Exam 1

Positive activity model: perform positive activity =

benefit from increased well-being

Results from factor analysis suggested the existence of five factors as opposed to six virtues, which are known as the Rival 5-factor model, what are they?

strengths of restraint, intellectual strengths, interpersonal strengths, emotional strengths, and theological strengths.

In addition to finding your passions, Oakley also suggests

"broadening your passions" if you cannot find a pragmatic career path. Example: John broadened his passions to include a practical pursuit when he realized that his basketball passion is unlikely to take him to the NBA.

the VIA was originally developed with what two purposes in mind

1 as a way to assess a positive youth development program; and 2 to define the concept of "strength."

What are the three main models used to classify character strengths?

1. Gallup Themes of Talent via Clifton Strengths Finder. 2. Values in Action Classification of Strengths. 3. Search Institute's 40 Developmental Assets.

Clifton Youth StrengthsExplorer measures how many talent themes?

10

StrengthsFinder 2.0 measures how many talent themes?

34

Search Institute Profiles of Student Life: Attitudes and Behaviors measures the degree of absence of the developmental assets, is a 156-item survey, for use with children and youth, and describes:

40 developmental assets, 8 thriving indicators, 5 developmental deficits, 24 risk-taking behaviors

Most professionals who study culturally embedded strengths maintain that ___.

A core group of positive traits and processes might exist across cultures, but they show up in very different ways.

Talent

A naturally recurring patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that can be productively applied. Talent can be operationalized, studied, and accentuated in work and academic settings.

Duckworth suggests that sometimes we may have to work at something a bit before it becomes

A passion, we should not always expect "love at firsts sight"

What are the 8 hallmarks for identifying your strengths

A sense of ownership and authenticity, this is the real me. A feeling of excitement while displaying it, particularly at first. A rapid learning curve as the strength is first practiced. A sense of yearning to find new ways to use it. A feeling of inevitability in using the strength, Try to stop me. Invigoration rather than exhaustion while using the strength. The creation and pursuit of personal projects that revolve around it. Joy, zest, enthusiasm and even ecstacy while using it.

Multicultural personality

Ability to navigate and adapt to an increasingly diverse world.

Features of ACTIVITY that influence effectiveness of Positive Activity Model across and between

Across: factors that can be applied: dosage (frequency and timing of activity), variety (does activity vary enough to keep it engaging?) Between: factors that distinguish positive activities from one another, one type may work better for some than others: past vs. present vs. future oriented, other vs. self-oriented.

Gallup Clifton's StrengthsFinder can help individuals to discover how to

Build upon their talents

Multicultural Personality Questionnaire have Five Factors that describe the multicultural personality style, and they are

Cultural Empathy, Open-Mindedness, Emotional Stability, Initiative, and Flexibility

What are 5 benefits of using your strengths

Increased resilience from adversity, Increased vitality/positive energy, Reduced stress, Increased Confidence, and Increased Happiness.

Method for Testing Happiness Interventions resulted in two interventions that succeeded more than the placebo, which were

Largest Impact = Gratitude visit. Also, effects lasted for a month. Longest Lasting = Using strengths in new way and three good things; positive impact was still seen 6 months later. Long term effects driven by the fact that participants continued practicing those exercises even after the required week.

Each Element of Seligman's Theory Well-Being Meets These Criteria

PERMA, positive emotion, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment.

What are the components of PERMA?

Positive emotion, Engagement, Positive relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.

What are Ryff's components of the model of psychology well-being?

Self-acceptance, Personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations with others.

Strengths are extensions of ___

Talent. Strength = talent + related knowledge + related skills

40 Developmental Assets (internal and external) were identified that lead to thriving; the external assests are ___ and the itnernal assests are ___.

The 20 external assets are the positive experiences that young people gain through interactions with people and institutions (environment). The 20 internal assets are those personal characteristics and behaviors that stimulate the positive development of young people (personal/individual).

culturally embedded psychologists maintain that there are no universal strengths, because

These traits manifest themselves differently and are viewed differently across the different cultures.

12 Criteria For Identifying Universal Strengths

Ubiquity, Fulfilling, Morally valued, does not diminish others, Nonfelicitous opposite, Traitlike, Measurable, Distinctiveness, Paragons, Prodigies, Selective absence, and Institutions

Culturally Different Perspective

Uniqueness and strengths of all cultures are recognized

Developed by Peterson & Seligman in 2004, Antithesis of the DSM and encourages a more strength-based approach to diagnosis and treatment.

Values in Action Classification of Strengths, uses 24 strengths that are based upon the 6 overarching virtues

Seligman's Theory of Well-Being states that

Well-being is not just one thing such as having good social relationships—instead, the construct is made up of multiple measurable elements

What are the six overarching virtues

Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

Comparisons of Measures of Strengths all identify ___

a person's primary strengths and all were created within a Western framework

What is an example of a strength that could be applied to the Courage virtue?

bravery, honesty

Strength

capacity for feeling, thinking, and behaving in a way that allows optimal functioning in the pursuit of valued outcomes

what are the 4 main internal components?

commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies and positive identity.

The Search Institute Developmental Assets considers internal and external variables that contribute to a child's thriving, and the assets are considered to be

common sense, positive experiences, and qualities and are thought to contribute to the thriving of young people.

Construct equivalence

culturally normative understanding of a particular construct. Example: Cultures may define constructs such as "bravery" or "wisdom" in different ways

What is an example of a strength that could be applied to the Wisdom overarching virtue?

curiosity, love of learning

The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) was designed to

describe individual differences in character strengths on a continuum with 5-point scales. example: An item to measure the Love of Learning strength is: The statement 'I am thrilled when I learn something new" is Very much like me, Like me, Unlike me, or Very much unlike me.

Identification with cultural facets can influence the

development, recognition, and enhancement of strengths

Shaw and colleagues and Lui's research on coping strategies across cultures found that coping strategies vary in

effectiveness across cultures. Thus, a coping strategy may be more/less useful depending on culture.

The Search Institute Profiles of Student Life is the only measure discussed in Chapter 3 that focuses on the

environment

What is an example of a strength that could be applied to the Justice overarching virtue?

fairness, leadership

Keyes' Complete Mental Health states that individuals with HIGH levels of emotional, psychological, and social well-being are described as ___ and individuals who have no mental illness but LOW levels of emotional, psychological, and social well-being are described as ___.

flourishing, or complete mental health. languishing, or Incomplete Mental Health.

What is an example of a strength that could be applied to the Temperance overarching virtue?

forgiveness, humility

Positive Psychology Interventions Using Signature Strengths are interventions based on

helping people identify their signature strengths and to use their signature strengths in new ways

What is an example of a strength that could be applied to the Transcendence overarching virtue?

hope, humor, gratitude

Theories of subjective well-being, aka Emotional Well-Being/Happiness, suggest that

individual's appraisals of their own lives capture the essence of well-being.

What is an example of a strength that could be applied to the Humanity overarching virtue?

love, kindness

Features of PERSON that influence effectiveness activity in Positive Activity Model

motivation and effort towards acitivty, efficacy beliefs, personality, and social support.

Positive activity model: possible mechanisms underlying the well-being boosting effect for a given activity

need satisfaction. Increased: positive thoughts, behaviors and emotions.

Emotional well-being consists of ____ and is also a threefold structure comprised of

perceptions of avowed happiness and satisfaction with life and also includes the balance of positive to negative affects. is a threefold structure comprised of: Life satisfaction, Positive affect, and The absence of negative affect

Degree to which positive activity is beneficial DEPENDS on

person-activity fit; people have to find the shoe that fits

Universality of happiness? When asked about their own happiness, Western individuals are more likely to mention ___. In contrast, Eastern individuals are more likely to reference ___.

personal achievements. harmonious relations with others and aspects related to their social spheres.

Chang's research on optimism across cultural groups in Caucasians and Asian Americans showed that

pessimism is negatively related to problem solving for Caucasian Americans, but positively related to problem solving for Asian Americans

Culture-free perspective believes that

psychologists can hold a neutral and completely objective stance while analyzing universal traits and behaviors.

Culturally embedded perspective states that

psychologists will always be influenced by their own cultural values while examining things such as the strengths and positive functioning of other cultural groups.

Culture bound syndrome

sets of syndromes more common in some societies than others

what are the 4 main external components?

support, empowerment, boundaries and expectations, and constructive use of time.

Metric equivalence

the metrics used in each study should be equivalent. Example: Some cultures may be more reluctant to endorse extremes on a measurement scale

Other cultures might value___ over happiness

transcendence

Linguistic equivalence

translation of common phrases, idioms, and vocabulary

Ben-Shahar's MPS Process argues that

we can find the right kind of occupation for ourselves by looking for the intersection of our strengths, what we find meaningful, and what we find pleasurable.