Exam 2: Chapter 12
Self-determination theory, three innate needs: What is competence?
"I want to feel a sense of mastery." People need to feel qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task and to learn difficult skills
Self-determination theory, three innate needs: What is relatedness?
"I want to feel connected to other people." Need to feel a sense of belonging, of attachment to others
Self-determination theory, three innate needs: What is autonomy?
"I want to feel independent and able to influence my environment." freedom and discretion to determine what they want to do and how they want to do it
Expectancy Theory: What is an example of performance?
A particular level of task performance
What is reinforcement theory?
Behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends to not be repeated
What is job enrichment?
Building into a job such motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement
What is goal-setting theory?
Employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable
Expectancy Theory: What is an example of effort?
I exert an effort in order to achieve_________
What is job enlargement?
Increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation
Expectancy Theory: What is outcome?
My effort results in a certain outcome (pay, recognition)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Love need
Need for love, friendship, affection office parties, company softball teams, management retreats
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Safety need
Need for physical safety, emotional security, avoidance of violence health insurance, job security, work safety rules
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Slef-actualization need--the highest need
Need for self-fulfillment: increasing competence, using abilities to the fullest sabbatical leave to further personal growth
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Esteem need
Need for self-respect, status, reputation, recognition, self-confidence bonuses, promotions, awards
What is self-determination theory?
People are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness
What is expectancy theory?
People are motivated by two things: how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it
What is job simplification?
Reducing the number of tasks a worker performs
What are the five core job characteristics?
Skill variety Task identity Task significance Autonomy Feedback
What are the characteristics of goals that result in high motivation and performance?
Specific Challenging but achievable Linked to action plans
Expectancy Theory: What is expectancy?
The belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance. "Will I be able to perform at the desired level on a task?"
What is job design?
The division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance
Expectancy Theory: What is instrumentality?
The expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired. "What outcome will I receive if I perform at this level?"
Job Design Theory: What is task significance?
The extent to which a job affects the lives of other people, whether inside or outside the organization
Job Design Theory: What is autonomy?
The extent to which a job allows an employee to make choices about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them
Job Design Theory: What is skill variety?
The extent to which a job requires a person to use a wide range of different skills and abilities
Job Design Theory: What is task identity?
The extent to which a job requires a worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end
Job Design Theory: What is feedback?
The extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job
What is an extrinsic reward?
The payoff, such as money, a person receives from others for performing a particular task
Reinforcement Theory: What is negative reinforcement?
The process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
Reinforcement Theory: What is punishment?
The process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive
What is an intrinsic reward?
The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, a person receives from performing the particular task itself
Reinforcement Theory: What is positive reinforcement?
The use of positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior
Expectancy Theory: What is valence?
The value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward. "How much do I want the outcome?"
Reinforcement Theory: What is extinction?
The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
What are the steps included in the simple model of motivation?
Unfulfilled need Motivation Behaviors Rewards (UMBR)
What is the contribution of Maslow's theory? (Hierarchy of Needs)
Workers have needs beyond that of just earning a paycheck
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological need
the most basic human physical need need for food, clothing shelter, self-preservation workplace example: these are covered by wages