Biology (CH 1-3)

Which two elements show similarities in the pattern of chemical bonding?

Lithium and Sodium

Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract

Lubricant

A graph estimating population growth of rabbits on an island

Mathematical Model

Description of how a muscle cell contracts

Mechanistic Model

A ____________ of a substance contains the same number of particles as there is in 12g of carbon

Mole

What DNA sequences from the Bar-headed geese are similar to sequences in other species that are capable of surviving in oxygen-poor environments, such as penguins?

Molecular Biology

C6H12O6

Monosaccharide

Fructose

Monosaccharide

Glucose

Monosaccharide

Steps of the Scientific Method

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a __________ molecule

Polar

Cellulose

Polysaccharide

Glycogen

Polysaccharide

Starch

Polysaccharide

The reason water behaves in this manner is because the ____________ charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative charge of a polar molecule, while the _____________ charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive side of a polar molecule

Positive, Negative

Increased estradiol levels lead to increased levels of proteins that promote the growth of female sex organs

Proteome influenced

increased testosterone leads to increased levels of proteins that cause male sex organs to develop

Proteome influenced

No double bonds within carbon backbone

Saturated Fat

The charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution

Solvent

As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great ____________ because water can break up and surround a _________, as long as it is not ___________, dissolving it into solution

Solvent, Solute, Nonpolar

Molecular shapes of proteins and DNA

Structural Model

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + O2 is an example of a chemical reaction. What is occurring during this reaction?

Substances are changed into other substances by the making or breaking of chemical bonds

The property of water that allows the basilisk lizard to run across its surface is

Surface tension caused by the polar qualities of water

A prediction of how long it will take a seed to germinate

Temporal Model

(Theory/Hypothesis) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

Theory

(Theory/Hypothesis) All living organisms contain DNA, which encodes genes that determine what the organism looks like and how it interacts with the environment

Theory

(Theory/Hypothesis) The diversity of organisms alive today is due to evolution, or decent with modification

Theory

A polar covalent bond is created when...

bonded atoms have unequal pull on the shared electron, so that the electron spends more time around one atom than the other

The best summary of the properties of water is

less dense at 0*C than at room temperature, ideal solvent for biological molecules, absorbs considerable heat energy without raising temperature, and high percentage of hydrogen bonds.

Water (H2O) is critical to sustain life. One of its major roles is creating and breaking bonds in chemical reactions. Other significant roles of water include:

Composing up to 30% of the human body, Acting as a solvent in the body, Acting as the medium for white blood cell formation, Maintaining body temperature homeostasis

A strong chemical bond resulting from sharing electrons

Covalent Bond

The bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule

Covalent Bond

One ______________ is approximately the mass of one proton or a hydrogen atom

Dalton

Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule

Dehydration Reaction

C12H22O11

Disaccharide

Lactose

Disaccharide

Maltose

Disaccharide

Sucrose

Disaccharide

What environmental cues and landmarks do the geese use to determine the timing and direction of their migration over the mountains? How do they find their way?

Ecology

The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor

Evaporative cooling

(T/F) A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell

False

(T/F) A hydrogen atom of one water molecule binds via a hydrogen bond to a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

False

(T/F) All living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival

False

(T/F) Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules

False

(T/F) Bonds between water molecules are stronger than the bonds between the atoms within a water molecule

False

(T/F) Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile

False

(T/F) Ice is denser than liquid water at all temperatures

False

(T/F) Only living organisms are capable of movement

False

(T/F) Only living organisms are complex

False

(T/F) Only living organisms produce heat as a byproduct of chemical reactions

False

(T/F) Only living organisms respond to external stimuli

False

(T/F) Ten to twenty percent of the body weight in humans is from water

False

(T/F) The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond

False

(T/F) The bonds between water molecules are stable

False

(T/F) The high specific heat of water means that we only lose a small amount of heat when the sweat on our skin evaporates

False

(T/F) Water plays a much more important role in plants than in animals, due to the role of water in photosynthesis

False

Clownfish are able to produce both testosterone and 17-estradiol

Genome encoded

The juvenile clownfish has both male and female immature reproductive organs

Genome encoded

Creating a taxonomic tree of primates

Hierarchical Model

Bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule

Hydrogen Bond

Bonds between water molecules

Hydrogen Bond

If you were to create a planet capable of supporting life forms similar to those on earth, what elements would be necessary to include?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon

When H2O is added to a compound in a chemical equation, a new compound can be formed via what type of reaction?

Hydrolysis

(Theory/Hypothesis) Bacteria secrete antibiotics in the presence of other bacteria in times of food stress

Hypothesis

(Theory/Hypothesis) Coneflowers use animals vectors for pollination rather than passive wind-blown pollination

Hypothesis

(Theory/Hypothesis) Plants drop their leaves in the fall due to cold temperatures

Hypothesis

(Theory/Hypothesis) The thick shell of a lobster protects it from predation

Hypothesis

The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules

Hyrodlysis

Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C

Ice floats

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Ionic Bond

Na+ and Cl- ----> NaCl

Ionic Bond

Hydrogen has a total of ____ electron(s), ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ lie in the p orbitals

1, 1, 0

______ of carbon = 1 mole

12g

______ of hydrogen = 1 mole

1g

Carbon has a total of ____ electron(s), ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ are in the 1s orbital

6, 4, 2

Nitrogen has a total of ____ electron(s), ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ lie in the p orbitals

7, 5, 3

______ of lithium = 1 mole

7g

Oxygen has a total of ____ electrons, ____ are in the valence shell, and ____ are in the p orbitals

8, 6, 4

How do the circulatory and respiratory systems meet the demands of increased oxygen consumption in the face of oxygen-poor air?

Anatomy and Physiology

Rank the following levels of biological organization from the lowest level of complexity to the highest level of complexity

Atom, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

The _______________ of an atom is a relative measure of its mass compared to other atoms

Atomic Mass

Is the number of mitochondria (energy producers of the cell) in muscle cells of Bar-headed geese larger than those of other species of geese that have less demanding migration routes?

Cell Biology

While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times

Cohesive Force

(T/F) A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds

True

(T/F) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

True

(T/F) All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number

True

(T/F) All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations

True

(T/F) As temperature drops the bonds between water molecules are less likely to break

True

(T/F) Only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving

True

(T/F) Only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities

True

(T/F) Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron)

True

(T/F) The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched

True

(T/F) The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds

True

(T/F) The fluid nature of water is due to hydrogen bonds continually breaking and reforming

True

(T/F) The polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule create slight positively and negatively charged ends to the molecule

True

(T/F) Water bathes organs in fluid, which provides protection and support

True

(T/F) Water is the universal solvent, transporting dissolved substance in bodily fluids

True

(T/F) Water plays a major role in our bodies' chemical reactions

True

Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed

Turgid Pressure

When two atoms are bonded together via electrons, and one of those atoms has a greater pull upon the electrons shared, the bond formed would be...

a polar covalent bond