EXAM 1

key to productivity--results/harmony

Flowing" value solution: These cultures tend to emphasize spiritual transformation or enlightenment rather than

Disconfirmation

Process through which individuals do not recognize others, do not respond sensitively to others, and do not accept others experiences as valid

Identity

"who am I and who are you in this interaction episode?" "How do I define myself in this interaction scene?" involves issues such as the display of respect or disrespect and identity approval or disproval. Typically inferred through the tone of voice, facial expressions, nonverbal postures, spatial distance, etc.

Time

Temporal Value Orientation

Intercultural competence

the ability to communicate appropriately, effectively, and ethically with people from diverse backgrounds.

Deep-Level Culture: Traditions, Beliefs, and Values

Normative culture: patterned way of living by group of interacting individuals who share a common set of history, traditions, beliefs, and values and an interdependent fate. Cultural values: priorities that guide ―good‖ or ―bad‖ behaviors, ―desirable‖ or ―undesirable‖ practices, ―fair‖ or ―unfair‖ actions.

Institutional collectivism

Refers to the institutional perspective in enforcing in-group norms, cohesion, and conformity. Obviously, in this case, Mr. Kokuba has violated both the in-group collectivism spirit and the institutional collectivism expectation

Cultural Identity salience

Refers to the strength of affiliation we have with our larger culture.

Culture

1. Definition: a learned meaning system that consists of patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, meanings, and symbols that are passed on from one generation to the next and are shared to varying degrees by interacting members of a community.

Comprehending the Role of Technology in Global Communication

1. Internet offers space to communicate globally and connect with diverse individuals across space, time, geography, ethnicity. 2. Creating a new, hybrid identity fusing global and local cultures.

Direct/indirect & Low context/high context: know the characteristics of these communication styles?

1. Mannerism of speaking, or verbal style, frames how a message should be interpreted or understood. 2. A continuum exists on which direct and indirect verbal styles are at the ends. 3. Direct verbal style: Verbal statements tend to reveal the speaker's intentions with clarity and are enunciated with a forthright tone of voice. 4. Indirect verbal style: Verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker's actual Intentions and are carried out with a softer tone. (e.g., There is no need to overtly state a request or use an overt ―no‖ to hurt the feelings of the other person, in their view.)

Engaging in Creative Multicultural Problem Solving

1. Synergistic perspective: combining the best of all cultural approaches in solving a workplace problem. 2. Quality of ideas produced in ethnically diverse groups rated higher than ethnically homogeneous groups. 3. Diverse teams have potential for creative problem solving because of greater variety of viewpoints, higher critical analysis of alternatives, lower probability of groupthink.

Traits of culture

A cultural trait is a characteristic of human action that's acquired by people socially and transmitted via various modes of communication. Cultural traits are things that allow for a part of one culture to be transmitted to another. If they combine with other cultural traits, they may change. Religion, government, ....

Artifacts and Physical qualities

ARTIFACTS are ornaments or adornments we use to communicate just by wearing the actual item.

Acculturation/Enculturation

Acculturation: refers to the incremental identity-related change process of immigrants and refugees in a new environment from a long-term perspective. Enculturation: Refers to the sustained, primary socialization process of individuals in their original home culture wherein they have internalized their primary cultural values.

Practical Reasons to Study Intercultural Communication.

Adjusting to global workplace Heterogeneity 1. Many U.S. American computer workers become global employees when hired to work remotely for overseas companies. 2. Large numbers of U.S. workers are currently working overseas. a. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. workers are working internationally. b. Billions spent annually on corporate relocation and transferring employees to overseas assignments. c. 10-20% of U.S. employees sent overseas fail in their global assignments (vs. 6% of assignees from Asian Pacific-based corporations). d. U.S. workers may lack effective intercultural communication skills to interact effectively in the new cultures. 3. Upcoming exodus of workers as a result of retirement. a. Will create loss of valuable skills and knowledge. b. In response, new products and services being created in Japan. 4. Intercultural communication knowledge and skills are needed to solve problems, manage conflicts, and forge new visions.

Value patterns

Analyzing Cultural Values Identity Meaning Function Explanatory Function Boundary Regulation Function Adaptation Function

In groups/out groups

Are groups with whom we feel emotionally close and with whom we share an interdependent fate. Outgroups: Are groups with whom we feel no emotional ties, and, at times, we may experience great psychological distance from them and even feel competitive against them.

Values

Are shared ideas about what counts as important or unimportant, right or wrong, what is fair or unfair, and what counts as ethical or unethical conduct.

Ascription/avowal

Ascription: process of assigning in another passion what you think his/her identity should be Avowal: is an affirmation of the truth of what you believe. is a way of owning up to or declaring something

body/kinesic

Body is the actions.......... Kinesic: is the study of posture, body movement, gestures, and facial expressions.

Cultural-ethnic typological Model .

Cultural identity is the emotional significance that we attach to our sense of belonging or affiliation with the larger culture. 2. Value content refers to the standards or expectations that people hold in their mindset in making evaluations. 3. Cultural identity salience refers to the strength of affiliation we have with our larger culture. a. The more strongly our self-image is influenced by our larger cultural value patterns, the more we are likely to practice the norms and communication scripts of the dominant, mainstream culture. b. National identity refers to one's legal status in relation to a nation, but cultural identity refers to the sentiments of belonging or connection to one's larger culture.

Big C/little c culture

Cultural knowledge is often described in terms of "little c" culture, comprised of cultural beliefs, behaviors, and values, and "big C" culture, such as literature, art, and institutions. Students most often identify cultural learning with "big C" culture, which is a small part of the whole picture.

Norms

Cultural norms refer to the collective expecta- tions of what constitutes proper or improper behavior. A structure to follow.

Social Identity

Cultural, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, social class, age, disability, or professional identity

Analogy of the Iceberg

Culture is like an iceberg: the deeper layers (e.g., traditions, beliefs, and values) are hidden from our view. We tend to see and hear only the uppermost layers of cultural artifacts (e.g., fashion, pop music, and mass-appeal commercial films). We can also witness the exchange of overt verbal and nonverbal symbols (see Figure 1.1). However, to understand a culture—or a person in a cultural community—with any depth, we must match their underlying values coherently with their respective norms, meanings, and symbols.

Enhancing Intercultural Relationship Satisfaction

Dramatic rise of intercultural marriages and dating relationships in the United States. a. Over 7% of married couples are interracial; less than 2% in 1970. b. Teenagers of today are more receptive to close friendships and dating relationships outside their own cultural groups. 2. As more U.S. families become families of color, the challenge is to grapple with issues of race, ethnicity, and even religion. 3. Understanding, managing intercultural relationship conflict can increase closeness, satisfaction, and personal insight

Facilitating Better Multicultural Health Care Communication

Immigrants and multicultural citizens expect health care workers to respect their personal beliefs and health care practices. 2. Health care providers benefit from mastering knowledge and skills of adaptive intercultural communication competencies

individualism/collectivism

Individualism: Are egoist. Collectivism: Is about family, cultural, and traditions.

locus of control--internal/external

Individuals with internal locus of control tend to emphasize free will, individual motivation, personal effort, and personal responsibility over the success or failure of an assignment. Individuals with internal locus of control tend to emphasize free will, individual motivation, personal effort, and personal responsibility over the success or failure of an assignment

Paralanguage

Is the sounds and tones we use in conversation and the speech behavior that accompanies the message. Simply put, it is how something is said, not what is said. The nonword sounds and characteristics of speech are called paralinguistic features.

Proxemics

Is the study of space between persons, physical contact, and the inner anxiety we have when people violate our space.

logic of head/logic of heart.

Logic of head: Is critical thinking. Logic of heart: Emotional base decision.

Monochronic and Polychronic

Monochronic in such a culture, time is thought of as being linear. Robotic societies. In polychronic cultures, time is thought of as being cyclical ... Cultures have a much less formal perception of time. They are not ruled by precise calendars and schedules.

Power distance -- low/high

People in small power distance cultures tend to value equal power distributions, equal rights and rela- tons, and equitable rewards and punishments on the basis of performance. People in large power distance cultures tend to accept unequal power distributions, hierarchical rights, asymmetrical role relations, and rewards and punishments based on age, rank, status, title, and seniority.

Intermediate-Level Culture: Symbols, Meanings, and Norms

Symbol: sign, artifact, word(s), gesture, or nonverbal behavior that stands for or reflects something meaningful; language is a symbol system.

Adapting to Domestic Workforce Diversity

The United States is now a nation of increased multicultural complexities and nuances. a. Most sweeping change in the United States is the increasing Latino/a population. b. Latinos/as projected to more than double (to 30%) by 2050. 2. Foreign-born diversity has increased. a. More than one in five people are first- or second-generation U.S. residents or citizens. b. This requires businesses to reach out to multiethnic customers with increased intercultural sensitivity and skills. 3. Skilled and highly educated immigrants play a critical role in the United States

intercultural competence

The ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting across cultures.

Cultural competence

The ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures

Surface-Level Culture: Popular Culture

The most surface level. Refers to cultural artifacts or systems that have mass appeal and infiltrate daily life. 2. U.S. popular culture tends to dominate globally; includes U.S. TV shows, films, pop music, and icons (Disneyland, McDonald's).

Fostering Global and Intrapersonal Peace

The need for global peace has never been more apparent. a. In 2011, North Africa and Middle East struggles aided by powerful technologies (Internet, cell phones, etc.) as citizens rose up to demand democracy and freedom. b. September 11, 2001, attack on U.S. World Trade Center and Pentagon increased interest in peace and/or social justice studies at universities. c. Kyoto Prize awarded to those making ―contributions to the betterment of humanity.‖ 2. To practice global peacemaking, need commitment that considerations of fairness should apply to all identity groups. a. Need to start practicing win-win collaborative dialogs. b. Need to display a mindful listening attitude even if we disagree. 3. Global peacebuilding is closely connected to intrapersonal peacebuilding. a. If at peace with ourselves, more compassion and caring for others around us. b. If constantly angry and fighting against ourselves, likely to spread our anger and resentment to others. c. The Dalai Lama: think of the entire globe as a human family

The communication process

The steps between a source and a receiver that result in the transfer and understanding of meaning

Importance of face--less/more important

Understand body language, feelings tones, and reactions.

universalist/particularist

Universalist: Liberals, people with abroad ideals...... so the good of everyone Particularist: Depending in the scenes, this people change their personality.

Environment

are defined as the claimed sense of space and emotional attachment we share with others in our community.

Levels of cultural competences

baleful ignorance, trouble ignorance.

Ingroup collectivism

refers to the sentiment of loyalty and solidarity between the employee and his organization or in-group community.