Exam 2: Ch. 19, 20, 21
Which type of blood vessel has the largest amount of fibrous tissue? (a) Elastic arteries (b) Venules (c) Arterioles (d) Muscular Arteries
(d) Muscular arteries
Which of the following is not true of the systemic circulation? (a) Delivers oxygen to the tissues (b) Veins carry deoxygenated blood (c) Vessels pass through the diaphragm (d) Oxygen exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane
(d) Oxygen exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane
Of the following vessel types, which conduct blood toward the heart, regardless of oxygen content? (a) Arteries (b) Arterioles (c) Capillaries (d) Veins
(d) Veins
Some of the least permeable capillaries are found in the ___, while some of the most permeable capillaries are found in the ___. (a) kidney; brain (b) intestine; muscles (c) bone marrow; brain (d) brain; bone marrow
(d) brain; bone marrow
The primary mechanism driving filtration in capillary beds is ___. (a) diffusion (b) capillary osmotic pressure (c) hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid (d) hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries
(d) hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries
Pulse pressure disappears by the time blood reaches capillary beds because ____. (a) the elastic arteries are too stretch (b) veins are too thin to accommodate the pulse pressure (c) diastole lasts longer than systole (d) the muscular arterioles do not exhibit elastic rebound
(d) the muscular arterioles do not exhibit elastic rebound
How do vaccines protect against common childhood illnesses such as chicken pox, measures, and mumps?
Vaccinations protect by providing the initial encounter to an antigen - the primary response to that antigen. As a result, when the pathogen for that illness is encountered again, the pathogen elicits the much faster, more powerful secondary response, which is generally effective enough to prevent clinical illness
What is the function of the venous valves What forms the valves?
Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards in veins. They are formed from folds of the tunica intima
Which have more anastomoses, arteries or veins?
Veins have more anastomoses than arteries
When vascular smooth muscle contracts, what happens to the diameter of the blood vessel? What is this called?
When vascular smooth muscle contracts, the diameter of the blood vessel becomes smaller. This is called vasoconstriction
Using the letters from column B, match the artery descriptions in column A (note that some require more than a single choice Column A (1) unpaired branch of abdominal aorta (2) second branch of aortic arch (3) branch of internal carotid (4) branch of external carotid (5) origin of femoral arteries Column B (a) right common carotid (b) superior mesenteric (c) left common carotid (d) external iliac (e) inferior mesenteric (f) superficial temporal (g) celiac trunk (h) facial (i) ophthalmic (j) internal iliac
(1) b,e,g (2) c (3) i (4) f,h (5) d
Using the letters from column B, match the cell description in column A. (Note that all require more than a single choice) Column A (1) phagocyte (2) releases histamine (3) releases perforins (4) lymphocyte (5) effector cells of adaptive immunity (6) antigen-presenting cell Column B (a) natural killer cell (b) neutrophil (c) dendritic cell (d) mast cell (e) cytotoxic T cell (f) B cell (g) macrophage (h) helper T cell (i) basophil
(1) b,g (2) d,i (3) a,e (4) a,e,f,h (5) e,h (6) c,f,g
Suppose OPif rises dramatically - say because of a severe bacterial infection in the surrounding tissue. (a)Predict how fluid flow will change in this situation. (b) Now calculate the NFP at the venous end of the capillary in Focus Figure 19.1 if OPif increases to 10mmHg. (c) In which direction does fluid flow at the venous end of the capillary now- in or out?
(a) An increase in interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (OPif) would ten dot pull more fluid out of capillaries (causing localized swelling, or edema) (b) An increase of OPif to 10mmHg would increase the outward pressure on both the arteriolar and venous ends of the capillary. The NFP at the venous end would become 1 mmHg (27mmHg-26mmHg) (c) Fluid would flow out of the venous end of the capillary rather than in
When blood volume is increased, which of the following hormones would you expect to increase? (a) Atrial natriuretic peptide (b) Aldosterone (c) Epinephrine (d) Angiotensin II
(a) Atrial natriuretic peptide
Compression of which vessel could cause unconsciousness? (a) Carotid artery (b) Jugular vein (c) Subclavian artery (d) Vertebral vein
(a) Carotid artery
How many branches does the aortic arch give rise to? (a)one (b) two (c) three (d) four
(c) three
What effect does prolonged standing in one position have on blood flow? (a) It causes blood pooling and a slowing of blood flow (b) It causes a compensatory increase in arterial pressure (c) It causes a sharp decrease in heart rate (d) It causes a sharp decrease in respiratory rate
(a) It causes blood pooling and a slowing of blood flow
Predict the change in peripheral resistance as blood vessel diameter increases (a) Peripheral resistance decreases (b) Peripheral resistance increases (c) Peripheral resistance remains unchanged (d) Peripheral resistance is constant in humans
(a) Peripheral resistance decreases
A decrease in O2 level in skeletal muscle would initiate an auto regulatory mechanism that would stimulate ___ in the arterioles supplying the muscle. (a) vasodilation (b) vasoconstriction (c) constriction of the pre capillary sphincters (d) peristalic waves
(a) Vasodilation
Which of the following would cause vascular shock? (a) Anaphylaxis (b) Vomiting (c) Extensive burns (d) Acute hemorrhage
(a) anapylaxis
The major vessel delivering deoxygenated blood to the lungs is the ___. (a) pulmonary trunk (b) pulmonary vein (c) aorta (d) superior vena cava
(a) pulmonary trunk
An increasing lumen diameter is termed ____, and occurs when smooth muscle ____. (a) vasodilation, relaxes (b) vasodilation, contracts (c) vasoconstriction, relaxes (d) vasoconstriction, contracts
(a) vasodilation, relaxes
Name the type of artery that matches each description: (a)major role in dampening the pulsatile pressure of heart contractions (b)vasodilation or constriction determines blood flow to individual capillary beds (c) have the thickest tunica media relative to their lumen size
(a)Elastic arteries (b)dilation or constriction of arterioles determines blood flow (c)Muscular arteries
You are assessing the circulation in the leg of a diabetic patient at the clinic. Name the artery you palpate in each of these 3 locations: (a) behind the knee (b) behind the medial malleolus of the tibia (c) on the dorsum of the foot
(a)popliteal artery (b)posterior tibial artery (c)dorsalis pedias artery
In which disease do the walls of the arteries become thicker and stiffer? (a) Aneurysm (b) Arteriosclerosis (c) Vascular shock (d) Circulatory shock
(b) Arteriosclerosis
Why does blood velocity decrease as it flows into a capillary bed? (a) The diameter of the capillaries is smaller than that of the arterioles and arteries (b) The cross-sectional area of the capillary beds is approximately 2000x than that of the aorta (c) The arteries are constricted (d) The pressure is much higher in the capillaries
(b) The cross-sectional area of the capillary beds is approximately 2000x than that of the aorta
Of the following blood vessel components, which is the most critical in regulating systemic blood pressure? (a) Tunica intima (b) Tunica media (c) Tunica externa (d) Venous valves
(b) Tunica media
The left pulmonary artery carries ___ blood and ___ blood to/from the ____. (a) oxygenated, delivers, heart (b) deoxygenated, delivers, lung (c) oxygenated, receives, heart (d) deoxygenated, receives, lung
(b) deoxygenated, delivers, lung
Capillary colloid osmotic pressure created by ____ tends to ___. (a) blood volume; push fluids out of the capillary (b) nondiffusable plasma proteins; draw fluids into the capillary (c) interstitial fluid; draw fluids out of the capillary (d) proteins in the interstitial fluid; push fluids into the interstitial fluid
(b) nondiffusable plasma proteins; draw fluids into the capillary
Baroreceptors detect changes in ___. (a) blood O2 levels (b) stretch in arterial walls (c) blood CO2 levels (d) blood H+ levels
(b) stretch in arterial walls
In what way is pulmonary circulation different from circulation in other body tissues? (a) Pulmonary circulation does not exhibit vasoconstriction (b) Pulmonary circulation does not exhibit vasodilation (c) As opposed to other tissues, low O2 levels in the lungs induce vasoconstriction (d) As opposed to other tissues, low O2 levels in the lungs induce vasodilation
(c) As opposed to other tissues, low O2 levels in the lungs induce vasoconstriction
Of the following vessel types, which are responsible for exchange of gases and nutrients with tissues? (a) Arteries (b) Arterioles (c) Capillaries (d) Veins
(c) Capillaries
Why is vasodilation prominent in the skin when a person increases physical activity? (a) It increases delivery nutrients to the skin to induce sweating (b) Because skeletal muscles are close to the skin, they receive the oxygen via diffusion (c) Heat is dissipated across the skin form the blood to help cool the body (d) Exercise produces metabolites that induce vasodilation
(c) Heat is dissipated across the skin from the blood to help cool the body
Which vessel receives blood drainage from the liver and returns it to the heart? (a) Azygos (b) Hepatic portal vein (c) Inferior vena cava (d) Superior vena cava
(c) Inferior vena cava
Of the following cardiovascular components, which contains the majority of the body's blood volume at any one time? (a) Pulmonary capillaries (b) Heart (c) Systemic veins and venules (d) Systemic capillaries
(c) Systemic veins and venules
Predict what might happen to peripheral resistance in arterioles supplying skeletal muscle when pH levels drop (a) Vasoconstriction in vessels supplying skeletal muscle (b) Vasodilation in vessels supplying digestive viscera (c) Vasodilation in vessels supplying skeletal muscle (d) No change in skeletal muscle vessels
(c) Vasodilation in vessels supplying skeletal muscle
What is the major factor controlling stroke volume during resting periods? (a) Sympathetic input (b) Parasympathetic input (c) Venous return to the heart (d)Peripheral resistance changes
(c) Venous return to the heart
The superior vena cava receives systemic blood draining from all areas superior the diaphragm except the ___. (a) lungs (b) left upper arm (c) heart wall (d) brain
(c) heart wall
Blood drained form digestive organs empties into the ___ before going through the liver (a) inferior vena cava (b) hepatic vein (c) hepatic portal vein (d) dural sinus
(c) hepatic portal vein
Name the 3 key characteristics of adaptive immunity.
3 key characteristics of adaptive immunity are that it is specific, systemic, and has memory
What is the difference between a complete antigen and a hapten?
A complete antigen has both immunogenicity and reactivity, whereas a happen has reactivity but not immunogenicity
What is a portal system? What is the function of the hepatic portal system?
A portal system is a system where 2 capillary beds occur in series. In other words, in a portal system, a capillary bed is drained by a vein that leads into a second capillary bed. The function of the hepatic portal system is to transport venous blood from the digestive organs tot he liver for processing before it enters the rest of the systemic circulation. This plays an important role in defense against absorbed toxins or microorganisms and also allows direct delivery of absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing
List 4 ways in which antibodies can bring about destruction of a pathogen.
Antibodies can bring about destruction of pathogen via "PLAN" - phagocytosis, lysis (via complement), agglutination, or neutralization
What event triggers the release of histamine form mast cells in an allergic response?
Binding of an allergen onto specific IgE antibodies are attached to mast cells triggers the mast cells to release histamine
Your neighbor, Bob, calls you because he thinks he is having an allergic reaction to a medication. You find Bob on the verge of losing consciousness and having trouble breathing. When paramecia's arrive, they note his blood pressure is 63/38 and he has a rapid, thready pulse. Explain Bob's low blood pressure and rapid heart rate
Bob is in vascular shock due to anaphylaxis, a systemic allergic reaction to his medication. His blood pressure is low because of widespread vasodilation triggered by the massive release of histamine. Bob's rapid heart rate is a result of the baroreceptor reflex triggered by his low blood pressure. This activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate, in an attempt to restore blood pressure.
Class II MHC proteins display what kind of antigens? What class of T cell recognizes antigens bound to class II MHC? What types of cells display these proteins?
Class II MHC proteins display exogenous antigens. Class II MHC proteins are recognized by CD4 T cells (which usually become helper T cells). APCs display class II MHC proteins.
Cole has a systolic pressure of 140 and a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg. What is his mean arterial pressure? His pulse pressure?
Cole's pulse pressure is 60mmHg. His mean arterial pressure is 80+60/3=100mmHg
Name 3 different APCs. Which is most important for T lymphocyte activation?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells can all act as APC's. Dendritic cells are most important for T cell activation
What event (or observation) signals that a B or T cell has achieved immnocompetence?
Development of immunocompetence of a B or T cell is signaled by the appearance on its surface of specific and unique receptors for an antigen. In the case of a B cell, this receptor is a membrane-bound antibody. (In T cells, this is simply called the T receptor.)
If many arterioles in your blood dialed at once, you would expect MAP to plummet. What prevents MAP from decreasing during your bicycle race?
Extrinsic mechanisms, primarily the sympathetic nervous system, prevent blood pressure form plummeting by constricting arterioles elsewhere (such as the gut and kidneys). In addition, cardiac output increases which also helps maintain MAP
What makes HIV particularly hard for the immune system to defeat?
HIV is particularly hard for the immune system to defeat because (1) it destroys helper T cells, which are key players in adaptive immunity and (2) it has a high mutation rate and so it rapidly becomes resistant to drugs
What is the benefit of having fewer efferent than afferent lymphatics in lymph nodes?
Having fewer efferents causes lymph to accumulate in lymph nodes, allowing more time for its cleansing
Which type of T cell is the most important in both cellular and humoral immunity? Why?
Helper T cells are central to both humoral and cellular immunity because they are required for activation of both cytotoxic T cells and most B cells.
Look at figure 19.4 and assume that the capillary bed depicted is in your calf muscle. Which condition- (a) or (b)- would the bed be in if you were doing calf raises at the gym?
If you were doing calf raises, your capillary bed would be in the condition depicted in part (a). The true capillaries would be flushed with blood to ensure that the working calf muscles could receive the needed nutrients and dispose of their metabolic wastes
Which class of antibody is most abundant in the blood? Which is secreted first in a primary immune response? Which is most abundant in secretion?
IgG antibody is most abundant in the blood. IgM is secreted first in a primary immune response. IgA is most abundant in secretions
Suppose you are in a bicycle race. What happens to the smooth muscle in the arterioles supplying your leg muscles? What is the key mechanism in this case?
In a bicycle race, auto regulation by intrinsic metabolic controls causes arteriolar smooth muscle in your legs to relax, dilating the vessel sand supplying more O2 and nutrients to exercising muscles.
In clonal selection, "who" does the selecting? What is being selected?
In clonal selection, the antigen does the selecting. What is being selected is a particular clone of B or tT cells that has antigen receptors corresponding to that antigen
In the systemic circuit, which contains more blood -arteries or veins- or is it the same?
In the systemic circuit, veins contain more blood than arteries
What is lymph? Where does it come from?
Lymph is the fluid inside lymphatic vessels. It enters lymphatic vessels form interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid, in turn, is a filtrate of blood plasma
What is the driving force for lymph movement?
Lymph movement is driven by the contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the throat during breathing, the pulsations of nearby arteries, and contraction of smooth muscle int he lymphatic vessel walls. (Valves in lymphatic vessels prevent back flow of lymph).
What is a lymphoid follicle? What type of lymphocyte predominates in follicles, especially in their germinal centers?
Lymphoid follicles are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular fibers and lymphoid cells, often with a lighter-staining central region. They are regions where B cells predominate
What is MALT? List several components of MALT.
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) is lymphoid tissue found in the mucosa of the digestive, repiratory,a nd genitourinary tracts. It includes tonsils, Peyer's patches, and the appendix
What is opsonization and how does it help phagocytes? Give an example of a molecule that acts as an opsonin.
Opsonization is the process of making pathogen more susceptible to phagocytosis by decorating their surface with molecules that phagocytes can bind. Antibodies and complement proteins are examples of molecules that act as opsonins
Under what circumstances might NK cells kill our own cells?
Our own cells are killed by NK cells when they have been infected by viruses or when they have become cancerous
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation and what causes them?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the cardinal signs of inflammation. Redness and local heat are both caused by vasodilation of arterioles, which increases the flow of blood (warmed by the body core) to the affected area. The swelling (edema0 is due to the release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation, which increases capillary permeability. This increased permeability allows proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid (IF), increasing the IF osmotic pressure and drawing more fluid out of blood vessels and into the tissues, thereby causing swelling.The pain is due to 2 things: (1) the actions of certain chemical mediators (kinins and prostaglandins) on nerve endings and (2) the swelling, which can compress free nerve endings
What marks a cell as "self" as opposed to "non self"?
Self antigens, particularly MHC proteins, mark a cell as self
What is the first line of defense against disease?
Surface barriers (the skin and mucous membranes) constitute the first line of defense
List 3 factors that determine resistance in a vessel? Which of these factors is physiologically most important?
The 3 factors that determine resistance are blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter. Vessel diameter is physiologically most important
Which of the following T cells would survive education in the thymus? (a) one that recognizes neither MHC nor self-antigen (b) one that recognizes both MHC and self-antigen (c) one that recognizes MHC but not self-antigen (d) one that recognizes self-antigen but not MHC
The T cell that would survive is (c), one that recognizes MHC but not self-antigen
Name the four unpaired arteries that emerge form the abdominal aorta
The celiac trunk, the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and the median sacral artery
Name the arterial anastomosis at the base of the cerebrum
The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) its eh arterial anastomosis at the base of the cerebrum
Describe the killing mechanism of cytotoxic T cells that involves performs.
The cytotoxic T cell releases performs and granzymes onto the identified target cell. Performs form a pore in the target cell membrane, and granzymes enter through this pore, activating enzymes that trigger apoptosis (cell suicide).
Which paired artery supplies most of the tissues of the head except for the brain and orbits?
The external carotid arteries supply most of the tissues of the head except for the brain and orbits
Name the leg veins that often become varicosed
The great and small saphenous veins
What distinguishes the innate defense system from the adaptive defense system?
The innate defenses system is always ready to respond immediately, whereas it takes considerable time to mount the adaptive defense system. The innate defenses consist of surface barriers and internal defenses, whereas the adaptive defenses consist of humoral and cellular immunity, which rely on B and T lymphocytes
Which veins drain the dural venous sinuses and where do these veins terminate?
The internal jugular veins drain the dural venous sinuses. Each internal jugular vein joins a subclavian vein to form a brachiocephalic vein
The kidneys play an important role in maintaining MAP by influencing which variable? Explain how renal artery obstruction could cause secondary hypertension.
The kidneys help maintain MAP by influencing blood volume. In renal artery obstruction, the blood pressure in the kidney is lower than in the rest of the body (because it is downstream from the obstruction). Low renal blood pressure triggers both direct and indirect renal mechanisms to increases blood pressure by increasing blood volume. This can cause hypertension (called "secondary hypertension" because it is secondary to a defined cause- in this case the renal artery obstruction)
What are the primary lymphoid organs and what makes them special?
The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow and thymus. Primary lymphoid organs are special because they re the organs where lymphocytes originate and mature
Suppose vasoconstriction decreases the diameter of a vessel to one-third its size. What happens to the rate of flow through that vessel? Calculate the expected size of that change
The rate of flow will decrease 81 fold from its original flow (3x3x3x3=81)
Name 2 lympathic ducts and indicate the body regions usually drained by each
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph form the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax. The thoracic duct drains lymph from the rest of the body.
Why is the secondary response to an assign so much faster than the primary response?
The secondary response to an antigen is faster than the primary response because the immune system has already been "primed" and has memory cells that are specific for that particular antigen
List several functions of the spleen
The spleen cleans the blood, recycles breakdown products of RBCs, stores iron, stores platelets and monocytes, and is thought to be a site of erythrocyte production in the fetus
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system innervates blood vessels? Which layer of the blood vessel wall do these nerves innervate? What are the effectors (cells that carry out the response)?
The sympathetic nervous system innervates blood vessels. The sympathetic nerves innervate the tunica media. The effector cells in the tunica media are smooth muscle cells.
In what important way does the area drained by the vertebral veins differ from the area served by the vertebral arteries?
The vertebral arteries help supply the brain, but the vertebral veins do not drain much blood from the brain
Describe the baroreceptor reflex changes that occur to maintain blood pressure when you rise form a lying-down to a standing position
When you first stand up, mean arterial pressure (MAP) temporarily decreases and this is sensed by aortic and carotid baroreceptors. Medullary cardiac and vasomotor center reflexes increase sympathetic and decreases parasympathetic outflow to the heart. Heart rate and contractility increase, increasing cardiac output, and therefore MAP. Further, sympathetic constriction of arterioles increases peripheral resistance, also increasing MAP. (In addition, increased constriction of veins increases venous return, which increases end diastolic volume, increasing stroke volume, and therefore cardiac output and MAP).
Blood flow in the capillaries is steady despite the rhythmic pumping of the heart because of the (a) elasticity of the large arteries (b) small diameter of capillaries (c) thin walls of the veins (d) venous valves
a
Lymph nodes are densely clustered in all of the rolling body areas EXCEPT (a) the brain (b) the axillae (c) the groin (d) the cervical region
a
The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary wall in response to inflammatory signals is called (a) diapedesis (b) chemotaxis (c) margination (d) opsonization
a
The red pulp areas of the spleen are sites of (a) splenic sinusoids, macrophages, and red blood cells (b) clustered lymphocytes (c) connective tissue septa
a
Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions? (a) IgA (b) IgD (c) IgE (d) IgG (e) IgM
a
Entry of lymph into the lymphatic capillaries is promoted by which of the following? (a) one way mini valves formed by overlapping endothelial cells (b) the respiratory pump (c) the skeletal muscle pump (d) greater fluid pressure in the interstitial space
a,d
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are (a) T lymphocytes (b) B lymphocytes (c) NK cells (d) B and T lymphocytes
b
Smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall (a) is found primarily int eh tunica intimate (b) is mostly circularly arranged (c) is most abundant in veins (d) is usually innervate debit eh parasympathetic nervous system
b
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to (a)a decrease in CO2 (b) changes in arterial pressure (c) a decrease in O2 (d) all of these
b
The germinal centers in lymph nodes are largely sites of (a) macrophages (b) proliferating B lymphocytes (c) T lymphocytes (d) all of these
b
The lymphoid organ that function primarily during youth and then begins to atrophy is the (a) spleen (b) thymus (c) palatine tonsils (d) bone marrow
b
The myocardium receives its blood supply directly from the (a) aorta (b) coronary arteries (c) coronary sinus (d) pulmonary arteries
b
Tracing the blood from the heart to the right hand, we find that blood leaves the heart and passes through the aorta, the right subclavian artery, the axillary and brachial arteries, and through either the radial or ulnar artery to arrive at the hand. Which artery is missing form this sequence? (a) coronary (b) brachiocephalic (c) cephalic (d) right common carotid
b
All of the following are considered innate body defenses EXCEPT (a) complement (b) phagocytosis (c) antibodies (d) lysozyme (e) inflammation
c
Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following EXCEPT (a) macrophages (b) cytotoxic T cells (c) helper T cells (d) natural killer cells
c
Lymphatic vessels (a) serve as sites for immune surveillance (b) filter lymph (c) transport leaked plasma proteins (d) are represented by vessels that resemble arteries, capillaries, and veins
c
The sac that often forms the initial portion of the thoracic duct is the (a) lacteal (b) right lymphatic duct (c) cisterna chyli (d) lymph sac
c
The structural framework of lymphoid organs is (a) areolar connective tissue (b) hematopoietic tissue (c) reticular tissue (d) adipose tissue
c
The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or an artery because (a) it has 2 tunics instead of 3 (b) there is less smooth muscle (c) it has a single tunic - only the tunica intima (d) none of these
c
Which of the following can lead to decreased venous return of blood to the heart? (a) an increase in blood volume (b) an increase in venous pressure (c) damage to the venous valves (d) increased muscular atrophy
c
Which of the following do not drain directly into the inferior vena cava? (a) inferior phrenic veins (b) hepatic veins (c) inferior mesenteric vein (d) renal veins
c
Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in (a) humoral immunity (b) immediate hypersensitivity reactions (c)autoimmune disorders (d) all of the above
d
Collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) that guard mucosal surfaces include all of the following except (a) appendix follicles (b) the tonsils (c) Peyer's patches (d) the thymus
d
Complement fixation promotes all of the following except (a) cell lysis (b) inflammation (c) opsonization (d) interferon release (e) chemotaxis fo neutrophils and other cells
d
Peripheral resistance (a) is inversely proportional to the length of the vascular bed (b) increases in anemia (c) decerases in polycythemia (d) is inversely related to the diameter of the arterioles
d
Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called (a) complete antigens (b) kinins (c) antigenic determinants (d) haptens
d
Suppose that at a given point along a capillary, the following forces exist: capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc)=30mmHg, interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif)=0mmHg, capillary colloid osmotic pressure (OPc)=25mmHg, and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (OPif)=2mmHg. The net filtration pressure at this point in the capillary is (a) 3mmHg (b) -3mmHg (c) -7mmHg (d) 7mmHg
d
The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a(n) (a) eosinophil (b) cytotoxic T cell (c) natural killer cell (d) helper T cell (e) B cell
d
Which of the following is not involved int eh activation of a B cell? (a) antigen (b) helper T cell (c) cytokine (d) cytotoxic T cell
d
Which of the following would NOT result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the pre capillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? (a) a decrease in local tissue O2 content (b) an increase in local tissue CO2 (c) a local increase in histamine (d) a local increase in pH
d
Which statement does not accurately describe veins? (a) Have less elastic tissue and smooth muscle than arteries (b) Contain more fibrous tissue than arteries (c) Most veins int eh extremities have valves (d) always carry deoxygenated blood
d
Which of the following antibodies can fix complement? (a) IgA (b) IgD (c) IgE (d) IgG (e) IgM
d,e
Arterial blood pressure increases in response to (a) increasing stroke volume (b) increasing heart rate (c) atherosclerosis (d) rising blood volume (e) all of these
e
