Exam 2 A&P
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and melatonin are examples of what kind of hormone?
Amino acid derivative
What vitamin is needed, along with intrinsic factor, for erythropoiesis to occur?
B12
A person who has a splenectomy is at higher risk for what complication?
Bacterial infection
________ reflexes respond to changes in blood pressure.
Baroreceptor
Which of the following monitor changes in pressure in an organ and provide information essential to the regulation of autonomic activities?
Baroreceptors
Another name for a sphygmomanometer is what?
Blood pressure cuff
Agglutination occurs in which of the following?
Blood transfusions
Which medicine is considered an antipyretic?
Both A and B are correct.
Which of the following is a characteristic of white blood cells?
Can engulf pathogens
________ form branching networks and are barely the diameter of a single red blood cell.
Capillaries
Which region of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?
Cerebrum
Which cardiac disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi?
Chagas' disease
Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called what?
Chemoreceptors
The phenomenon of being attracted to or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluid is called what?
Chemotaxis
________ are the connective tissue fibers that brace the flaps of the tricuspid valve.
Chordae tendineae
Blood reduces fluid loss at injury sites by which of the following?
Clotting
Which type of headache is characterized by very severe, unilateral pain in the orbit, forehead, or temple?
Cluster
________ is a blow to the myocardium where no obvious gross or microscopic injury can be found.
Commotio cordis
________ proteins interact with one another in chain reactions similar to those of the clotting system.
Complement
Which system coordinates the activities of the contractile cells?
Conducting
Thyroid hormones bound to mitochondria reduce the mitochondrial rates of ATP production.
False
Which plasma protein is involved in blood clotting?
Fibrinogens
________ immunity is genetically determined.
Innate
Which hormone increases T cell sensitivity to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells?
Interleukins
In red blood cells, oxygen binds by interacting with what?
Iron
Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing visual images on the photoreceptors by changing its shape?
Lens
The ________ system establishes emotional states and related behavioral drives.
Limbic
Where would you find the blood mobilized by the venous reserve?
Liver
Which organ synthesizes most plasma proteins?
Liver
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
What is leukopenia?
Low white blood cell counts
________ are small, oval lymphoid organs that filter and purify the lymph before it reaches the venous system.
Lymph nodes
________ are specialized cells that perform an array of specific functions in defending the body.
Lymphocytes
Which connective tissue divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities and encloses the heart?
Mediastinum
Which portion of the brain has the cardiac and vasomotor centers?
Medulla oblongata
Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?
Medulla oblongata
Which hormone helps establish day-night cycles?
Melatonin
Which of the following conditions occurs when the flaps of the left AV valve do not close properly?
Mitral valve prolapse
The hair cells of the cochlear duct are found where?
Organ of Corti
The endocrine cells of which organ produce glucagon and insulin?
Pancreas
When antibodies produced by a mother protect her baby against infections, it is called ________ immunity.
Passive
________ in peripheral tissues remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign compounds or pathogens.
Phagocytes
What are the blood vessels that link two capillary networks called?
Portal Vessels
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by which gland?
Posterior pituitary gland
Which of the following controls the flow of blood into the capillary?
Precapillary sphincter
________ is the process of insoluble complexes settling out of body fluids.
Precipitation
Which clotting protein is converted into the enzyme thrombin?
Prothrombin
Which proteins reset the body's "thermostat" and cause a rise in body temperature?
Pyrogens
Which of the following causes severe pain and light sensitivity 6 to 12 hours after ocular exposure to a welding arc, tanning lights, or bright snow?
Ultraviolet keratitis
Which of the following is a preparation designed to induce an immune response?
Vaccine
Which nerve monitors baroreceptors, which in turn monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels?
Vagus nerve
Stimulation of the vasomotor centers causes what action?
Vasoconstriction
What is the procedure for removing blood from a superficial vein called?
Venipuncture
Lymphatics begin in peripheral tissues and end at connections to the ________ system.
Venous
Each pair of spinal nerves monitors a specific region of the body surface known as
a dermatome.
A rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat is:
a pulse.
Masses of gray matter that lie beneath the lateral ventricles and direct activities outside of our conscious awareness are the
basal nuclei
The ________ of skeletal muscles near a vein compress it, helping push blood toward the heart.
contraction
In ________, several neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron, making possible both voluntary and involuntary control of some body processes.
convergence
The ________ is a deep groove, usually filled with substantial amounts of fat, which divides the atria and ventricles.
coronary sulcus
When resistance increases, flow:
decreases
The P wave on an ECG tracing indicates:
depolarization of the atria.
Organs that receive instructions from both autonomic divisions are said to receive:
dual innervation
In ________, degenerating smooth muscle in the tunica media is replaced by calcium deposits.
focal calcification
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are examples of:
gonadotropins
The ________ is the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements.
hematocrit
The ________ acts as the body's thermostat.
hypothalamus
The ________ provides the highest level of endocrine control by acting as an important link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
The hepatitis B vaccine is ________ immunity.
induced active
The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and ________ receptors.
muscarinic
The hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contractions during labor and delivery is:
oxytocin
The normal rate of contraction is established by ________ cells, the nodal cells that reach threshold first.
pacemaker
Plasma contains dissolved:
proteins
The area monitored by a single receptor cell is called the:
receptive field.
The ________ delivers lymph from the right side of the body and empties into the right subclavian vein.
right lymphatic duct
The stress response has three phases: alarm, flight, and reduction.
False
A normal cardiac muscle cell is limited to ________ contractions per minute.
200
How many tonsils does a person have?
5
What is the average pH of whole blood?
7.35 to 7.45
The pigment retinal is synthesized from what vitamin?
A
________ breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline at the synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane.
Acetylcholinesterase
________ immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.
Active
________ is a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. It reduces the amount of information arriving at the cerebral cortex.
Adaption
What disease is caused by cortical destruction? These patients have progressive weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite, and weight loss.
Addison's disease
Epinephrine is produced by which gland?
Adrenal medulla
________ specifically targets cells producing hormones called glucocorticoids, which affect glucose metabolism.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein and the one responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma?
Albumin
Which corticosteroid affects the electrolyte composition of body fluids?
Aldosterone
A 12-lead ECG may be used to triage patients into which of the following groups?
All of the above
Gustatory, or taste, receptors are located where?
All of the above
In what way do cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens?
All of the above
Red blood cell formation occurs in myeloid tissue in the:
All of the above
Where are red blood cells engulfed before they can undergo hemolysis?
All of the above
Which of the following affects tissue perfusion?
All of the above
Which of the following is a function of the spleen?
All of the above
Which of the following is a general property of immunity?
All of the above
Which surface antigen on red blood cells determines blood type?
All of the above
What is formed when an antibody molecule binds to its specific antigen?
Antigen-antibody complex
Where is blood pressure highest in the systemic circuit?
Aorta
Where do the left and right coronary arteries originate?
Aortic sinuses
What is an inflammation of the lymphoid nodules in the appendix called?
Appendicitis
Which vessel type has a thicker smooth muscle layer?
Arteries
Which vessels are known as efferent vessels?
Arteries
________ distribute blood to body organs.
Arteries
________ is the thickening and toughening of arterial walls.
Arteriosclerosis
Which of the following produces adjustments in heart rate in response to an increase in the venous return?
Atrial reflex
________ disorders develop when the immune response targets normal body cells and tissues.
Autoimmune
Which nervous system adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance?
Autonomic
Which nervous system component provides automatic involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions?
Autonomic
The first event in antibody-mediated immunity is the sensitization of ________ cells.
B
Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies?
B cells
What type of tissue is blood?
Connective
What is the most common cause of heart attacks?
Coronary artery disease
Which motor pathway is responsible for conscious, voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Corticospinal
Which of the following affects glucose metabolism?
Cortisol
________ is the delivery of sufficient electrical energy to the heart to depolarize the myocardial muscle mass with limited damage.
Defibrillation
What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mV called? An example is the entry of sodium into the cell.
Depolarization
What disease occurs when the kidneys cannot respond to ADH or there is an inadequate release of ADH into the body?
Diabetes insipidus
There are 32 pairs of spinal nerves grouped according to the region of the vertebral column from which they originate.
False
________ is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces.
Edema
Which neuroglia produces cerebrospinal fluid in some regions of the brain
Ependymal cells
Which sense informs a person of his or her position in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration, and rotation?
Equilibrium
Which hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
Which clotting pathway begins with the release of a lipoprotein called tissue factor?
Extrinsic
A person with type A blood cannot receive type O blood.
False
Aphasia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words.
False
Calcitriol synthesis is dependent on the availability of vitamin C.
False
Epinephrine makes up only 20 to 25 percent of secretions from the adrenal cortex.
False
Follicles surrounding the ova produce testrogen and estrogen.
False
Hertz, or the number of cycles per second, represent the amplitude of sound.
False
How well the eye discriminates small details is determined by measuring the patient's visual range.
False
Lamellated corpuscles are large receptors that are sensitive to light pressure and high frequency vibration.
False
Leukocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
False
Plasma and water are equally dense.
False
Static equilibrium aids a person in maintaining balance when the head and body are in motion.
False
Temperature receptors are found in the bladder and kidney.
False
The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements in an average adult male is 85 percent.
False
The spinal cord extends into the coccyx area of the vertebral column.
False
________ is caused by an elevation in pressure inside the eye.
Glaucoma
Which plasma protein is responsible for antibodies and transport proteins?
Globulins
The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone?
Glucagon
________ stimulate the activities of both T cells and B cells.
Helper T cells
Which chemicals initiate the process of inflammation?
Histamine and heparin
What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system called?
Hormones
Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?
Hydrocephalus
Which of the following can cause the heart to go into an extended state of contraction, possibly resulting in death?
Hypercalcemia
Which condition causes a reduced heart rate?
Hypokalemia
Which of the following is a class of antibodies?
IgA
What type of allergy is the most common and includes "hay fever"?
Immediate hypersensitivity
________ is the process of NK cells constantly monitoring normal tissues.
Immune surveillance
How does interstitial fluid osmotic pressure affect fluid movement at the arterial end?
Moves fluid outward
________ arteries distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs.
Muscular
Which type of lymphocyte attacks cancer cells that appear in normal tissue?
NK Cells
Patients with myopia are said to have what vision problem?
Nearsightedness
Tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destroyed is called what?
Necrosis
What is the most common type of white blood cells?
Neutrophils
________ are responsible for establishing the rate of cardiac contraction.
Nodal cells
Antibodies eliminate antigens by:
None of the above
The posterior pituitary gland releases what hormone that results in peripheral vasoconstriction?
None of the above
The purpose of inflammation is to:
None of the above
________ are the specialized sites that each cardiac muscle cell is in contact with.
None of the above
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?
Referred pain
________ is the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium.
Regurgitation
Which of the following, caused by a streptococcal infection, may lead to carditis?
Rheumatic fever
________ are learned motor behaviors that, with repetition, become incorporated at the unconscious level.
Skill memories
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is found where?
Spleen
________ is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat.
Stroke volume
What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?
Systole
Which type of lymphocyte directly attacks foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses?
T cells
Which of the following is a general sense?
Temperature
What is the most important hormone produced in the male gonads?
Testosterone
In the vascular phase of hemostasis, what occurs to the vessels that have been cut?
They contract.
Which of the following is an example of primary lymphoid tissues?
Thymus
Which of the following is involved with bone marrow in the production of T cells?
Thymus
Which of the following is a life-threatening emergency in which patients display high fever, delirium or coma, tachycardia, hypotension, vomiting, and diarrhea?
Thyrotoxic crisis
What is a primary function of the antidiuretic hormone?
To decrease the amount of water lost through the kidney
As many as 30 million red blood cells per second are produced during maximum erythropoietin stimulation.
True
Ependymal lining is freely permeable except at the choroid plexus, where cerebrospinal fluid is produced.
True
Individuals with type AB blood are considered universal recipients.
True
Peptide hormones consist of chains of amino acids.
True
Polyuria is excessive urine production, which is often seen in diabetes.
True
The brain contains almost 97 percent of the neural tissue in the body.
True
The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems.
True
The normal temperature of whole blood is 100.4 degrees F.
True
The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells.
True
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves connect to the brain
True
Which layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle within loose connective tissue?
Tunica media
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:
adrenergic.
The hormones released by the ________ control other endocrine glands.
anterior pituitary gland
The clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps give it its shape is called:
aqueous humor.
The introduction of ________ initiates contraction during the plateau phase.
calcium
The ________ respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
chemoreceptor reflexes
Receptors in the ________ provide the sense of hearing.
cochlear duct
The aorta and pulmonary trunk are ________ arteries.
elastic
The left coronary artery supplies the:
left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.
NK cells kill abnormal cells by secreting ________, which kill the cells by creating large pores in their plasma membranes.
perforins
In a(n) ________ effect, one hormone must be present for another to work.
permissive
After bilirubin is absorbed by the liver, most of it goes into the bile and then into the:
small intestine.
The influx of ________ rapidly depolarizes the cardiac contractile cells.
sodium
A(n) ________ defense may oppose infection by one type of bacterium but ignore other bacteria and all viruses.
specific
A(n) ________ effect can result in two hormones having a net effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.
synergistic
The ________ collects lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs, and from the left half of the head, neck, and chest. It empties near the junction between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein.
thoracic duct
Eddies and swirls in blood flow are called:
turbulence
The thin sheet that separates the middle ear from the external ear is called the:
tympanic membrane.
What is anisocoria?
unequal pupils
Polypeptide chains from ruptured red blood cells are removed from the body through:
urination
