exam 2

mainstay

(women) someone you can count on, will be there, someone who is competent

start the 50s chapter off with rosa parks because

**she is a reminder of how women were the backbone of the movement Can be found in all areas of the movement Back bone of voter education drives They are community builders They also select her as a wage earner: part of upward mobile crew Jobs open up for women of color The steady entrance of women in paid labor force She is married women wage earner Post WW2 workers= married women

Women involved with the women's new deal

- Never seen women in the past in these positions - They are high profile women--- a lot of firsts - One women placement burrow - Urges democratic party to become 50/50 Ex. first woman appointed to cabinet→ francis, part of investigative crew who looks at shirtwaist fire - Bethune is a big part of this - New deal emphasizes male breadwinner so there will be challenges Trains women through conferences to be able to explain new deal Woman becomes part of NY state admin Mary mcclous bethune wanted to become a missionary in africa→ starts school in daytona florida, turns it into a farm, college, school national association of colored women, found national council of negro women

what impended women success in war? what was in there way?

- Traditional ideas of what women should and should not be doing... cant leave children -Women shouldn't go into paid labor force if husband is employed -Nature of crisis-- international crisis so for activism to thrive it would be difficult -Women appointees not officials-- only so much they can do-- whatever they do have to be negotiated -Roosevelt admin was proactive but they had to compromise local control over relief efforts... certain attitudes persist. -African american women face challenged-- southern white admin were reluctant to include african american women-- they got small jobs then were segregated -The New deal did have an impact ---Gave assistance to those who were struggling ----Stimulates trade union organization

women post war activism

- activists seek political rights, growth in association building - Women bridge the space between public and private - Women make new arenas for action and activism 1. women christians temperance movement (1873) -- largest and most influential women's group Social reform platform to campaign labor laws, prison laws, and suffrage --very interested in a number of social reform issues, including labor, prostitution, public health, sanitation, and international peace. --As the movement grew in numbers and strength, members of the WCTU also focused on suffrage. -- The WCTU was instrumental in organizing women's suffrage leaders and in helping more women become involved in American politics. --it worked on creating legislation to protect working girls from the exploitation of men, including raising Age of Consent laws. -- It also focused on keeping Sundays as Sabbath days and restrict frivolous activities. 2. National woman suffrage association (1869) --Elizabeth Cady stanton was the president of NWSA --Pushed for voting rights for women Examples: defend women's leadership, equip women with self protection to vote, claim equal rights, cite evidence of oppression, demand recognition as individuals --US women's Movement Agenda: Support for legal changes: equal pay, equal access to jobs Confidenment of: domestic abuse, discriminatory laws, economic dependence Affirmation of: equality in marriage, necessity of cooperation between sexes Themes: asserting of rights conferred by humanity, declaration of equal rights and responsibilities, awareness of public attitudes as obstacles...

comparing 1920s-1950

- both decades followed war - rewarded conformity - rising consumerism - red scare left marks on both eras - heightened emphasis on femininity - periods of fluff

Elenor Roosevelt

- concerned what life would be like as the first lady because she was an activist - She attracts 30 women to the white house - She has a grim childhood - Her brother was a playboy child he always let her down - Took her to the club but he got so drunk he had to be carried out - He drank himself to death - She is raised by her grandmother - She talks about how important it was to go to allenswood school - That period of time at allanswood. She had certain traits people wanted to be her friend she was warm. Her teacher sent her on vacation traveling at 15 was very responsible for her age She does not forget her activism ideas when she arrives back - She joins national consumer league, junior league, - Childbearing makes it hard for her in engage When she is in DC, when she return to NY franklin gets polio so she basically controls him so his name stays alive - She didn't intent this much activism - She had a high elegant voice she had to control that to be serious so her words would reach people for franklin - She is concerned when he becomes the president - she chooses to hold women only press conferences which generated info - She developed a series of projects - She is in cartoons-- can show up anywhere at any time very impressive - She communicated her care and interest - Part of the national consumer league - Reference burrow

The crisis of the 1890s was caused by

- immigration and consolidation

women and work during the 50s/ 60s

- rose to 35% of women working outside of the home - 32% of wives worked - educated women were most likely to work - mothers showed up in labor force - vibrant economy expanded pink collared jobs - black women attend college, jobs opened up for them - employers stopped firing women for being married - Cold War depended on women power -

Black women's roles during the civil war

-- Nurses, cooks, spies, anti-slavery advocates, teachers, supporters of fugitives -- Example Harriet Tubman was a spy for the union because she looked like a slave in the south. She liberated 750 slaves ** most importantly they played a significant part in obtaining their own freedom by refusing to wait for it

gilded age 1880 why did people move west

-- Settlement encouraged by the 1862 Homestead Act (160 acres for 5 years). 1. African Americans setup all Black towns in KS and OK 2. European immigrants sought land; 3. Spanish speaking families remained in NM, AZ and southern CA 4. men went to work in mines, railroads and commercial farms; some of the women went labored as domestics or wage earners.

womens labor unrest ad activism continues

-- The support helped produce the first suffrage victories with Wyoming leading the way followed by Colorado where a coalition of labor unions, Women Christian Temperance Union (est 1874), Knights of Labor (est 1869) -- came together with a victory in 1893; Idaho followed. NAWSAW -- Movement becomes much more diverse Suffrage parade in march→ reintroduction of women's suffrage to the public -- Alice Paul wasn't prepared for the unpreparedness of the policemen with the parade --Alice has to leave NAWSA Creates National Women's Party→ gets arrested be demanded to be treated like political prisoners --They encourage president to change his stance

how was the immigrant arrival in America?

-- cramped and unhealthy with the detention in Places like Ellis Island and Angel Island, facing possible detention and possible deportation if declared "unfit." --anti-Irish sentiment; anti-Semitism; efforts to exclude: 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and laws imposing limits in 1921 and 1924. --

who was Shige Kushida and what did she do

-- emigrated from Japan to SF in order to secure an education and return home --she married a young immigrant name Togasaki, settled in Oakland *wave of immigration, massive movement of people *intercultural contact/conflict *pressure to Americanize

women immigrants in America

-- immigrant daughters adjusted to the US, often creating a generation gap between them and their mothers over wages (turning them over), dress, behavior, family patriarchal structures and practices. --Immigrant wives and mothers were responsible for socializing children according to traditional religious and cultural values, taking in boarders, labor-intensive housework, serving as community builders.

how did men view female workers after the civil war?

--Assumption was that young single women were working to buy things (earn pin money) -- it wasn't essential for them to work.. and men worked to earn a living --Women "took jobs away" from men

what happened to the native Americans when people moved west?

--Dislocation and displacement of Native peoples was aided by the reallocation of troops from the east at the close of the Civil War. -- loss of buffalo, reservation system, school requiring assimilation -- Occasional victories occurred such as Geronimo's Lakota Sioux at Little Big Horn (Montana) in 1876 -- Dawes Severalty Act 1887 - 1887, dived Indian land into allotments, those who accepted the land had to break away from their culture and would become an American citizen - attempted to make Indians into white farmers -- *By 1890, Native military resistance concluded with massacre at Wounded Knee Creek.

New Women of the 1890

--Drew on patterns of the past including single sex associations --She furthered the habits and methods of organization and developed venues --Some were benevolent, , involved in self culture, professional networks, political reform, women's rights, civil rights, among others --She expanded the definition of family welfare to include self improvement as well as community well being --Played important role in progressive/ jim crow era with the aim of restructuring responsibilities of government to address quality of life issues as well as making the government more responsive --Many experimented with solutions, piloted programs, collected data and worked with experts She was inclusive and retained her faith in popular wisdom

Mother Mary Harris Jones (1837-1930)

--Irish-born labor activist; -- became a teacher; -- she lost husband and children in a yellow fever epidemic (circa 1867); -- she joined Knights of Labor as organizer and the United Mine Workers (helping to increase membership)

women workers AFTER the war

--by 1900 work force goes for 10% to 21% -- women start fleeing domestic work because operative and kindred work goes up -- by 1880 most women are clerical workers; garment sweatshops start to become popular

other jobs for women during the civil war

--supplying war front supplies, platers, millers, merchants, manufactures, mangers --They also kept traditional jobs such as sewing and teaching --" a woman must soar beyond conventional modesty considered correct under different circumstances."

differences between 1920s and 1950s

-20s featured growing isolationism, cold ware permeated the 50s - great depression - emphasis on heterosexuality and environment marked the 20s - during the 50s the nuclear family is enforced, underlying rebellion

women at work

1. 1. WW I provided employment opportunities that were short-lived as women were mustered out quickly. There weren't new jobs to be offered 2. Participation of women in the labor force increased from 21% in 1900 to 24.4% in 1930. Jobs tended to be clustered in sex segmented (or segregated) occupations (86% of women worked in 10 job classifications - The positions offered less money, required fewer skills, conferred lower status, promised little to no future. The numbers of married women workers rose in part because with compulsory education, fewer children remained in the labor force. Still, married women workers faced public disapproval and some controversy. Traditional ideas about women's place persisted. 3. Newer occupations of bookkeeping and clerical work became feminized (479) so though salaries were better and conditions safer, upward mobility was impossible. Women of color were often banned. A few found work in minority owned businesses; many continued to do domestic and farm work. Such discriminatory practices along with political disenfranchisement and ongoing violence encouraged the Great Migration (6 million African Americans moved north to the east, west and mid-west from 1915-1970s); migrants found similar challenges outside the south but could exercise the right to vote and did encounter less openly violent forms of racism. 4. Most women entering the professions faced hostility and discriminatory patterns such as quotas.

post civil war conditions

1. Dispersed the illusion of male superiority 2. Saw rise in women self confidence without conceptual expansion of women's sphere 3. Left patriarchy dead however the ideas associated with it live on

women in the home during 1920s

1. DuBois and Dumenil contrasted the flapper (young, carefree, fun-loving - dancing, drinking, smoking, "petting") with the scientific mother, responsible for running the home. However, with birth control and the disconnection of sex and reproduction, changing perceptions of sexuality informed both of their lives. .... One could argue that the energy of the 20s new woman was directed towards heterosexuality. For example, the connection between sexuality and the new look - makeup, the growth of beauty shops, changes in fashion - focused attention of heterosexuality. 2. For Black women, given the damaging stereotypes they dealt with on a daily basis, the emphasis on sexuality was more complicated. During the Harlem Renaissance, an outpouring of African American literary, artistic, musical creativity grappled with these issues. Blues singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ida Cox celebrated their sexuality and often appeared defiant. In Rainey's case, she made no apologies for liking women or men.

the heart of feminism

1. Feminism is dynamite 2. It is revolutionary not evolutionary 3. Feminism destroys old ways of thinks, life, perceptions, norms 4. You can pass laws and go to court but hearts and minds also have to be addressed - highlighted individualism

post civil war reconstruction

1. Government debate over freed people --South fears lack of production without slaves 2. The response of the freed population -- Resist northern version of work ethic and south attempts neo slavery 3. Black peoples definition of slavery: not laboring for white masters but for one another, family ties were crucial, post war effort to revive lost family 4. Anecdotal evidence that the removal of black women from from white male control was a priority --Fear of sexual assault and economic exploitation (unpaid wages) 5. Black literacy rates were 20%, lived in rural areas 91%, 4 out of 10 black women held jobs, 75% of black households engaged in unskilled work, 6. Division of labor

three examples of women who were drawn into their current crisis

1. Harriet Beecher Stowe: responded to the death of her 18 month old by channeling her grief into the story of the slave Eiza facing the threatened sale of her child: Uncle Tom's Cabin -- assumes female readership that identify as free and not free mothers -- raise awareness of fugitive slave act -- encourages females to feel emotion 2. Jessie Benton Fremont: Wife of US senator John Fremont did not assume a recessive role She appeared as a partner and liberal influence on her husband during the 1856 presidential campaign 3. Dred and Harriet Scott: Sued for their freedom based on their residence in free territory Any slaveholder who moved his property into free territory were at risk for losing their property Wrote: denied premise of freedom in living free territory Black people slave or free- had no rights which a white man is bound to respect

Enlistment of men in the civil war meant what for women?

1. Issues at home lead to soldiers desertion 2. Food shortages and inflation plagued the south 3. NYC Draft riot occurred in summer of 1863→ 4 days of chaos was directed towards the black community which lead to property damage, casualties, deaths

challenging segregation

1. Jim Crow laws 2. voter disenfranchisement - great migration - brown v board of edu - Montgomery bus boycott 1955 -

the civil war provided women with

1. New or previously closed areas of activities/ activism such as nursing, teaching, illegal soldiering, retail/ clerical work 2. transformation in the women rights movement --Reconstituted the coalition into the American Equal Rights Association --Split 14th and 15 amendment→ divided into the National and American woman suffrage associations (1866-1870)

there was still continuous occurrences during this time such as

1. Prejudice based upon race, ethnicity and gender limited women's opportunities and access in employment and politics. 2. For all women, traditional responsibilities persisted.

why was the college educated woman the most controversial?

1. Republican motherhood: why need education? To be good mothers to the girls and boys will will be leaders 2. Women cant do it, they cant handle it: book by Edward clark "sex and education" → shows cases why women shouldn't go off to college -- some of them their uterus dried up bc too much time in the classroom -- women studied so hard that her head got too big and heavy= why school is too dangerous 3. Women aren't strong enough- Connecticut college had exercise courses for women -- Smith took naked photos of women every year to make sure they stay fit 4. These women have to confront these ideas After college what?-- what does she do and how does she fit into the society? → women create work such as librarians and nursing

Catt's "Winning Plan"

1. Secure wilsons endorsement 2. Keep up suffrage noise 3. Avoid positions on war but leverage participation ---- Wear clothing that symbolizes what they do example. Ambulance driver, nurse, anything to show how you participate during the parades. March to show you are involved in war effort. We participate as citizens but we are missing the vote. 4. Capture Northeast and south states So much money went into NY state to move it into suffrage column into 1917 Arkansas was also meant to be broken Tennessee was final state to ratify amendment 5.Work with commitment Leaders commit 7/24 to whatever they do. If they cant commit they have to step down so someone who could handle it could take their place

there was no Real reconstruction for blacks

1. Sharecropping 2. Whites were allowed to lynch and terrorize blacks 3. Black codes prohibited how black people act - Jim Crow Laws segregation

why are these women reorganized as new?

1. There are greater numbers of these women 2, They are overcoming obstacles 3. There is more recognition and self recognition (women see new opportunities) 4. More accomplishments 5. Visibility in the public

reasons for the suffrage victory-- how did they win the vote

1. Two rival groups unite together to form NAWSA 1890 grew to 2 million members 2. They develop interest group politics- involves lobbying and marketing 3. New strategies 4. Tailor arguments to the audience to gain more support 5. Have to convince men it's a good idea to enfranchise women 6. Number of suffrage victories that will put states into the voting column- makes it increasingly distorted that women don't vote in certain places 7. All of this different classes coming together- building coalition so everywhere politicians turn there are women armed and ready to go

women involvement in the civil war

1. Women served as spies , saboteurs, strategists, 400 women disguised themselves as soldiers 2. Women had responsibilities of feeding, clothing, and nursing troops 3. Women established 20,000 soldiers aid and relief societies organizing them into the Sanitary commission --Raised $15,000,000 in supplies --Women exercised their leadership skills --Mary Livermore co-directed the Sanitary commission --Clara Barton- organized supplies and nursed soldiers- eventually placed in charge of the hospitals at the front

working definition of feminists

1. argue women were/are oppressed though they may experience that oppression differently by race, class, age, region, religion, among other factors; 2. Such oppression was not divinely ordained or natural but a human construction that can and should be dismantled. 3. Feminists work to end oppression in all forms because "nobody is free until everyone is free."

what the war results in for black people

1. black families are scattered 2. war makes black failed start from ground 0 3. share cropping became popular -- Land holders will make an agreement with black families so they get shelter for work ;Violence rose 4. there was much violence EX. KKK

how did women reconstruct their lives after the civil war

1. reformer/ club women example: Ida B wells -- points out white supremacists -- She uses her statistic skills to expose lynching to national and international eyes -- announces the sexual assault in the school district she worked at and gets fired -- She steps forward in 1892 to name this violence for what it was→ pays a big price: she loses everything and is not allowed back in the south -- Negro Fellowship League in Chicago to respond to the needs of African American migrants from the South. 2. wage earner woman example: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan -- Believed firmly in challenging adverse work conditions through collective effort Long hours, low wages, bad conditions, unsafe working conditions, fires, unhealthy -- Co founded- women's trade union league Adapted in united states in 1903 -- Primary goal was to organize women in trade unions 3. College educated woman Example: Martha C Thomas -- Went to Cornell -- Become president of Bryn Mawr -- This one of the three is the most controversial

women in ww2

1."Between 1940 and 1944, the number of employed women increased from 12 million to 18.2 million. In 1947, two years after World War II ended, the number of employed women was 15.8 million, a higher number than 1940 but lower than in 1944. Today's number of employed women in the civilian labor force is 68 million. 2."Before World War II, women in the labor force were generally young and single. By the end of the war, women in the labor force were generally married and over 35 years old" More married women went out to work in 1952 than at the height of the war. 3."During World War II, the number of wives working doubled." Real wages rose. 4."Wives of servicemen who were away from home were [much more] likely to work as wives whose husbands were not away from home." 5."Of the women who worked during World War II, two million were clerical workers and one million worked for the federal government. 6."Of the women who were working in March 1944, 2,690,000 were employed as factory workers. Of the women factory workers, 49% of them had not been in the labor force before the war, 31% had been housewives, 16% had been students, 2% had been involved in other activities." 7."In Detroit, Michigan, 44,064 women were employed in manufacturing in 1940 compared to: 71,000 in 1942, 269,000 in November 1943, 124,000 after V-E Day (victory in Europe day) in 1945, 66,900 after V-J Day (victory over Japan day) in 1945, 63,300 in February 1946." 8."During World War II, the number of black women who were poorly paid domestic workers declined from 72% to 48%. The proportion of black women who were better-paid factory workers increased from 7.2 to 18.6%." 9."In April 1941, the proportion of women in the aircraft industry (excluding aircraft-engine manufacturing) was 1%, compared to 39% in June 1943." 10."In 1943, over three million women joined labor unions, compared to 800,000 in 1939." 11. Over 300,000 women joined the military: WACS (Women's Army Corps: over 150,000), SPARS (Coast Guard), WASPS (Women Air Service Pilots; over 2,000) and WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service: over 86,000). 29,000 joined the Women's Land Army. 12."In Detroit, a survey found that 72% of women who had been laid off after the war wanted to work, but they couldn't find any jobs." ..."In a survey, 81% of women employed at the Springfield Arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts, said they hoped to continue working after the war. But within one week of D Day, every woman had been fired." 13."A year after World War II ended, 3.5 million women had voluntarily-or involuntarily-left the [war] labor force." Nearly 2 million found jobs in women's traditional occupations.

as a result of the red scare

1.a new cult of domesticity emerged women took on the Dior look (very feminine) 2. nuclear family 3.

chapter 5- Civil war dates

1861-1865

chapter 6- reconstruction of women lives years

1865-1900

chapter 7 consolidation date

1890s

chapter 8 progressive Jim Crow Era dates

1900-1920

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Nannie Burroughs (black women in progressive era)

1915 -- was an outspoken supporter of of enfranchising women -- She was one founder of women's convention of the national baptist convention - important for southern black women -- Excluded from white women's suffrage groups -- Negro women will stand out with their strength with their writing and speech -- Black women carry the moral destiny of two races. Women and black so two targets on them -- Ballot will bring them respect and protection-- protection is different than what white women want vote for

chapter 9 Great Depression ww2 dates

1920- 1945

chapter 10

1945-1960

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. -- Women demonstrate their support for that idea. State made it illegal for distribution of BC info and devices. -- She responds to this. Her campaign challenges the law by creating a clinic for info. -- She was arrested then was allowed to create doctor control limits. -- put substantial amount of money into the pill.

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator. who began by embracing violent overthrow of an oppressive system; later, she retained her revolutionary stance but did not endorse violence.

who is rosa parks

Black passengers were told to enter bus at front to pay then to get off and get in side door then sit in the back As more whate passengers came on the more the jim crow practices were enforced She is a skilled seamstress She is an activist Officer in NAACP- she did investigative work She would normally skip the mean bus driver but she had something to get to so she took that influential bus ride Risked being killed, going to prison, targeted by hate groups such as the KKK, losing her job, her husband losing his job, losing their housing Reality was that this civil rights movement did not allow women to be spokespersons Shes married, attractive, law abiding, takes care of mother, well known in the church Martin Luther King is the spokesperson Parks was asked to stand and not say anything She answered the phone, she spoke outside of montgomery Boycotts require lots of funds and time She is a pivotal figure in the new civil rights movement *** she is a reminder of how women were the backbone of the movement Can be found in all areas of the movement Back bone of voter education drives They are community builders They also select her as a wage earner: part of upward mobile crew Jobs open up for women of color The steady entrance of women in paid labor force She is married women wage earner Post WW2 workers= married women

activism in the 1950s

Civil rights Redbating anti communist atmosphere: anyone who joins groups makes them communist suspects

Madam C.J. Walker

Created cosmetic brand Near million air Employs many women

Why did immigrants come to America?

Decision to relocate varied: poverty, class structure, repressive social climate, political upheaval, religious persecution and assumptions about US as paved with streets of gold.

New Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Follows one that was in place Entitles slaveholders and all free people to retrieve escapees Failure to do so means fine or imprisonment a series of economic rewards for those who followed rule

booming economy in the 50s

GDP rose in 1960 22% lived below the poverty line The rest of the families lived a good life with wages doubling GI bill passed in '44: facilitates folks into the middle class This didn't happen at the end of WW1- was not ready couldn't even bring troops home Home ownership grew greatly from '40s-'60s This will increase the need for many things such as construction, consumerism Women are seen as the top purchasing agents Declining fertility rate: baby boom Post war years, people got married VERY young They have 3 or 4 children By the time they are 45 the children are in school, they will live to their 60's Over '35 periods of time wo;; facilitate entrance in padi labor force Hostilities between capitalism and communism

rosa is not the first

Ida b wells Sojourner turth Women show up in every aspect of movement Organizers Rallies Drives

women suffrage movement

International Movement of the 1880's, that sought to challenge the legal, political, and economic disabilities towards European and American women. This is historically significant because the women eventually gained the right to vote and the right to hold a job. The extension of enlightenment ideas onto women. New energy Join with men Be present in the founding of the progressive party New women try but fail to create a bridge of classes and races New women succeed in creating bridge between public and private Women have a responsibility in the home but the home is connected to the outside world New women create space in the public arena Caregiving and motherhood: new woman sees herself as a political mother

stereotypes after slavery

Jezebel and mammy; loud and hyper sexual

environment during the 1920s

Leisure activities End of WW1 Ongoing racism Ongoing anti lynching laws Isolationism Decline in farm sector-- it is hit hard, certain parts of the country are suffering already in the 20s Red scare: hits a fever pitch in fall of 1919 Emma goldman sent to russia Lots of warrants out and questions posed Footprints will linger Spider web chart, women who were connected to russians during the red scare 14 women's group organizations-- women couldn't be trusted. Clinics was a piece of evidence because women were telling people what to do with their children... that is sketchy. Women can't be trusted This makes a huge difference in the lives of activists.. Emma gets deported. Residual hostility towards prohibition

Smooth surface of the 50's conceals an undercurrent of discontent

Little rock 9, Sit ins Gays and lesbians are targeted Development of nuclear weapons scared people-- duck and cover in classroom- go to safety places Cold war and family life intersect: to win cold war you have to control to social norms Don't be gay Women should be very domestic Government came up with this because they wanted to be able to pick out suspicious communists The only way to succeed is for the capitalist life to conform

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers The owners were brought to trial→ they got off, women were blamed them for being foolish and panicky--- they could've seen the key if they were smart. They locked the door because the women can't be trusted bc they steel fabric from the shop

who was Jane Addams

Mother of social reform -- Fight political machines, issues with house, push for playgrounds, for libraries, lobby for health standards -- adopted the British model known as the settlement -- first Hull House in Chicago 1889 moved in with all of her expensive belongings --used social science techniques to investigate problems, collected data and piloted solutions (new programs, laws, services, policies).

NAWSA vs. NWP

NAWSA: they are the reasonable ones, Convinced president it's a good idea to support women suffrage NWP: Antagonist approach. nagging type of lobbying. Good idea to start picketing white house. They were arrested and ended up being force fed. Fight for freedom.

Women and the New Deal

New Deal's welfare agencies had lots of opportunity for women, because already experts on social work. Made network of activists for women's interests and reform. Still less opportunity than men though The 1932 election brought Franklin D. Roosevelt to the White House. As a democratic, progressive, charismatic leader, he promised a New Deal with vigorous government action to address the widespread challenges brought on by economic disaster. His wife Eleanor (1884-1962) accompanied him. She was also a charismatic leader; she attracted nearly 30 prominent women to high profile government positions, creating as Susan Ware suggested a Women's New Deal (WND). These experienced women reformers entered government service as the number of agencies multiplied - proving once again that it was easier for women to move into places of authority in newly established spaces.

Florence Kelly (1859-1932)

She fought to change working conditions in sweatshops by arguing for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights. Also helped found the NAACP. - Her work resulted in the Illinois Factory and Inspection Act in 1893. Her efforts and those of others experienced setbacks such as limits on women's working hours; immigrant families often opposed child labor limits.

Red scare of the 1950's

The second period of time in U.S. history when various government agencies sought out and prosecuted persons suspected of being pro-communist but concerns still exist Gay men and lesbians are targeted Government adds questions about sexuality... people would be fired if they were openly gay Anyone who parts from that is dysfunctional New cult of domesticity emerges Dior look : corset, cone shape bra, highly exaggerated figures, red lipstick, 4 inch heels Men: wear suits

1954 Brown v. Board of Education

This famous Supreme Court case over turned Plessy v. Ferguson. The Brown decision stated that separated but equalities were inherently unequal.

Mary Beard talks about what women did with their leisure time

Uses action words: talks about what women do with their leisure time... don't relax, they are active women Establish a women's bureau Child labor acts Progressive party coalition

women moving west

Western migration depended upon women's labor , hardly glamorous a. labor intensive with few tools (care of garden patch, oversight of livestock , generation of revenue via butter/egg money; b. responsibility for shelter creation/maintenance; c. daily, unrelieved, home-based drudgery - Wild west produced different gender dynamics; a few women were cowgirls like Annie Oakley but many more were visible as prostitutes with short lifespans. Occasionally, a woman became famous for wealth she displayed or donated;

Betty Friedan the problem that had no name

Women couldn't be their own person They didn't have the options to do what they wanted to... they weren't allowed... the resources were not there such as job openings Name of problem= conformity She started with herself... she wasn't a stay at home mom like she said to the public. She was a deviation from the norm She interviewed college alum what they were doing were they happy They were discontent Working class women can't relate to this because they don't want more work as she suggests She doesn't look at the whole picture this was not completely good because she did not take into account working women -- already worked a lot

the uprising of 20,000

Women working at shirtwaist compnay... - Got in trouble for tardiness - Had poor air quality, bad conditions, flammable material - Got paid by the hour not by the piece - Some activists began to think about organizing shirtwaist makers - This organization lead to the firing of those people - Meeting at cooper union: Clara said i'm tired of talking it's time to strike - Uprising of the 2,000→ by the third week of the strike, 30,00 workers were out - New york branch of Women's trade league was involved - Companies manage to put lots of money in cops pocket so they put thugs and prostitutes in the crowds - Company was put to a hault As a result... - The companies settled for better conditions, pay, and clear guidelines as to what each job will pay but no union recognition

Women Trade Union League

a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions - Combined classes to encourage cooperation and collective action Tensions: between working class women and middle and upper class women who run it and show the funds Mary kenney o'sullivan= powerhouse of this organization Large extent was unresponsive to african american problems in domestic and farm work

new women in politics

a. Black women focused on anti-lynching measure including a federal bill; b. White women coalesced 14 groups into the Women's Joint Congressional Committee; c. NAWSA became the non-partisan League of Women Voters: NWP proposed the equal rights amendment ("blanket" amendment would have rendered "dead letter" hundreds and hundreds of discriminatory laws at the state level but also nullified protective labor legislation); d. Two initial successes turned into temporary victories: - Sheppard-Towner Act (well-baby/mother clinics) passed in 1921 but was not renewed after 1929 and - Child Labor Amendment made it out of Congress nut was never ratified. e. Few women were elected and when they were, most found acceptance at the local level.

the new "new woman" surfaced in 1920 as one of the three

a. Flapper (rebellious young women who rejected conventional dress and behavior) b. Scientific Mother (married mother engaged in traditional housework with modern methods) c. Gal Friday (secretary/receptionist/clerical worker) -- they did not entirely replace the new women of the 1890s

cultural images and icons that demonstrate transformation

a. New woman flapper of the 20s Physical change Prejudice on race, gender still By 1924 women's suffrage failed b. Migrant mother of the Great Depression in the 30s c. Rosie the Riveter during the first half of the 1940s

these new icons show the larger trends of

a. active citizenship post-19th amendment b. increased # of women in the labor force especially wives and mothers c. women's expanded consumer role d. shifting expectations around sexuality

Rosas story shows the contradictions and tensions of the post war decade

as a black woman

where did majority of female workers live after the civil war?

at home

changes with southern white women because of the civil war

challenged "old ways" politically, economically, socially. They lived where class, race, and gender structured their way of living --The war and reconstruction (1866-1877) rattled that foundation but left some parts intact

native females in the west

continued alternate gender norms included Geronimo's lieutenant Lozen, a female warrior.

Crystal Eastman

economic freedom, vote, birth control, peace. Devoted activities with an extensive agenda.

women try to vote

example: Susan B Anthony -- She says she is screwed from the start Lose lose situation -- This is an unjust situation and she is entitled to fight the laws especially how she fought back civilly by voting -- Someone paid $100 and she had no standing in the court case **Court says yes women are citizens however, it was not a right but a privilege

women movement after the 1920s

failed Press said women's movement was dead There was no agenda No women's bloc Inability to recruit a new generation (not all young women rejected) Rise of consumerism Flapper, scientific mother, gal friday-- no political stance with these new women Legislative record Shepards towners act-- provided federal funding for maternity and child care.-- infant mortality would go down this was passed in 1921 lapses in 1929 Child labor act laws in 1924- passed congress but was never ratified NAWSA= league of women- non partisan voter education group, 2 million on the cusp of passing women's suffrage continued truncated National women's party= ERA women and men have equal rights Protected labor legislation: min wages, max hours, limit night work, limit of weight a women have to lift ERA- over a thousand laws discriminating women- ALice Paul thinks it makes more sense to pass them as dead Discrimination was legal! Muller vs. oregon: gather data that state had vested interest in protecting mothers and future mothers→ prove separate was unequal Pro ERA→ men and women are the same Wisconsin passes ERA men and women have equal rights except with necessity of protective labor legislation decentralized National association opposed to women's suffrage Change name to the women patriots Right wing efforts to challenge the communist plot Produce journal A feminists who is a person who would rather be an imitation man than a real woman

with the new fugitive slave law, many black reasoned by...

fleeing the north because they did not feel safe example: crafts who broke free to the north go to Canada then England Margaret Garner: her and her kids flee but then get corned she tries to kill her kids and herself

emergence of feminism

he term, coined by journalist Hubertine Auclert in the 1880's

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

how could she organize her life to be who she was supposed to be? solution to women's oppression = transform women's traditional work by industrializing housework and raising independent girls, create infrastructure to allow indepence to play out

Missouri Compromise of 1820

keep balance between free and slave states for voting purpose

women during depression

more women sought work to supplement family income, percentage of total labor force increased, were accused of taking jobs from men, even though they didn't get heavy factory jobs victims of desperate economic conditions, ardent supporters of strikes, spokeswoman for political challenges and opponents of new imperial adventures." reached a new level of political prominence ...winning the first victories for suffrage in the West and establishing settlement hoses to assist urban immigrants

first major economic depression began in 1893

overextension of RR system, decline in gold reserves, and international collapse in agricultural prices" (363) resulting in - unemployment and underemployment: work you are doing is below your skill set (over qualified) - Racist violence - low wages - Low moral-- sadness, fear, loss of hope - stagnant economic growth - failure of family farms - Strikes -rise of Populism

during the Missouri compromise... Issued a gag rule

preventing the congress from discussing antislavery petitions

Greenwich village activists

rejection of conventional marriage to live in heterosexual relationships; another, smaller subset chose lesbian partnerships. Marriage disadvantaged women. Smaller subset of women who chose female partners, their version of how feminism should play out.

how did women intend to respond to the 19th century economic, political and social challenges in the cities?

settlement houses **Jane Addams -- reformers moved into cities to come up with answers to challenges (Hygiene, congestion, pollution) --Only 2 settlement houses by 1890 By 1910, 400 settlement houses -- Takes on agenda of neighborhood -- Settlements varied from city to city; they promoted Americanization but also provided an infrastructure of services depending on the location: childcare, mother's clubs, space for union meetings, housing for single women. -- At the same time, they tackled a host of other issues including industrial medicine (in response to industrial toxins), child labor, political corruption. --Settlements spread and developed according to need. They were also segregated by race

why did women immigrants come to America?

they came because of women's status in the US or as wives or marriage partners; some sought to escape scandal or shame.

who was Bessie Van Vorts and what did she do?

upper class wealthy widow , she went undercover to understand challenges women who went to work saw -- bad conditions (long hours, dirty, little pay) -- poor lunch compared to males -- over tiredness -- 14 year old looked old --women were expected to do what men didn't want to do