Exam 2-Chapter 23: the respiratory system

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood 1. as dissolved carbon dioxide. 2. as bicarbonate ions. 3. bound to heme. 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2

The internal structures of the external nose serve which of the following functions? 1. warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air 2. creating resonance 3. increasing gas exchange 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems have all of the following functions in common EXCEPT 1. transport of gases. 2. exchange of gases 3. maintenance of blood pH 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 are functions of both systems. 1, 2, and 3 are functions of both systems.

1, 2, and 3 are functions of both systems

Which is the correct sequence of events for inhalation? 1. pressure of the atmosphere is greater than the pressure within the thorax 2. volume of the thorax increases and the pressure within the thorax decreases 3. the diaphragm contracts 4. the phrenic nerve fires 4, 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 3, 4 4, 3, 1, 2 1, 4, 3, 2 2, 1, 3, 4

4, 3, 2, 1

If each hemoglobin molecule has bound 3 oxygen molecules, the hemoglobin is considered to be saturated at what percentage? 30% 3% 50% 75%

75%

What percentage of oxygen is carried by red blood cells? 15% 1.5% 85% 98.5%

98.5%

The gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation is Boyle's law Charles' law Henry's law The inhalation law The law of partial pressure

Boyle's law

The MOST important factor that determines the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is red blood count volume of the blood PO2 heart rate PCO2

PO2

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The higher the partial pressure of oxygen, the more oxygen combines with hemoglobin. Acidity increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. An increase in temperature results in an increase in oxygen release from hemoglobin. BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

acidity increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

One region with a low partial pressure for oxygen would be the alveolar space. blood leaving the heart through the aorta. actively contracting muscle tissue. all of these

actively contracting muscle tissue

What factors affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide? partial pressure difference of gases surface area diffusion distance molecular weight and gas solubility all of these

all of these

Which of the following is NOT a conducting zone action? Clean air of debris Conduct air into the lungs Add water to air Warm air All of these are actions of the conducting zone.

all of these are actions of the conducting zone

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation? Lung compliance Surface tension of alveolar fluid Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs Airway resistance All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

all of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site? Trachea Bronchiole Nasal sinuses Alveolus Bronchus

alveolus

Bicarbonate ions are converted into _____ at the alveolus. Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Both None of these

carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is created during Systemic circulation. Internal respiration. Cellular respiration. All of these

cellular respiration

All of the following cause a decrease in lung volume during expiration, except elastic recoil of the lung. contraction of the diaphragm muscles. relaxation of the diaphragm muscles. all of these.

contraction of the diaphragm muscles

When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin ______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ______. Increases, increases Increases, decreases Decreases, increases Decreases, decreases Does not change, does not change

decreases, increases

During quiet inhalation, which respiratory muscles contract? diaphragm and external intercostals diaphragm and internal intercostals internal and external intercostals diaphragm and external obliques diaphragm and internal obliques

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which of the following is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? Bound to hemoglobin Bound to oxygen Dissolved in plasma as a gas Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions Diffusion

dissolved into plasma as bicarbonate ions

Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea? Arytenoid cartilage Epiglottis Nasopharynx Thyroid cartilage Paranasal sinus

epiglottis

Expiration is caused by the contraction of muscles. True False

false

More oxygen would be found bound to hemoglobin in blood in the pulmonary artery than in the pulmonary vein. True False

false

Oxygen is released from oxyhemoglobin at high pH. True False

false

Oxygen moves from the blood to the alveolar space because the PO2 in the lungs is higher. True False

false

Which of the following does not affect the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin? Heart rate pH PO2 Temperature

heart rate

All of the following statements are True EXCEPT 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high. oxygen dissociates more readily from hemoglobin as pH decreases. increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin. decreasing temperature will cause a shift to the left in the hemoglobin saturation curve

hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high

Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? stratified squamous epithelium with keratin ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells hyaline cartilage mucus membrane bone

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? In internal and external respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from areas of lower partial pressure to areas of higher partial pressure. External respiration involves exchange of gases between the alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between systemic blood capillaries and tissue cells. None of these statements is incorrect

in internal and external respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from areas of lower partial pressure to areas of higher partial pressure

In response to low blood pH, ventilation will become staggered and non-rhythmic. increase. decrease. remain stable.

increase

After holding our breath briefly, what eventually forces us to take a breath? decreasing oxygen levels. increasing oxygen levels. decreasing carbon dioxide levels. increasing carbon dioxide levels. increasing blood pH.

increasing carbon dioxide levels

Exhalation begins when Inspiratory muscles relax Diaphragm contracts Blood circulation is the lowest Both Inspiratory muscles relax and Diaphragm contracts All of these choices

inspiratory muscles relax

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles combine to form what is often referred to as the bronchial tree. What is its function? It causes the lungs to expand and contract in order to move gases. It is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system where gases exchange with the bloodstream. It is the conduction zone of the lower respiratory tract providing a conduit for gases to travel to the alveoli. It primarily provides defense against airborne pathogens.

it is the conduction zone of the lower respiratory tract providing a conduit for gases to travel to the alveoli

Which of the following indicates the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs? Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood

oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood

In external respiration __________, while __________ occurs in internal respiration. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries

oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries

Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water? Pharynx Larynx Paranasal sinuses Trachea Esophagus

pharynx

A mechanical ventilator may aid directly in pulmonary ventilation. external respiration. internal respiration. pulmonary ventilation and external respiration are correct. pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration are correct.

pulmonary ventilation

All of the following cause a increase in lung volume during inspiration, except elevation of the ribs via intercostal contraction. contraction of the diaphragm muscles. relaxation of the diaphragm muscles. all of these

relaxation of the diaphragm muscles

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? stratified squamous epithelium ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells simple squamous epithelium hyaline cartilage columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

simple squamous epithelium

What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory system? The conducting zone moves oxygen into the cells and the respiratory zone takes carbon dioxide away from the cells. The conducting zone moves oxygen into the bloodstream and the respiratory zone takes carbon dioxide away from the bloodstream. The conducting zone exchanges gases between the lungs and the alveoli and the respiratory zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the conducting zone. The conducting zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the respiratory zone where gases exchange with the bloodstream.

the conducting zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the respiratory zone where gases exchange with the bloodstream

An increase in ventilation will increase blood pH. True False

true

As the bronchial tree branches from bronchi to bronchioles, cartilage decreases while smooth muscle increases. True False

true

Blood transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs for removal. True False

true

External respiration is when gases move from the alveolar compartments to the blood. True False

true

Gas molecules move down their pressure gradient, from high to low gas pressure. True False

true

Hydrogen ions released from the blood will decrease blood pH. True False

true

In the medullary rhythmicity area, the dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory area) establishes the basic rhythm of quiet breathing while the ventral respiratory group (expiratory area) remains inactive. True False

true

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells. True False

true

The pH scale is used to measure hydrogen-ion concentration. True False

true

The respiratory zone does NOT include any structures of the upper respiratory system. True False

true

Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid; it is produced by alveolar macrophages. fibroblasts. type I alveolar cells. type II alveolar cells. goblet cells.

type II alveolar cells

Which of the following are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant? Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells Type III alveolar cells Surface cells Macrophages

type II alveolar cells

Which of the following is the movement of gases into and out of the lungs? Systemic circulation Internal respiration Ventilation All of these

ventilation