Exam 1

Ametabolous

Describing insect development in which there is no metamorphosis and immature stages appear very similar to the adults, except that they lack genitalia. It occurs, for example, in silverfish.

Classification of insects: Subphylum

Hexapoda

Mandibulate

In all "primitive" insects, the mouthparts are adapted for grinding, chewing, pinching, or crushing bits of solid food. These are known as "mandibulate" mouthparts because they feature prominent chewing mandibles. There are five basic components that form these mouthparts:Labrum, Mandibles, Maxillae, Hypopharynx, and Labium.

Classification of insects: Class

Insecta

Copulation

It is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and subsequent internal fertilization. Sexual intercourse.

Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring are produced from unfertilized eggs. The term derives from the Greek parthenos, meaning virgin, and genesis, meaning origin. Parthenogenesis is, literally, a virgin birth.

Paedogenesis

Reproduction by larviform individuals. Sexual reproduction in an animal that retains its larval features.

Paleoptera

The name Palaeoptera has been traditionally applied to those ancestral groups of winged insects (most of them extinct) that lacked the ability to fold the wings back over the abdomen as characterizes the Neoptera. TheDiaphanopterodea, which are palaeopteran insects, had independently and uniquely evolved a different wing-folding mechanism. Both mayflies and dragonflies lack any of the smell centers in their brain found in Neoptera.

Describe the insect head. Can you identify the 5 main mouth parts and other features of the insect head that are essential for helping us to ID insects?

They have compound eyes, two antennae, with Mandibulate and haustellate mouthparts. Five main mouthparts include the Labrum, Labium, Mandibles, Maxillae, and Hypophayrnx

Polyneoptera

consists of 11 extant orders. All orders except the Plecoptera have terrestrial wingless immature stages that resemble the adult stage (paurometabolous development)

Scutellum

is the posterior portion of either the mesonotum or the metanotum of an insect thorax; however, it is used almost exclusively in the former context, as the metanotum is rather reduced in most insect groups. In the Hemiptera, and some Coleoptera, the scutellum is a small triangular plate behind the pronotum and between the forewing bases.

Aedeagus

is the reproductive organ of male insects. It is attached to the abdomen and used to deliver sperm in to the female insect during reproduction.

Imaginal discs

one of the parts of a holometabolous insect larva that will become a portion of the outside of the adult insect during the pupal transformation. Once the larva turns into a pupa, almost all the larval tissues degenerate and the imaginal discs turn into the external structures of the head, thorax, limbs and genitalia.

Molting

shed old feathers, hair, or skin, or an old shell, to make way for a new growth

Tarsomere

tarsus noun, plural tarsi, adjective tarsal - the "foot" or last part of the insect leg, attached to the end of the tibia. It typically has five joints, or segments.

what are insect value to human society?

-Pollination: -Food for fish for recreation -Pest control -Dung burial -Recreation -Human culture: movies, art, and jewelry

Holometabolous

Complete metamorphosis is characteristic of beetles, butterflies and moths, flies, and wasps. Their life cycle includes four stages: egg, larva ( q.v.), pupa ( q.v.), and adult.

Polyembrony

is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Striking examples may be found among parasitic insects of the order Hymenoptera. 1 egg = multiple offspring and clones

Why are insects so successful?

1. Flight: They have Wings that allow for flight, and dispersal: (Odonata) 2. Tough bodies: They have hard exoskeletons that provide support, shape, color, and mimicry (Blattodea) 3. Fecundity: reproductive capability, they have many offspring, and breed often: (Hymenoptera) 4. Small body size good for niches, and many habitats (Hempitera) 5. Defensive mechanisms (Mantodea) 6. Insects eat almost anything 7. Adaptable exoskeleton: Complete Metamorphosis is the most recently evolved insect order - ontogeny. Different life stages require different foods 8. Sensory mechanisms 9. Separate circulatory and respiratory systems

What are the 5 main parts of an insects head?

1. Labrum 2. Labium 3. Mandibles 4. Maxillae 5. Hypopharynx

Main characteristics of an insect

1. One pair of antennae 2. 3 major parts 3. 3 pairs of legs 4. 1-2 pairs of wings

Haustellate

A proboscis in certain insects that is used for sucking liquids

dichotomous key

A tool used to identify a plant or animal in which each stage presents descriptions of two distinguishing characters, with a direction to another stage in the key, until the species is identified.

Classification of insects: Phylum

Arthopoda

Spertamophore

a protein capsule containing a mass of spermatozoa, transferred during mating in various insects, arthropods, cephalopod mollusks, etc.

Apterygota

a subclass of Insecta comprising primitive insects that are presumed never to have developed wings and have no conspicuous metamorphosis. (Adults like immature without wings)

Pterygota

a subclass of Insecta consisting of the winged and secondarily wingless insects-compare with aptyerygota. (Adults have wings)

Heolometabola

a superorder of insects within the infraclass Neoptera that go through distinctive larval, pupal, and adult stages. They undergo a radical metamorphosis, with the larval and adult stages differing considerably in their structure and behaviour.

Ovipositor

a tubular organ through which a female insect or fish deposits eggs

Tegmen

designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera (earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis),Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects) and Blattodea (cockroaches).

Valvulae

in the female, three pairs ofvalvulae are used to manipulate eggs during oviposition

Hemimetabolus

incomplete metamorphosis is the mode of development of certain insects that includes three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage, or imago. These groups go through gradual changes; there is no pupal stage

Neoptera

is a classification group that includes most part of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Classification

the action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics

Instar

the developmental stage of an arthropod between moults. For example, after hatching from the egg and insect is said to be in its first instar. When the insect moults it is then a second instar and so on. Instar can be used for insects undergoing complete and incomplete metamorphosis. For example, a butterfly caterpillar can go through several instars before pupation.

Subimago

the first winged stage of the mayfly, with dull opaque wings, known toanglers as a dun, before it metamorphoses into the shiny gauzy imagoor spinner

Metamorphosis

the process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages.

bionomial nomenclature

the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet. First word is capitalized while the second is not. They both are italicized.