Exam 2 A&P

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and melatonin are examples of what kind of hormone?

Amino acid derivative

What vitamin is needed, along with intrinsic factor, for erythropoiesis to occur?

B12

A person who has a splenectomy is at higher risk for what complication?

Bacterial infection

________ reflexes respond to changes in blood pressure.

Baroreceptor

Which of the following monitor changes in pressure in an organ and provide information essential to the regulation of autonomic activities?

Baroreceptors

Another name for a sphygmomanometer is what?

Blood pressure cuff

Agglutination occurs in which of the following?

Blood transfusions

Which medicine is considered an antipyretic?

Both A and B are correct.

Which of the following is a characteristic of white blood cells?

Can engulf pathogens

________ form branching networks and are barely the diameter of a single red blood cell.

Capillaries

Which region of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?

Cerebrum

Which cardiac disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi?

Chagas' disease

Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called what?

Chemoreceptors

The phenomenon of being attracted to or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluid is called what?

Chemotaxis

________ are the connective tissue fibers that brace the flaps of the tricuspid valve.

Chordae tendineae

Blood reduces fluid loss at injury sites by which of the following?

Clotting

Which type of headache is characterized by very severe, unilateral pain in the orbit, forehead, or temple?

Cluster

________ is a blow to the myocardium where no obvious gross or microscopic injury can be found.

Commotio cordis

________ proteins interact with one another in chain reactions similar to those of the clotting system.

Complement

Which system coordinates the activities of the contractile cells?

Conducting

Thyroid hormones bound to mitochondria reduce the mitochondrial rates of ATP production.

False

Which plasma protein is involved in blood clotting?

Fibrinogens

________ immunity is genetically determined.

Innate

Which hormone increases T cell sensitivity to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells?

Interleukins

In red blood cells, oxygen binds by interacting with what?

Iron

Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing visual images on the photoreceptors by changing its shape?

Lens

The ________ system establishes emotional states and related behavioral drives.

Limbic

Where would you find the blood mobilized by the venous reserve?

Liver

Which organ synthesizes most plasma proteins?

Liver

What is thrombocytopenia?

Low platelet count

What is leukopenia?

Low white blood cell counts

________ are small, oval lymphoid organs that filter and purify the lymph before it reaches the venous system.

Lymph nodes

________ are specialized cells that perform an array of specific functions in defending the body.

Lymphocytes

Which connective tissue divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities and encloses the heart?

Mediastinum

Which portion of the brain has the cardiac and vasomotor centers?

Medulla oblongata

Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?

Medulla oblongata

Which hormone helps establish day-night cycles?

Melatonin

Which of the following conditions occurs when the flaps of the left AV valve do not close properly?

Mitral valve prolapse

The hair cells of the cochlear duct are found where?

Organ of Corti

The endocrine cells of which organ produce glucagon and insulin?

Pancreas

When antibodies produced by a mother protect her baby against infections, it is called ________ immunity.

Passive

________ in peripheral tissues remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign compounds or pathogens.

Phagocytes

What are the blood vessels that link two capillary networks called?

Portal Vessels

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by which gland?

Posterior pituitary gland

Which of the following controls the flow of blood into the capillary?

Precapillary sphincter

________ is the process of insoluble complexes settling out of body fluids.

Precipitation

Which clotting protein is converted into the enzyme thrombin?

Prothrombin

Which proteins reset the body's "thermostat" and cause a rise in body temperature?

Pyrogens

Which of the following causes severe pain and light sensitivity 6 to 12 hours after ocular exposure to a welding arc, tanning lights, or bright snow?

Ultraviolet keratitis

Which of the following is a preparation designed to induce an immune response?

Vaccine

Which nerve monitors baroreceptors, which in turn monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels?

Vagus nerve

Stimulation of the vasomotor centers causes what action?

Vasoconstriction

What is the procedure for removing blood from a superficial vein called?

Venipuncture

Lymphatics begin in peripheral tissues and end at connections to the ________ system.

Venous

Each pair of spinal nerves monitors a specific region of the body surface known as

a dermatome.

A rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat is:

a pulse.

Masses of gray matter that lie beneath the lateral ventricles and direct activities outside of our conscious awareness are the

basal nuclei

The ________ of skeletal muscles near a vein compress it, helping push blood toward the heart.

contraction

In ________, several neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron, making possible both voluntary and involuntary control of some body processes.

convergence

The ________ is a deep groove, usually filled with substantial amounts of fat, which divides the atria and ventricles.

coronary sulcus

When resistance increases, flow:

decreases

The P wave on an ECG tracing indicates:

depolarization of the atria.

Organs that receive instructions from both autonomic divisions are said to receive:

dual innervation

In ________, degenerating smooth muscle in the tunica media is replaced by calcium deposits.

focal calcification

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are examples of:

gonadotropins

The ________ is the percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements.

hematocrit

The ________ acts as the body's thermostat.

hypothalamus

The ________ provides the highest level of endocrine control by acting as an important link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The hepatitis B vaccine is ________ immunity.

induced active

The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and ________ receptors.

muscarinic

The hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contractions during labor and delivery is:

oxytocin

The normal rate of contraction is established by ________ cells, the nodal cells that reach threshold first.

pacemaker

Plasma contains dissolved:

proteins

The area monitored by a single receptor cell is called the:

receptive field.

The ________ delivers lymph from the right side of the body and empties into the right subclavian vein.

right lymphatic duct

The stress response has three phases: alarm, flight, and reduction.

False

A normal cardiac muscle cell is limited to ________ contractions per minute.

200

How many tonsils does a person have?

5

What is the average pH of whole blood?

7.35 to 7.45

The pigment retinal is synthesized from what vitamin?

A

________ breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline at the synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane.

Acetylcholinesterase

________ immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.

Active

________ is a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. It reduces the amount of information arriving at the cerebral cortex.

Adaption

What disease is caused by cortical destruction? These patients have progressive weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite, and weight loss.

Addison's disease

Epinephrine is produced by which gland?

Adrenal medulla

________ specifically targets cells producing hormones called glucocorticoids, which affect glucose metabolism.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein and the one responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma?

Albumin

Which corticosteroid affects the electrolyte composition of body fluids?

Aldosterone

A 12-lead ECG may be used to triage patients into which of the following groups?

All of the above

Gustatory, or taste, receptors are located where?

All of the above

In what way do cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens?

All of the above

Red blood cell formation occurs in myeloid tissue in the:

All of the above

Where are red blood cells engulfed before they can undergo hemolysis?

All of the above

Which of the following affects tissue perfusion?

All of the above

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

All of the above

Which of the following is a general property of immunity?

All of the above

Which surface antigen on red blood cells determines blood type?

All of the above

What is formed when an antibody molecule binds to its specific antigen?

Antigen-antibody complex

Where is blood pressure highest in the systemic circuit?

Aorta

Where do the left and right coronary arteries originate?

Aortic sinuses

What is an inflammation of the lymphoid nodules in the appendix called?

Appendicitis

Which vessel type has a thicker smooth muscle layer?

Arteries

Which vessels are known as efferent vessels?

Arteries

________ distribute blood to body organs.

Arteries

________ is the thickening and toughening of arterial walls.

Arteriosclerosis

Which of the following produces adjustments in heart rate in response to an increase in the venous return?

Atrial reflex

________ disorders develop when the immune response targets normal body cells and tissues.

Autoimmune

Which nervous system adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance?

Autonomic

Which nervous system component provides automatic involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions?

Autonomic

The first event in antibody-mediated immunity is the sensitization of ________ cells.

B

Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies?

B cells

What type of tissue is blood?

Connective

What is the most common cause of heart attacks?

Coronary artery disease

Which motor pathway is responsible for conscious, voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

Corticospinal

Which of the following affects glucose metabolism?

Cortisol

________ is the delivery of sufficient electrical energy to the heart to depolarize the myocardial muscle mass with limited damage.

Defibrillation

What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mV called? An example is the entry of sodium into the cell.

Depolarization

What disease occurs when the kidneys cannot respond to ADH or there is an inadequate release of ADH into the body?

Diabetes insipidus

There are 32 pairs of spinal nerves grouped according to the region of the vertebral column from which they originate.

False

________ is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces.

Edema

Which neuroglia produces cerebrospinal fluid in some regions of the brain

Ependymal cells

Which sense informs a person of his or her position in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration, and rotation?

Equilibrium

Which hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow?

Erythropoietin

Which clotting pathway begins with the release of a lipoprotein called tissue factor?

Extrinsic

A person with type A blood cannot receive type O blood.

False

Aphasia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words.

False

Calcitriol synthesis is dependent on the availability of vitamin C.

False

Epinephrine makes up only 20 to 25 percent of secretions from the adrenal cortex.

False

Follicles surrounding the ova produce testrogen and estrogen.

False

Hertz, or the number of cycles per second, represent the amplitude of sound.

False

How well the eye discriminates small details is determined by measuring the patient's visual range.

False

Lamellated corpuscles are large receptors that are sensitive to light pressure and high frequency vibration.

False

Leukocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

False

Plasma and water are equally dense.

False

Static equilibrium aids a person in maintaining balance when the head and body are in motion.

False

Temperature receptors are found in the bladder and kidney.

False

The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements in an average adult male is 85 percent.

False

The spinal cord extends into the coccyx area of the vertebral column.

False

________ is caused by an elevation in pressure inside the eye.

Glaucoma

Which plasma protein is responsible for antibodies and transport proteins?

Globulins

The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce which hormone?

Glucagon

________ stimulate the activities of both T cells and B cells.

Helper T cells

Which chemicals initiate the process of inflammation?

Histamine and heparin

What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system called?

Hormones

Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?

Hydrocephalus

Which of the following can cause the heart to go into an extended state of contraction, possibly resulting in death?

Hypercalcemia

Which condition causes a reduced heart rate?

Hypokalemia

Which of the following is a class of antibodies?

IgA

What type of allergy is the most common and includes "hay fever"?

Immediate hypersensitivity

________ is the process of NK cells constantly monitoring normal tissues.

Immune surveillance

How does interstitial fluid osmotic pressure affect fluid movement at the arterial end?

Moves fluid outward

________ arteries distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs.

Muscular

Which type of lymphocyte attacks cancer cells that appear in normal tissue?

NK Cells

Patients with myopia are said to have what vision problem?

Nearsightedness

Tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destroyed is called what?

Necrosis

What is the most common type of white blood cells?

Neutrophils

________ are responsible for establishing the rate of cardiac contraction.

Nodal cells

Antibodies eliminate antigens by:

None of the above

The posterior pituitary gland releases what hormone that results in peripheral vasoconstriction?

None of the above

The purpose of inflammation is to:

None of the above

________ are the specialized sites that each cardiac muscle cell is in contact with.

None of the above

The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?

Referred pain

________ is the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium.

Regurgitation

Which of the following, caused by a streptococcal infection, may lead to carditis?

Rheumatic fever

________ are learned motor behaviors that, with repetition, become incorporated at the unconscious level.

Skill memories

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is found where?

Spleen

________ is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat.

Stroke volume

What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Systole

Which type of lymphocyte directly attacks foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses?

T cells

Which of the following is a general sense?

Temperature

What is the most important hormone produced in the male gonads?

Testosterone

In the vascular phase of hemostasis, what occurs to the vessels that have been cut?

They contract.

Which of the following is an example of primary lymphoid tissues?

Thymus

Which of the following is involved with bone marrow in the production of T cells?

Thymus

Which of the following is a life-threatening emergency in which patients display high fever, delirium or coma, tachycardia, hypotension, vomiting, and diarrhea?

Thyrotoxic crisis

What is a primary function of the antidiuretic hormone?

To decrease the amount of water lost through the kidney

As many as 30 million red blood cells per second are produced during maximum erythropoietin stimulation.

True

Ependymal lining is freely permeable except at the choroid plexus, where cerebrospinal fluid is produced.

True

Individuals with type AB blood are considered universal recipients.

True

Peptide hormones consist of chains of amino acids.

True

Polyuria is excessive urine production, which is often seen in diabetes.

True

The brain contains almost 97 percent of the neural tissue in the body.

True

The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems.

True

The normal temperature of whole blood is 100.4 degrees F.

True

The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells.

True

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves connect to the brain

True

Which layer of a blood vessel contains smooth muscle within loose connective tissue?

Tunica media

Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:

adrenergic.

The hormones released by the ________ control other endocrine glands.

anterior pituitary gland

The clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps give it its shape is called:

aqueous humor.

The introduction of ________ initiates contraction during the plateau phase.

calcium

The ________ respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

chemoreceptor reflexes

Receptors in the ________ provide the sense of hearing.

cochlear duct

The aorta and pulmonary trunk are ________ arteries.

elastic

The left coronary artery supplies the:

left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.

NK cells kill abnormal cells by secreting ________, which kill the cells by creating large pores in their plasma membranes.

perforins

In a(n) ________ effect, one hormone must be present for another to work.

permissive

After bilirubin is absorbed by the liver, most of it goes into the bile and then into the:

small intestine.

The influx of ________ rapidly depolarizes the cardiac contractile cells.

sodium

A(n) ________ defense may oppose infection by one type of bacterium but ignore other bacteria and all viruses.

specific

A(n) ________ effect can result in two hormones having a net effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.

synergistic

The ________ collects lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs, and from the left half of the head, neck, and chest. It empties near the junction between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein.

thoracic duct

Eddies and swirls in blood flow are called:

turbulence

The thin sheet that separates the middle ear from the external ear is called the:

tympanic membrane.

What is anisocoria?

unequal pupils

Polypeptide chains from ruptured red blood cells are removed from the body through:

urination