Biology (CH 1-3)
Which two elements show similarities in the pattern of chemical bonding?
Lithium and Sodium
Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract
Lubricant
A graph estimating population growth of rabbits on an island
Mathematical Model
Description of how a muscle cell contracts
Mechanistic Model
A ____________ of a substance contains the same number of particles as there is in 12g of carbon
Mole
What DNA sequences from the Bar-headed geese are similar to sequences in other species that are capable of surviving in oxygen-poor environments, such as penguins?
Molecular Biology
C6H12O6
Monosaccharide
Fructose
Monosaccharide
Glucose
Monosaccharide
Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a __________ molecule
Polar
Cellulose
Polysaccharide
Glycogen
Polysaccharide
Starch
Polysaccharide
The reason water behaves in this manner is because the ____________ charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative charge of a polar molecule, while the _____________ charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive side of a polar molecule
Positive, Negative
Increased estradiol levels lead to increased levels of proteins that promote the growth of female sex organs
Proteome influenced
increased testosterone leads to increased levels of proteins that cause male sex organs to develop
Proteome influenced
No double bonds within carbon backbone
Saturated Fat
The charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution
Solvent
As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great ____________ because water can break up and surround a _________, as long as it is not ___________, dissolving it into solution
Solvent, Solute, Nonpolar
Molecular shapes of proteins and DNA
Structural Model
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + O2 is an example of a chemical reaction. What is occurring during this reaction?
Substances are changed into other substances by the making or breaking of chemical bonds
The property of water that allows the basilisk lizard to run across its surface is
Surface tension caused by the polar qualities of water
A prediction of how long it will take a seed to germinate
Temporal Model
(Theory/Hypothesis) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
Theory
(Theory/Hypothesis) All living organisms contain DNA, which encodes genes that determine what the organism looks like and how it interacts with the environment
Theory
(Theory/Hypothesis) The diversity of organisms alive today is due to evolution, or decent with modification
Theory
A polar covalent bond is created when...
bonded atoms have unequal pull on the shared electron, so that the electron spends more time around one atom than the other
The best summary of the properties of water is
less dense at 0*C than at room temperature, ideal solvent for biological molecules, absorbs considerable heat energy without raising temperature, and high percentage of hydrogen bonds.
Water (H2O) is critical to sustain life. One of its major roles is creating and breaking bonds in chemical reactions. Other significant roles of water include:
Composing up to 30% of the human body, Acting as a solvent in the body, Acting as the medium for white blood cell formation, Maintaining body temperature homeostasis
A strong chemical bond resulting from sharing electrons
Covalent Bond
The bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule
Covalent Bond
One ______________ is approximately the mass of one proton or a hydrogen atom
Dalton
Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule
Dehydration Reaction
C12H22O11
Disaccharide
Lactose
Disaccharide
Maltose
Disaccharide
Sucrose
Disaccharide
What environmental cues and landmarks do the geese use to determine the timing and direction of their migration over the mountains? How do they find their way?
Ecology
The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor
Evaporative cooling
(T/F) A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell
False
(T/F) A hydrogen atom of one water molecule binds via a hydrogen bond to a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
False
(T/F) All living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival
False
(T/F) Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules
False
(T/F) Bonds between water molecules are stronger than the bonds between the atoms within a water molecule
False
(T/F) Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile
False
(T/F) Ice is denser than liquid water at all temperatures
False
(T/F) Only living organisms are capable of movement
False
(T/F) Only living organisms are complex
False
(T/F) Only living organisms produce heat as a byproduct of chemical reactions
False
(T/F) Only living organisms respond to external stimuli
False
(T/F) Ten to twenty percent of the body weight in humans is from water
False
(T/F) The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond
False
(T/F) The bonds between water molecules are stable
False
(T/F) The high specific heat of water means that we only lose a small amount of heat when the sweat on our skin evaporates
False
(T/F) Water plays a much more important role in plants than in animals, due to the role of water in photosynthesis
False
Clownfish are able to produce both testosterone and 17-estradiol
Genome encoded
The juvenile clownfish has both male and female immature reproductive organs
Genome encoded
Creating a taxonomic tree of primates
Hierarchical Model
Bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule
Hydrogen Bond
Bonds between water molecules
Hydrogen Bond
If you were to create a planet capable of supporting life forms similar to those on earth, what elements would be necessary to include?
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon
When H2O is added to a compound in a chemical equation, a new compound can be formed via what type of reaction?
Hydrolysis
(Theory/Hypothesis) Bacteria secrete antibiotics in the presence of other bacteria in times of food stress
Hypothesis
(Theory/Hypothesis) Coneflowers use animals vectors for pollination rather than passive wind-blown pollination
Hypothesis
(Theory/Hypothesis) Plants drop their leaves in the fall due to cold temperatures
Hypothesis
(Theory/Hypothesis) The thick shell of a lobster protects it from predation
Hypothesis
The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules
Hyrodlysis
Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C
Ice floats
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Ionic Bond
Na+ and Cl- ----> NaCl
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen has a total of ____ electron(s), ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ lie in the p orbitals
1, 1, 0
______ of carbon = 1 mole
12g
______ of hydrogen = 1 mole
1g
Carbon has a total of ____ electron(s), ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ are in the 1s orbital
6, 4, 2
Nitrogen has a total of ____ electron(s), ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ lie in the p orbitals
7, 5, 3
______ of lithium = 1 mole
7g
Oxygen has a total of ____ electrons, ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ are in the p orbitals
8, 6, 4
How do the circulatory and respiratory systems meet the demands of increased oxygen consumption in the face of oxygen-poor air?
Anatomy and Physiology
Rank the following levels of biological organization from the lowest level of complexity to the highest level of complexity
Atom, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
The _______________ of an atom is a relative measure of its mass compared to other atoms
Atomic Mass
Is the number of mitochondria (energy producers of the cell) in muscle cells of Bar-headed geese larger than those of other species of geese that have less demanding migration routes?
Cell Biology
While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times
Cohesive Force
(T/F) A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds
True
(T/F) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
True
(T/F) All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number
True
(T/F) All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations
True
(T/F) As temperature drops the bonds between water molecules are less likely to break
True
(T/F) Only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving
True
(T/F) Only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities
True
(T/F) Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron)
True
(T/F) The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched
True
(T/F) The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds
True
(T/F) The fluid nature of water is due to hydrogen bonds continually breaking and reforming
True
(T/F) The polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule create slight positively and negatively charged ends to the molecule
True
(T/F) Water bathes organs in fluid, which provides protection and support
True
(T/F) Water is the universal solvent, transporting dissolved substance in bodily fluids
True
(T/F) Water plays a major role in our bodies' chemical reactions
True
Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed
Turgid Pressure
When two atoms are bonded together via electrons, and one of those atoms has a greater pull upon the electrons shared, the bond formed would be...
a polar covalent bond