Exam 2
Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic blood pressure __________ mmHg
80
What is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?
80
if we heard lub - whistle - dup it could mean that
F (aortic valve) has stenosis
Which of the following depicts an eosinophil?
N
If we heard lub -swish - dup when listening to heart sounds it could mean that
N (mitral valve) is insufficient
Which of the following images depicts an eosinophil?
Q
If we heard lub -swish - dup when listening to heart sounds it could mean that
R (mitral valve) is regurgitating
The sarcomere drawn below corresponds to which point of the length tension curve?
Y
The neurotransmitter released by parasympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA Node is ___________________.
acetylcholine
When we do blood typing and we mix an anitbody with cells and see the cells clump together due to antigen-antibody interactions, this is called __________________________________.
agglutination
Which of the following antibodies would be found in blood type B+
anti-A
When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?
increase Ca2+ influx
When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, we place the diaphragm of the stethoscope where?
medial antecubital fossa
The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
this experiment simulated twitch summation
If we wanted to simulate multiple motor unit summation (MMUS), we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
voltage
When we use the auscultatory method for determining blood pressure:
we are listening for Korotkoff sounds
We performed a couple of statistical tests in our blood lab. Match the descriptions the best answer.
-An r value suggesting that there is a strong positive relationship between one variable and another variable; 0.85 -A statistical test that can be used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups; unpaired t-test -A p value that is likely to suggest that there is a significant difference between the mean of one group and the mean of another group; 0.001 -An r value suggesting that there is a strong negative relationship between one variable and another variable; -0.9 -A statistical test that indicates the strength of the relationship between variables; Pearson's Correlation
Based on current (after 2017) guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as elevated (more than one acceptable answer)
120-130
Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a systolic blood pressure __________ mmHg
130
We did two experiments related to hemostasis: determing bleeding tie and clotting time. Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)
1st: Platelet Plug 2nd: Activation of factor X 3rd: activation of prothrombin to its active form 4th: thrombin activating fibrinogen to its active form Last: formation of a clot
A number of events must occur at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to allow the nervous system to stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle. Please put the following events in order. A blank figure of the NMJ is provided below to help you visualize these events. Note: some events have been skipped.
1st: opening of voltage gated calcium channels 2nd: calcium influx 3rd: acetylcholine released from the terminal bouton by exocytosis 4th: acetylcholine traverses the synaptic cleft 5th: acetylcholine binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 6th: sodium enters and causes an end plate potential seventh: acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine
We did two experiments related to hemostasis: determing bleeding tie and clotting time. Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)
1st: vascular spasm 2nd: Platelet plug 3rd: activation of factor X 4th: activation of prothrombin to its active form Last: formation of a clot
We did two experiments related to hemostasis: determing bleeding tie and clotting time. Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)
1st: vascular spasm 2nd: Platelet plug 3rd: activation of factor X 4th: thrombin activating fibrinogen to its active form Last: formation of a clot
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. After the electrical impulse spreads through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, what wouldd be 5 of the next events in the cardiac cycle? (not all answers will be used)
1st: ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2nd: pressure in the ventricles begins to increase 3rd: the AV valves close 4th: pressure in the ventricles exceeds aortic pressure 5th: ventricles begin to eject blood
Which of the following is closest to a healthy thrombocyte count for a healthy adult female?
270,000/mm3
A diastolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be suggestive of hypotension
60
A systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg increases the possibility of the subject experiencing syncope
90
What is a typical value for mean arterial pressure in a healthy adult human?
90
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-B antibodies
A+
Which of the following are proteins found in the thin filament? Select all that apply
Actin troponin tropomyosin
Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA Node?
Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)
Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of acetylcholine on the AV Node?
Atropine
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A antibodies
B+
The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node
Beta-1-adrenergic receptors
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle? select the single best answer
In cardiac muscle stimulating with increasing freqeuncies fails to cause tetanus because of gap junctions
Which of the following pressures best represents the aortic pressure tracing?
L2
The figure below depicts an action potential from an atrial muscle cell. Phase X of this figure would likely occur during what part of the EKG?
P wave
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A+
Rh A
Match the following events:
T wave; ventricular repolarization QRS complex; ventricular depolarization P wave; atrial depolarization
The second heart sound would occur when
The pressure in D (left ventricle) falls below the pressure in H (Aorta) sonogram
The act of stretching a muscle creates some tension that can be harnessed to help us move. Which of the following is/are true about this property of muscle?
The tension created by stretching the muscle is related to the elastic properties of the muscle The tension created by stretching the muscle is called passive tension The protein titin, found in each sarcomere between the thick filaments and z-lines, contributes to the tension created by stretching the muscle The protein elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with the muscle, contributes to the tension created by stretching the muscle
What is/are true regarding skeletal muscle twitches A and B below:
Twitch B would need to be stimulated less frequently to achieve tetanus
which of the following is/are true about clotting?
a clot is made up of a fibrin network NOT TRUE: When fibrin activates prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin makes a clot A clot is when antibodies in the plasma bind with antigens on the cells and causes them to clump together Clotting is when platelets aggregate together
If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
a negative chronotropic effect
If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
an increase in heart rate an increase in contractility a positive chronotropic effect a positive inotropic effect
Which of the following would be expected to increase cardiac contractility?
applying calcium to the heart applying epinephrine to the heart
Which of the following would be expected to decrease heart rate?
applying cold Ringer's solution applying acetylcholine to the heart applying potassium to the heart applying atenolol (a beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocker)
Which of the following would be expected to cause a negative inotropic effect?
applying potassium to the heart applying cold Ringer's solution to the heart
At what time point on this figure would S1 occur?
at time point V
The period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction would occur during what part of this figure?
between points V and W
If your subject had aortic stenosis we would hear an extra sound at what point? (wiggers)
between points W and X
During which part of the cardiac cycle was this figure likely taken? Choose the single best answer
between the P wave and the QRS complex
During which part of the cardiac cycle was this figure likely taken? Select the single best answer
between the QRS and T wave
During which part of the cardiac cycle was this figure likely taken? Choose the single best answer
between the T wave and the P wave
When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the AV Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?
decrease cAMP
The third heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle?
early filling of the ventricles right after the AV valves open
Which of the following is NOT related to part P of this curve: (dicrotic notch)
elastic recoil of veins IS TRUE: this secondary increase in pressure comes just after closing of the semilunar valves
Match the cell types in this image with the most appropriate description:
enter tissues and become macrophages; A some of these can differentiate and make antibodies; B filled with hemoglobin, carries a lot of oxygen; C
Which heart sound is associated with closing of the AV valves?
first
Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with curare, they would likely experience _____________________
flacid paralysis
If we wanted to cause tetanus in our forearrm stimulation experiemnt, we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
frequency
The following depcits EMG activity of your subject's repeated bicep curls to fatigue, based on this recording, which of the following is/are likely true? (assume the subject used good form the entire time)
if A and B are either concentric actions or eccentric actions; B is likely the eccentric action the fatigue could be due to loss of excitability in motor areas of the brain the subject likely experienced central fatigue
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle? select the single best answer
in cardiac muscle, applying frog ringer's with extra calcium (CaCl2) shouldn't effect the strength of contraction becuase in cardiac muscle, nearly all of the calcium for muscle contraction comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum ARE TRUE: -in skeletal muscle, applying frog ringer's with extra calcium (CaCl2) didn't cause contraction becuase in skeletal muscle, nearly all of the calcium for muscle contraction comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum -In cardiac muscle dihydropyridine receptors play a role as a calcium channel -In skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptors play a role as a voltage sensor -in both skeletal and cardiac muscle ryanodine receptors are involved in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?
increase cAMP
When we take a subject's blood pressure by inflating a blood pressure cuff and feeling for their radial pulse, we call this the ___________________________ method for determining blood pressure.
indirect-palpatory
Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?
it begins when the second heart sound occurs the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant the semilunar valves are closed the AV valves are closed the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing
When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, what is true of the first sound we hear?
it is called the first Korotkoff sound
Which of the following is/are true about the second heart sound?
it occurs when the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the aorta
The fifth Korotkoff sound is associated with:
laminar blood flow
The difference in surface EMG amplitude between point X and point Y is especially due to what type of summation?
multiple motor unit summation
The following figure depicts several points that resulted in visible finger/hand movements as a result of electrical stimulation. It appears we were stimulating two different muscles (muscle abc and muscle xyz). You can also see the minimum voltages required for stimulation, minimum frequencies to attain tetanus, as well as the movement they caused. Which of the following is/are true?
muscle abc is likey innervated by the median nerve the motor point for muscle abc appears to be at point a you can tell the motor points because they require the lowest voltage for stimulation
In our frog leg length tension experiment we observed changes in active, passive, and total tension as we stretched the muscle. Which of the following best reflects the expected findings for active tension in this experiment?
muscle length (mm) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 active tension (g) 3 6 9 12 14 14 11 8 5 2
In our frog leg length tension experiment we observed changes in active, passive, and total tension as we stretched the muscle. Which of the following best reflects the expected findings for passive tension in this experiment?
muscle length (mm) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 passive tension (g) 3 6 9 12 14 18 23 29 37 50
The following figure depicts several points that resulted in visible finger/hand movements as a result of electrical stimulation. It appears we were stimulating two different muscles (muscle abc and muscle xyz). You can also see the minimum voltages required for stimulation, minimum frequencies to attain tetanus, as well as the movement they caused. Which of the following is/are true?
muscles with a lot of fast-twitch fibers require a higher frequency to achieve tetanus muscle xyz is likey the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle abc likely has more fast twitch fibers than muscle xyz
If your subject was exercising at a moderate intensity (HR 120bpm), which of the following would we expect to observe if we injected them with atropine?
no change in heart rate (atropine just blocks acetylcholine)
What does the 5th Korotkoff sound sound like?
no sound
The neurotransmitter released by sympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA Node is ___________________.
norepinephrine
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thus prevents breakdown of acetylcholine
organophosphates
The following EMG tracings are taken from the first (ABC) and last (XYZ) contractions of a set of repetitive contractions until the subject was unable to lift the weight any more. These recordings suggest the subject experienced what type of fatigue?
peripheral fatigue
The first heart sound would occur when
pressure in T (left ventricle) increases above pressure in O (left atrium)
On an EKG, the T wave represents the _
repolarization of the ventricles
Which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves?
second
If observed, when does the 4th heart sound occur relative to our other heart sounds?
shortly before S1
In one of our experiments we observed the changes in force production as we stimulated the frog muscle with progressively increasing voltages. Which of the following sets of data best reflects the expected findings of this experiment?
stimulus stength (V) 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 tension (g) 1 3 5 7 9 13 16 16 16 16
When we talk about a patient's blood pressure, if we do not say otherwise we are referring to pressure in what part of the circulatory system?
systemic arterial pressure at the level of the heart
The following depcits EMG activity of your subject's repeated bicep curls to fatigue, based on this recording, which of the following is/are likely true? (assume the subject used good form the entire time)
the fatigue could be due to factors within the muscle, not the nervous system The subject likely experienced peripheral fatigue The difference in EMG amplitude between contraction A and contraction B is likely mostly due to differences in numbers of motor units active
The following figure depicts several points that resulted in visible finger/hand movements as a result of electrical stimulation. It appears we were stimulating two different muscles (muscle abc and muscle xyz). You can also see the minimum voltages required for stimulation, minimum frequencies to attain tetanus, as well as the movement they caused. Which of the following is/are true?
the motor point for muscle xyz appears to be at point x you can tell the motor points because they require the lowest voltage for stimulation muscle xyz is likley the flexor carpi ulnaris
The third heart sound would occur when
the pressure in A (left ventricle) falls below the pressure in B (left atrium)
The third heart sound would occur when
the pressure in P (left ventricle) is lower than pressure in S (left atrium)
During the fourth heart sound
the pressure in T (left ventricle) is below pressure in O (left atrium)
Which of the following are NOT true about our skeletal muscle experiment with calcium cholride and caffeine?
the results of this experiment suggest that the calicum that causes skeletal muscle contraction comes mostly from extracellular sources ARE TRUE: the response to caffeine was caused by the openning of ryanodine receptors when we applied caffeine to our frog muscle, we observed an increase in tension when we applied CaCl2 to our frog muscle, we observed little or no change in tension
The following figure is a screen capture from one of our frog muscle experiments. Which of the following is/are likely true?
the simmilar force production for the last three twitches is likely due to the fact that all motor units are being stimulated this experiment was likely performed by increasing the voltage
The following figure was taken from a part of one of our length tension experiment. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
these two twitches were likely recorded at relatively short muscle lengths
The lumbricals of the hand are intrinsic hand muscles that play a role in fine motor control of the hand. Given this role, what would we predict about the size of motor units of these muscles?
they would have few fibers per motor unit
The tibialis anterior is a major dorisflexor of the foot and is not used for any fine motor activities. Given this role, what would we predict about the size of motor units of these muscles?
they would have many fibers per motor unit
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. The following figure depicts the last experiment we did with the frog heart, which entailed stimulating it. We did a very similar experiment with skeletal muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle for this experiment? select the single best answer
this experiment involved stimulating the frog heart with progressively increasing frequencies ARE TRUE: -the reason that additional voltage fails to cause a stronger response in cardiac muscle is because cardiac muscle cells have gap junctions between them -when we stimulated skeletal muscle with progressively increasing voltages we would have observed stronger contractions -if we stimulated skeletal muscle with progressively increasing voltages we would be simulating multiple motor unit summation -In skeletal muscle eventually we got the same response repeatedly because all motor units were being stimulated
The first Korotkoff sound is associated with:
turbulent blood flow
