exam 2

How does an individual come to possess an achieved status?

An achieved status is earned.

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

Families begin the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about in-groups?

In-group membership is often temporary.

Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would predispose her to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?

It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently.

In class we talked about some of the dangers of conformity and discussed research conducted by Dr. Solomon Asch. What were participants asked to identify in his study?

Matching lines

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread into everyday life of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating?

McDonaldization

Tattoos during the Roman Empire were considered what?

Unholy

Which theorist argued that if people "define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences"?

W. I. Thomas

One example of bystander apathy watched in class was very disturbing. It involved teenagers doing what?

Watching a man drown

Which of the following would NOT be considered an aggregate?

a primary group

What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made?

a self-fulfilling prophecy

What is a position in a social hierarchy called that comes with a set of expectations?

a status

How is the term "master status" defined?

a status that seems to override all other statuses an individual may possess

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

a stay-at-home mother becoming paralyzed in a car accident

If you decided that you could never get into a good school and therefore could never get a good job, you might decide to sell crack cocaine instead as a way to make a living. According to Robert Merton, what sort of deviant would you be?

an innovator

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

anomie, or normlessness.

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?

coercive power

Samantha believes that our criminal law excuses big corporations for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices. At the same time, she sees homeless people imprisoned for stealing food, which she believes we should all have access to regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a ____________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society.

conflict theory

In order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must:

depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction.

The parents of a deviant child often want to find some way to excuse their offspring's behavior, and it's common to hear them say, "He just fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation most closely resemble?

differential association

Children raised without human interaction or with a minimum of human contact are referred to as ____________ children.

feral

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

group dynamics

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff?

groupthink

This occurs when criminals target individuals based upon demographics like race, religion, or nationality.

hate crimes

All over Los Angeles cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." What is this an example of?

hostility toward an out-group

The looking-glass self explains:

how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which each individual works to control the impressions others have of her. What did Goffman call this process?

impression management

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?

internalization

Socialization refers to the:

lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

Emily's father is a neurosurgeon, but he used to be a tattoo artist and has tattoos covering most of arms. His tattoos stop at his wrists and he can cover them with long sleeve shirts. This is an example of what?

passing

Which of the following is a strategy to negotiate everyday interactions with a stigmatized identity?

passing

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

peers

Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?

primary groups

The term "total institution" applies to which of the following?

prisons

What sorts of things do students learn from the hidden curriculum?

punctuality, neatness, and discipline

What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his own accomplishments?

reference group

There are several functions of the criminal justice system. One of which is helping reform criminals so they can reenter society. Sometimes this involves therapy or job training. Which function is it?

rehabilitation

Jane's father was killed by a criminal after walking in to a bank during a robbery. Jane wants the man responsible to never be free again. The criminal was sentended to life in prison. This would be what type of function of the criminal justice system?

retribution

Merton's strain theory argues that individuals who have accepted the institutional means of society, but have rejected cultural goals fall into which category?

ritualism

What occurs when a self-fulfilling prophecy involves a positive stereotype that leads to a positive outcome?

stereotype promise

_______________ describes any physical or social attribute that devalues a person

stigma

Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. What sort of strain does the theory's name refer to?

strain between socially approved goals and the means an individual has for realizing them

The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand

the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.

One day in class we had a really great discussion about a particular type of punishment. We listened to opinions on both sides of the issue. What was this type of punishment?

the death penalty

Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for a team when games are played at recess. However, he likes to make silly jokes and pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does those things. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called:

the looking-glass self.

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

the personal qualities of the leader.

Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a "type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?"

the superego

Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that:

what is considered deviant changes over time.

What is role conflict?

when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict