve them.

Oviparity

producing eggs that mature and hatch after being expelled from the body, as birds, most reptiles and fishes, and the monotremes.

bivoltine

producing two broods in a season —used especially of silkworms. 2 of insects : having two generations a year, a summer generation without diapause and a winter generation with diapause

aestivation

prolonged torpor or dormancy of an animal during a hot or dry period.

Where is ecdysone secreted?

prothoracic glands

ostia

pumps blood

When JH levels drop, and the insect is ready to molt, what kind of cuticle is formed?

pupal exoskeleton

vermiform

resembling or having the form of a worm.

What characteristics contribute to their species richness?

resource availability

peritrophic membrane

s a film-like structure that separates food from midgut tissue, composed of chitin and proteins. It protects the epithelium against food abrasion and microrganisms and has other functions based on compartimentalization of enzymes.

Classification

scheme of categorizing organisms

What is the function of the basement membrane?

separates cells from blood

symplesiomorphy

shared ancestral trait

synapomorphy

shared derived state

univoltine

species is a species that has one brood of offspring per year

multivoltine

species is a species that has two or more broods of offspring per year

What is the advantage of using a scientific name over a common name of an organism?

specificity

How do you differentiate between a spider, insect and a crustacean?

spider has cephlothorax, crustacean is aquatic and has two pair of antennae

Instar

stage between 2 successive molts

What is the function of ecdysone?

stimulation of the excretion of molting fluid

What is its function in the adult stage?

stunt populations and prevent growth

holopneustic

terrestrial (10 spiracles)

Were the first insects aquatic or terrestrial?

terrestrial though they evolved from the aquatic crustacean

hibernation

the condition or period of an animal or plant spending the winter in a dormant state.

vas deferens

the duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.

rectum

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

pharynx

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

proventriculus

the narrow glandular first region of a bird's stomach between the crop and the gizzard. the thick-walled muscular expansion of the esophagus above the stomach of crustaceans and insects.

anus

the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body.

What is sclerotization?

the polymerization and cross bonding of chitin and protein to produce the hardest insect exoskeleton

Preoral cavity

the space between the lips anterior to the oral commissures.

Homology

the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure.

ileum

the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum.

oviduct

the tube through which an ovum or egg passes from an ovary.

how do apneustic insects draw oxygen into their bodies?

through dissolved oxygens

How does oxygens get to every cell in the insect body?

through spiracles and trachae

how does hemolymph move throughout the insect body?

through the dorsal vein

By what process does oxygen reach the cells of an insect?

through the tracheal system

diapause

undergo a period of suspended development.

campodeiform

used to describe the body shape of insect larvae that have well developed legs, antennae and a flattened body

what adaptations do aquatic insects have to gather oxygen?

utilizing oxygen from the water

aorta

vein

What body structure is the most common fossil of insects?

wings

Apterygote

without wings. ex. silverfish - do not have wings at all have egg, juvenile and adult stage

does hemolymph transport oxygen to cells?

yes