Exam 2: chapters 7, 8, 9, 10
Psychologists interested in studying personality might use the twin-study method in order to
-separate environmental from genetic influences. -determine how much of our personality is the result of experience. -determine how much of our personality is inherited from our parents. -all of these are correct
A woman indicates on a test that she agrees with the statement, "I am confident in my abilities." Later on the same test, she agrees with the statement, "I have doubts about my abilities." This woman's responses may indicate the presence of which potential problem?
Acquiescence response
"Parents should allow children to be independent, to make their own choices and mistakes, but without depriving the children of the parental attention they need." Which theorist is most likely to have said this?
Adler
Who was the first neo-Freudian theorist to break with Freud?
Adler
Researchers have found an association between health and each of the following personality variables exceptone. Which one?
Affect intensity
Idiographic
An approach to studying personality that focuses more on individuals. looks at multiple dimensions rather than a single dimension on a group
Erikson proposed eight stages of personality development through the life span, many more than Freud proposed. In terms of stages, Freud's anal stage of development takes place roughly the same time of life as which of Erikson's stages?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Adler experienced each of the following in his own childhood except one. Which one?
Being a firstborn child
Henry Murray
Blend of trait & psychoanalytic approach Personology: psychogenic needs, needs largely unconscious, focus on which need dominates 1893-1988; Field: intelligence, testing; Contributions: devised the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances "need for achievement"
Which of the following did early researchers examining need for Achievement have in common with many psychoanalytic therapists?
Both used projective tests.
Which theorist had a strong influence on Henry Murray's theorizing about personality?
Carl Jung
Among the Big Five personality dimensions, individual differences in _________ typically are the best predictors of job performance.
Conscientiousness
Julie sets high goals for herself at work. She is more committed to reaching these goals than most employees. She is organized, works hard, and remains persistent in the face of obstacles to reaching her work goals. Julie would probably score high on a measure of
Conscientiousness
Karen always approaches tasks in an organized, faithful manner. She persists at a difficult job longer than most people and generally accomplishes more. Karen is probably high in which of the Big Five traits?
Conscientiousness
Which theorist identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality?
Henry Murray
psychogenic needs
Henry Murray blended trait and psychoanalytic approach to describe unconscious needs ex: need for achievement
According to Murray, we need to know all of the following pieces of information except one in order to predict a woman's achievement behavior. Which one?
Her fear of failure
"There are images in your unconscious that you did not repress. You were born with these unconscious images." Which theorist is most likely to have said this?
Jung
The snake is a universal symbol of evil. This is represented symbolically in art, folklore, and religious stories throughout time and across cultures. Which theorist would consider this observation as evidence to support his theory?
Jung
A psychologist conducts research using the twin-study method. He administers a need for Achievement scale to sets of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and finds a correlation of .50 between the scores for pairs of monozygotic twins. If this study is to demonstrate evidence for a genetic influence on need for Achievement, what would we expect the correlation to be between scores for pairs of dizygotic twins?
Lower than .50
Which of the following is true about parental investment?
Males of many species are free to mate with as many females as they can.
Which of the following aspects of twins allows researchers to use the twin-study method to understand genetic similarities or differences?
Monozygotic twins have identical genes
Samantha is anxious about socializing with others and she acts so funny toward her peers when they invite her to go out with them that they have stopped asking. Which interaction style does Samantha display, according to Horney?
Moving away from people
The biological approach to personality has each of the following strengths except one. Which one?
Nearly all of the hypotheses generated from the biological approach can be tested through direct manipulation of the variables of interest.
Which of the following statements is true about the trait approach?
No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach.
The last stage of personality development described by Erikson typically occurs when in the life cycle?
Old Age
Based on research on extraversion introversion, which piece of advice seems justified? a. Extraverts should isolate themselves in a quiet place if they are going to get any work done. b. Introverts should study in quieter places than extraverts study. c. Introverts should move to a more stimulating environment if they are having trouble studying. d. Because they are less aware of external disturbances than extraverts are, introverts should be better able to study in a room filled with potential distractions.
b. Introverts should study in quieter places than extraverts study.
One reason for the resistance by psychologists to acknowledge the important role of biology in human personality is that the a. results of biologically based research can always be explained without reference to genetic factors. b. blank slate view has such great appeal. c. biological determinants of personality matter little. d. field of psychology is determined to remain separate from biology.
b. blank slate view has such great appeal.
the big 5: openness
being curious, original, intellectual, creative, and open to new ideas if they are high in this, they are more bored by familiarity, but if they score low they prefer familiarity
Personality researchers sometimes examine the personalities of children who were adopted shortly after birth. They do this because a. the researchers want to know if adoption is traumatic for the children. b. these children were likely raised in a very supportive, nurturing environment. c. genetic and environmental influences are not confounded like they are when examining children raised by their biological parents. d. extensive records of the child's health and early personality indicators are available.
c. genetic and environmental influences are not confounded like they are when examining children raised by their biological parents.
According to evolutionary personality theory, men and women base their choice of romantic partners in part on concerns for "parental investment." This means we a. want the parents of our spouses to be involved in the raising of our children. b. prefer partners for whom both parents were actively involved with their children. c. select mates who are likely to contribute to successful reproduction and child-raising. d. consider what the parents of our potential partners are like because personality is partly inherited from one's parents.
c. select mates who are likely to contribute to successful reproduction and child-raising.
A researcher asks extraverts and introverts to work on a series of math problems while listening to loud or soft music. Based on past research, we would expect to find that a. the extraverts do better on the test, regardless of the music level. b. the introverts do better when listening to loud music, the extraverts better when listening to soft music. c. the extraverts do better when listening to loud music, the introverts better when listening to soft music. d. introverts and extraverts do equally well regardless of how loud the music is playing.
c. the extraverts do better when listening to loud music, the introverts better when listening to soft music.
As reported in the textbook, research demonstrating a genetic influence on a person's level of extraversion-introversion comes primarily from research a. comparing strength of relationship with similarity of personality scores. b. comparing adopted children and biological children to their parents. c. using the twin-study method. d. comparing adopted children's personalities with the personalities of their biological parents.
c. using the twin-study method.
Nonadditive effects would be likely to show up in which of the following pairs of siblings? a. Monique and James, who were born 2 years apart. b. Rebekah and Raina, who were both adopted into a family and are not genetically related. c. Lawrence and Ira, who are fraternal twins. d. Rock and Jacque, who are identical twins.
d. Rock and Jacque, who are identical twins.
The "lipstick effect" refers to a. men who pay more attention to superficial beauty. b. how cosmetic marketing often heightens insecurity about one's appearance. c. the application of more lipstick at different times during the ovulatory cycle. d. the tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during bad economic times.
d. the tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during bad economic times.
Big 5 Criticisms/Limitations
debate about what "factor" means disagreement about structure (are there more or less traits?) atheoretical (we don't have hypothesis, we just use data analysis in factor analysis and more likely to see a type 1 problem)
Nomothetic
describe on a single dimension... kind of what do we know/what's relevant to a group?
Using factor analysis, Eysenck found that people who score high on the dimension of psychoticism tend to be
egocentric and aggressive.
Darlene's emotions are easy to read: she smiles broadly when happy and looks down when sad. Researchers would say that Darlene is high in
emotional expressiveness
People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in
emotionality
big 5 application
employers use personality tests in hiring and the big 5 shows strong evidence for relationship between personality and job performance conscientiousness may best present predictor: careful, thorough, and dependable, and organized...
A psychologist examines six personality tests. She suspects that four of the tests are really measuring the same personality trait and that the other two measure another personality trait. What kind of research should the psychologist conduct to test her hypothesis?
factor analysis
central traits
groups of traits that best describe a person
the big 5: agreeableness
high score: Good-natured, cooperative, trusting, warm, and relates to performance in service jobs. less likely to be deviant at work
the big 5: neuroticism
high score: would tend to be more anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody - experiences a range of emotions and experiences the ends of a spectrum of emotions low score: not unfeeling, but much more stable
A woman likes to spend her time with others, enjoys loud music, often acts impulsively, and does not like to be alone. According to Eysenck's model of personality, this woman is
highly extraverted
the big 5: extraversion
if they score high, they are energized by socializing. They tend to be assertive, talkative, sociable, expressive and relates to performance in sales and managerial jobs. Relates to team performance and leadership & relates to happiness. if they score low, they tend to be more of an introvert who are energized by alone time
a trait...
is a dimension used to categorize according to the degree to which a characteristic is manifested
According to Karen Horney, a person who becomes extremely dependent on other people
is using this interpersonal style to avoid feelings of anxiety.
functional autonomy
maintenance of behavior for reasons other than the original cause
trait approach defense of criticisms
measuring behavior would do better if the right behaviors were measured & & it was a group study aggregate data identifying relevant traits and says we may be looking at wrong traits importance of 10% of variance
trait approach criticisms
more about what is left out (the questions how do traits develop or what can be done to help are not answered) there's a lack of agreement on framework such as what are the big traits? how many traits are there?
Compared to Freud's theory, the neo-Freudian theories generally are
more concerned with the social aspects of personality development
If we say Ted is high on the personality trait of assertiveness, we would expect that he will act assertively
more often than someone low in assertiveness
features of trait approach
not interested in one person, but rather how a group behaves less emphasis on underlying mechanisms, only says people tend to do x, y, z, but not why they do x, y, z easily make comparisons across people
Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research suggests that when she was only a few years old, Donna was probably anxious about
novel situations.
trait approach strengths
objective measures allows data to guide conclusions practical applications large amount of research to support theories
The Big 5
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism "OCEAN" McKray & Casta? the five main personality traits
According to Horney, which of the three interpersonal styles is likely to lead to a successful relationship?
relationship combination of different interpersonal styles
According to Jung, people in all cultures throughout history have believed in powerful God-like entities because of
the God archetype.
According to Jung, modern psychotherapists often take on the role once provided by
the clergy
In a study of varying task difficulty, researchers found that under threat to their perception of control,
the most difficult task aroused Type A participants more than Type B.
According to Jung, the unconscious part of ourselves that is essentially negative—the dark side of our identity—is called
the shadow.
The "lipstick effect" refers to
the tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during bad economic times.
the foyer effect
the tendency to believe ambiguous information which can happen with some inventories
continuum of traits
there's a spectrum and a normal distribution for the the population
Researchers find that people high in negative affect also tend to have a higher number of health complaints. This is probably because
they have more health problems and they complain more than most people
stability of traits
traits are stable across time and situation, but they change, just very slowly so they're still stable
trait approach criticism
traits do not predict behavior well little evidence for situation consistency (but some argue there is stability)
According to Fromm, people who conform to what society deems to be normal behavior are
trying to escape from the perception of powerlessness and loneliness.
the big 5: conscientiousness
when people are high in conscientiousness, they tend to be organized, responsible, dependable, persistent. Relates to performance at work. Relates to leadership and longevity. Academic success & less likely to be deviant at work.
Personality psychologists use factor analysis to help them determine
which personality traits correlate with each other.
Compared to most of us, individuals who score high on the trait of openness are more likely to
willingly consider new ideas.
Which approach to personality has relatively little to say about how people develop specific personality characteristics?
Trait
Monroe is very competitive at work and when playing sports with his friends. He often takes work home with him in the evening and frequently eats lunch at his desk so he can do two things at once. He gets very frustrated and sometimes angry when he can't do something well the first time. Monroe could best be classified as a(n)
Type A person.
Like Freud's original theory, the neo-Freudian approach can be criticized for
-being more descriptive than scientific. -incomplete or limited accounts of personality. a lack of scientific evidence -all of these are legitimate criticisms
Different teams of researchers examining human personality traits have independently found evidence that there may, in fact, only be _______ such traits.
5
The twin-study method is used by researchers to get around which methodological problem?
A confound between genetic and environmental influences
cardinal traits
A single trait that completely dominates a person's entire personality. Most often found in fictional characters than in actual people.
Critics have pointed to several weaknesses in the research used to make a case for the role of genetics on personality development. Their criticisms include each of the following points except one. Which one?
Dizygotic twins may share an environment more alike than the environment shared by monozygotic twins.
Researchers have found relatively stable individual differences in each of the following except one. Which one?
Emotional awareness
Which of the following theoretical concepts has been given general support from research using personal narratives?
Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage
Gordon Allport
First recognized work on traits/ "founder". The work "Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement" functional autonomy also offered the first college class on personality trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary held this assumption that traits can't make predictions of a person (because they're built off of groups) two stages of research: nomothetic & idiographic
Phil was often picked on and teased by his parents and other children when growing up. He soon learned to keep people at a distance, to spend most of his time alone. He continued this pattern as an adult, settling on a bookkeeping job that keeps him working in solitude most of the time. Which theorist might use Phil as an example to support part of his or her theory?
Horney
A teenage boy drifts from one religion or social cause to another, in an effort to "find himself." He seems to be wrestling with the question of "who am I" in a spiritual sort of way. According to Erikson, he is probably struggling with which developmental crisis?
Identity versus role confusion
In Eysenck's model of personality, which of the following is correct about the dimension of extraversion introversion?
It is one of two basic personality dimensions
Each of the following is true about the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) except one. Which one?
It provides test givers with an overall mental health score for each test-taker.
Recent research on the "Big Five" personality factors uses an approach to understanding personality similar to that advocated by
Raymond Cattell
Eysenck provided all of the following evidence except one to make the case for a biological basis of personality. Which one?
Research on brain-wave activity
Which of the following is correct about Adler's concept of striving for superiority?
Striving for superiority has its roots in a child's perception of personal inferiority.
Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament. This approach is based on which model?
The "goodness of fit" mode
Psychologists have found that using an electroencephalograph (EEG) in their research has all the advantages listed below except one. Which one?
The EEG electrodes only pierce the scalp in a few places, and participants recover from the procedure after only a few days.
A psychologist asks you to look at some pictures and tell a story about the people in them. Which test are you probably taking?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. *Raymond Cattell
Raymond Cattell argued that in their efforts to understanding the basic structure of personality, psychologists should
allow empirical data analyses to describe the basic structure of personality to us.
The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called
anxiety to novelty
Some researchers believe that evaluation apprehension is the underlying cause of social anxiety. This means people high in social anxiety
are afraid of what other people will think of them
Test-takers who "fake good"
are trying to present a better image than is accurate.
Raymond Cattell
asked the question "How many personality traits?" should not begin with preconceived ideas, but rather let the data do the talking. used factor analysis Source traits 16PF is a personality Invenory
