Exam 2

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a) constructive memory processes. b) verbatim recall. c) the effect of scripts. d) cryptoamnesia

constructive memory processes

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ____ . a) weighting b) stacking c) loading d) crowding

crowding

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ____ effect. a) conditioning b) primacy c) recency d) propaganda

propaganda

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a) Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). b) Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. c) Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d) State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period.

Katie should perform better because of spacing effect

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that a) long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired. b) impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. c) a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. d) short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a) a statement is true. b) a presented stimulus is a word. c) a stimulus is presented. d) two stimuli are associated.

a presented stimulus is a word

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a) a failure of memory consolidation. b) disrupted long-term potentiation. c) temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d) Korsakoff's syndrome.

a. a failure of memory consolidation

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories? a) Circumstantial b) Accurate c) Intense d) Malleable

accurate

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a) a fill in the blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. b) a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. c) a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. d) a fill in the blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.

b. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a) matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. b) is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized. c) matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. d) is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.

b. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. a) exemplary b) prototypical c) basic d) subordinate

basic

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a) 583: 518: 653 ms b) 518: 583: 653 ms c) 583: 653: 518 ms d) 653: 583: 518 ms

c. 583 653 518 ms

The definitional approach to categorization a) is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. b) sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. c) doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. d) was proposed to replace the prototype approach.

c. doesnt work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory? a) frequency b) color c) complexity d) source

d. complexity

The primary effect of chunking is to a) maximize the recency effect. b) increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c) develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d) increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ____ . a) subordinate b) graded c) distributed d) fragile

distributed

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences? a) The sensory-functional hypothesis b) The embodied approach c) The multiple-factor approach d) The hub and spoke model

embodied approach

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ____ approach to categorization. a) exemplar b) definitional c) family resemblance d) prototype

exemplar

____ is a "typical" member of a category. a) A prototype b) An exemplar c) A unit d) A component

exemplar

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a) Musical instrument b) Guitar c) Rock guitar d) Paul McCartney's bass guitar

guitar

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a) an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b) increased firing in the neurons. c) larger electrical impulses in the synapse. d) the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

increased firing in the neurons

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a) is better for vivid descriptions. b) is like a tape recording. c) depends on the participant's mood. d) involves making inferences.

involves making inferences

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves a) more prototypes than Bob's. b) more exemplars than Bob's. c) more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. d) the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

more exemplars that Bob's

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a) Observer perspective b) Pragmatic inference c) Prospective memory d) Automatic narrative

pragmatic interference

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a) Exemplar b) Network c) Typicality d) Prototype

prototype

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a) consolidation. b) priming. c) specificity. d) transcription

specificity

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances. a) no b) weak c) moderate d) strong

strong

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a) the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. b) different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. c) the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. d) the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____ . a) tree; tree b) tree; oak c) oak; tree d) oak; oak

tree; oal

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a) Truck b) Vehicle c) Pickup truck d) Transportation

truck

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ____ effect. a) resemblance b) typicality c) priming d) reaction time

typicality

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory? a) Winning the first grade spelling bee b) Going to her high school prom c) Moving into her first apartment d) Getting her driver's license

winning the first grade spelling bee

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a) Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. b) Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. c) Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. d) For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.

c. Thuy car