exam 2
Was said to be an assassin of the youth and was a stepping stone dug
What factors contributed to the criminalization of marijuana?
Prefrontal Cortex: decision making hippocampus: memory Cerebellum: balance coordination
Alcohol reduces activity in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. What is the result of the decreased activity in these brain regions?
Drinking alcohol
Are you more likely to overdose from drinking alcohol or smoking marijuana?
Physical - loss of coordination Psychological - euphoria, increased awareness, creative enhancement, inability to concentrate
List the ACUTE physical and psychological effect of THC.
Short term: agitated, can't sleep, or feel depressed Stage 1: tremors, hypertension, insomnia, loss of appetite
List the moderate withdrawal symptoms seen after short-term alcohol consumption and in stage 1 of withdrawal from chronic consumption.
agonist
Nicotine is an _______ at acetylcholine receptors.
False
True/False: More heavy cannabis users will develop physical dependence but few will develop psychological tolerance.
False False, women= constant, men=decreased
True/False: Rates of binge drinking in men & women decreased between 1992 & 2012.
True
True/False: Smoking marijuana is associated with increased rates of chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.
9. True
True/False: The LD50 of caffeine in humans is too high for overdoses to result from consuming caffeine in beverages.
True
True/False: The availability of appealing flavors contributes to the use of e-cigarettes by adolescents.
false
True/False: The potency of marijuana has remained steady since the mid-1990's.
Sensory stimuli associated with smoking are reinforcing Nicotine deliver without smoking is not as rewarding Denicotinized cigs reduce craving and withdrawal
What 3 non-pharmacological factors are associated with smoking?
Byproducts of fermentation-can amplify symptoms of hangover
What are congers and how do they contribute to hangovers?
Hallucinations, tremors, and seizures
What are delirium tremens and why can they be life threatening?
Chemicals sprayed on dried shredded plants and they are made to alter your mind 2-100x stronger than THC
What are synthetic cannabinoids and how are they used?
Type 1 alcoholism Self-medication: Rapid tolerance Binge drinking Later onset of alcohol-related problems(20s) Do better in treatment Type 2 alcoholism Steady drinker Early onset of alcohol-related problems (teens) Largely male Son of alcoholic is 9x higher risk Women with alcoholic fathers develop somatization disorder (seeks doctors) Type 2 alcoholism has the strongest genetic association
What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 alcoholism? Which has the strongest genetic association?
Acamprosate reduces craving, disulfiram causes sickness when paired with alcohol, does not reduce cravings
What are the main differences between the effects of Acamprosate and Disulfiram in treating alcoholism?
• Gave FDA the authority over tobacco products sold in us • Prohibited candy flavors • Required disclosure of ingredients and a graphic warning labels • Prohibited marketing to youth Tobacco companies respond by increasing prices and start marketing to other countries
What are the main points of the Family Smoking Prevention & Tobacco Control Act of 2009? How did the tobacco companies respond?
Glaucoma- decreases intraocular pressure by 25% Aids/HIV/Cancer- Increase appetite, decrease pain Other-reduce spasticity with MS, chronic pain, helps with sleep, anorexia, arthritis, epilepsy, and migraines.
What are the medical benefits of marijuana consumption?
"Stupor"- unresponsive, nausea/vomiting, unable to move
What are the negative effects of alcohol that occur at BACs above 0.25%?
Will help to quit cigarette smoking but increase nicotine addiction
What are the potential benefits and risks of using e-cigarettes?
27.
What are the relapse rate at 1 and 2 years for people attempting to stop drinking?
Senses are affected from cessation. cravings, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, depressed mood, frustration, anger, increased hunger, insomnia, constipation or diarrhea .Craving lasts longest amongst symptoms.
What are the withdrawal symptoms resulting from cessation of nicotine use? Which one symptom lasts the longest for most people?
The intake of caffeine triggers the brain to produce more adenosine receptors. When withdrawing those receptors are not being activated with the regular amount of caffeine lack of concentration, depression, constipation, headache, muscle pain, flu like symptoms, irratibility, slepeness
What change in the brain is responsible for withdrawal effects from caffeine? What withdrawal symptoms occur when you stop drinking caffeine?
true
True/False: Men binge drink more than women.
GABA
Alcohol is an indirect agonist at ________ receptors.
7.adenosine
Caffeine is an antagonist at ________ receptors.
Gaba is a inhibitory neurotransmitter that is released to induce sleep by adenosine. Caffeine block the action of adenosine, blocking it from releasing gaba and thus keeping you awake.
Describe how caffeine modulates the effects of GABA in regulating sleep.
drastically increases half life
Describe how dose of caffeine, smoking and age affect half-life of caffeine.
10.
Describe how drinking patterns - current use, binge use, & heavy use - change across age groups.
** it is a stimulant that affects your glucose levels
Describe the affects nicotine has that are similar to activation of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system.
21 (following the repeal of prohibition)---> 18 ('70s)----> 21
Describe the changes in age restrictions on alcohol consumption since prohibition.
Oxidation of alcohol to subsequently oxidized metabolites, acetaldehyde is associated with hangovers.
Describe the metabolic process for alcohol. Which metabolite is toxic and associated with hangovers.
1790- physician benjamin rush published pamphlet of dangers of alcohol and encouraged abstinence. The movement began with upper class physicians and spread across middle class
Describe the temperance movement that began in America in the 1800's.
Putting liquor bottle in your boot to carry places, became a synonym for illegal trafficking of alcohol during prohibition
Explain 'bootlegging'
Smoking is a risk factor for schizophrenia The rate of smoking for SZ patients is higher than general population (68% for SZ and 11% for general).
Explain the relationship between smoking and schizophrenia.
.16th: introduction of federal income tax (additional revenue w/out alcohol taxes) 18th: prohibition
How are the 16th and 18th amendments to the US constitution related to prohibition?
They disputed it. The "Frank Statement to Cigarettes Smokers" was written
How did the tobacco companies respond to the early scientific studies linking smoking to lung cancer?
More potent than THC, unpredictable and severe side effects such as rapid heart rate, vomiting, suicidal thoughts- Can be addictive
How do synthetic cannabinoids compare to THC in potency, negative side effects and addiction liability?
Double the success rate of quitting then quitting with no help but still only 14-24%
How effective are smoking cessation treatments?
Clearance can take 20-30 hours from urine.
How is THC excreted and how long does clearance take? How is the length of clearance related to the variable half-life?
By fermentation of sugar by yeast or bacteria
How is alcohol produced?
***Pepsi-carbonation facilitates absorption
If you wanted to speed up your rate of absorption of alcohol should you drink your rum in Pepsi or Orange juice?
They add a filter to cigarettes.
In 1966, how did the tobacco industry try to "address the health issues associated with smoking"?
**Cigs are more addictive than coke or heroin
In 1988, what did the Surgeon General's report conclude?
1964
In what year did the U.S. Surgeon General link cigarette smoking with lung cancer and coronary artery disease?
agonist CB1 - brain and central nervous system CB2- peripheral organs
THC is an ______ at cannabinoid receptors. Which type of cannabinoid receptor is in the brain and central nervous system?
False
True/False: More adults use e-cigarettes than adolescents.
True
True/False: Caffeine acts as a natural pesticide for the plants which contain it.
False phsyicatric maybe true
True/False: Caffeine is the most commonly-used psychoactive drug.
true
True/False: Egyptians produced wine and beer.
17. true
True/False: If you stop smoking, your health will return to that of a nonsmoker within 15 years.
True
True/False: Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit in the United States.
ABV is the % of alcohol in a given volume Proof is 2x ABV
What is alcohol by volume (ABV)? How does ABV compare to proof as a measure of alcohol content?
Lack of ambition, less participation in social activities and lack of empathy.
What is amotivational syndrome and what data supports the diagnosis of the syndrome?
30-60 mg. The side effects are Nausea, Burning, Vomiting, etc.
What is the LD50 of nicotine in humans? What are the symptoms of nicotine poisoning (exclude eye exposure)?
Hemp - low THC cannabis
What is the difference between hemp and marijuana?
Hash has higher concentration of psychoactive chemicals, and is a paste from the sap of the plant.
What is the difference between marijuana and hashish?
Risk increase
What is the impact of cannabis consumption on psychosis and mood disorders?
cirrhosis
What is the irreversible liver damage associated with alcohol abuse?
0.08
What is the legal limit for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to be considered 'driving under the influence'?
5. oral in 60 min
What is the most common route of administration for caffeine and how long does it take for peak blood concentration to be reached?
Inhalation. It reaches the brain within 10 seconds of inhalation
What is the most common route of administration for nicotine and how long does it take for nicotine to reach the brain via this route?
E-cigs expose lungs to multiple carcinogenic and toxic chemicals from liquid
What is the negative impact of e-cigarettes on the lungs?
headache relief - positive Negative- disrupst sleep/ increases risks of panic attacks in predisposed people
What is the one known positive health and 2 negative health effects of caffeine?
THC
What is the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana?
To produce drinks with higher alcohol percent
What is the purpose of distillation in producing alcohol?
no more than 400mg
What is the recommended daily limit for caffeine for a healthy adult?
He said the previous statements and also claimed that the reports made in la guardia were not scientific
What role did Harry Anslinger play in the criminalization of marijuana?
Wernicke-Korsakoff
What type of brain damage is seen in people with alcoholism?
Determined that you must posses a stamp license to possess or distribute marijuana
What was required by the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937?
Report done in 1939 by mayor who Formed a committee to examine truth of the drug, found non addictive, it doesn't lead to other addictions, Didn't determine other crimes, not done by students, and not associated with juvenile delinquency
What was the La Guardia Report? What were the finding reported?
California in 1996 with doctors note, grow up to 6 plants, have less than half ounce, need ID from state, And dispensaries could sell with license
What was the first state to legalize medical marijuana and what were the regulations?
Colorado And washington - up to ounce if over 21 was legal, can't drive high, up to 6 plants, and taxed.
What were the first 2 states to legalize recreational use of cannabis and what were the regulations?
Emotional disturbances, sleep disruption, gastrointestinal disturbances
What withdrawal symptoms do chronic cannabis users report when they abruptly stop using?
3. 35-50 and 51-70 for caffeine in mg/day. 20-34 and 35-50 for caffeinated soda.
Which 2 age groups drink the most caffeine in mg/day? Which 2 age groups drink the most caffeinated soda?
Associated with nicotine: cardiovascular disease, Reduced lung function, gastrointestinal disorder, increased risk of type 2 diabetes, loss of bone density, periodontal disease and stained teeth, decreased fertility, erectile dysfunction, premature aging, wrinkling of the skin Associated with other componants: Increased risk of cancer, reduced lung function
Which of the negative health effects of smoking are associated with nicotine and which associated with other components of tobacco smoking?
1939 by german scientists
Who made the first association between smoking and lung cancer and when was the association made?
Because earlier onset of smoking is associated with a more severe addiction
Why do tobacco companies try to get adolescents to start smoking?
Higher body fat= less volume/weight for alcohol retention
Why do women have higher BACs than men after consuming the same amount of alcohol?
Lower concentration attributes to lower driving force for absorption (diffusion dependent)
Why is the alcohol in beer and wine absorbed more slowly than the alcohol in a single shot of distilled liquor?
Because THC is stored in body fat
Why is the half-life of THC highly variable?
The federal government relied on taxes for income, as there was no income tax at the time.
Why was prohibition an important political issue?
